 sugarcane bagasse, espi, and straw, SS, are two potential sources of lignocellulosic biomass for the production of second generation, 2G ethanol. The main challenge faced by researchers is the development of robust pretreatment processes and efficient conversion of pentose and hexose sugars into ethanol. Pretreatment techniques such as steam explosion, dilute acid, alkaline peroxide, and enzymatic treatments have been used to improve the digestibility of espi and SS, and enzymatic hydrolysis has also been employed to convert the release sugars into ethanol. Additionally, detoxification methods such as ion exchange chromatography and adsorption have been used to remove inhibitors present in the hydrolysate. Finally, yeast strains capable of efficiently fermenting pentose and hexose sugars have been identified. This article was authored by Larissa Canila, Enid Kumar Chandel, Tai Cizane Dos Santos Melesi, and others.