 Friends, can you all hear me? Am I audible to everybody? Yes, we can hear you. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Very good evening to everyone and welcome to Centrum Connect. And we have with you, with all of us, Mr. Murli Dharam. So welcome, sir. And we will be starting shortly. So you're just waiting for all other students and parents to join in so that we can start. Sure to share. Yeah, yes sir. Possibly I can start sharing my screen. Yes, yes, yes. So I have made you the co-host, you can start. Okay. So before that, I'll just introduce Mr. Murli Dharam to everybody. So thanks to sir that you have spent some time for our children. And you're going to talk about aerospace engineering today. That is the theme for the session today. So a brief introduction about sir. He happens to be the parent of one of our students who studies in NPS Rajasinagar. And sir is working as senior engineering manager. And he is with Honeywell right now. And he is systems engineering aerospace mechanical systems in that division particularly. So he is into systems engineering. And he's alumnus of Bits Pilani, Bilda Institute of Technology and Sciences. So today, sir will be taking us through the specific field that is aerospace engineering. Lots of students have this query about, you know, taking up aerospace engineering, either in the undergrad level or in the post grad level. And, you know, after the exams, they face that is all these IDJ advance and mains when they go for counseling. So this is a common question, whether we should be taking up aerospace at undergrad level or should we be doing it later on. So with all those queries and the questions which you would be having the students communities having. So the structure is this, so sir is going to present his thoughts and views about his field that is aerospace engineering, the work he's doing and what a student who's aspiring to become an aerospace engineer can expect. And then towards the end that is the last 30 minutes, we will be having a open session where questions from the students can be taken. So that will be the structure with those words I welcome again, sir. And now you can take it further up from here. Yeah, thanks, sir. Thanks. Thanks to Sharon. I'm really excited to talk about aerospace engineering to the next generation of engineers and doctors in this in this call today. This session is going to be interactive session and a very interesting session. So please, please participate and ask questions. And we don't want to make it a single monotone kind of a presentation I would like to have a two way communication. So to share knows about what is the content today we have a lot of exciting content for you back today it's not a dollar dry subject what we're talking today. So it will be interesting one and a half hour. And I wish you all, I mean you all have a good time for the next one and a half hours and as we talked in the next one and a half hours, a lot of interactions, more than I talking I understanding the telling about my information to you. I'll also learn a lot from you. So I'm really excited today to address the student community of Centrum Academy. And thanks to for giving me the opportunity to share my perspective on aerospace engineering to the students. Tushar, I'll get started. You are able to see my screen. Yes, sir, we are able to see that. I'll go to the full screen mode. So just give me a minute. And I just start my pointer also. Yeah, no problem. Yeah, it is. You can see my pointer. Yes, yes, it's in full screen mode now. And my PowerPoint charts are not blocked by anything like. No, nothing. It's perfect. Yeah, perfect. So thanks. Thanks again. So let's get started with the topic of aerospace engineering. Aerospace engineering is one of those fields and a very exciting thing. Sorry, somebody asked something. Okay, one of those niche areas and what we are going to talk today is basically to give you a perspective of this, this engineering discipline, and what it, what are the things that are the opportunities that are available in this area is what we will talk about. So before we kind of get started, I want to, I want to make it a bit interactive. Can you see the three pictures here? Can anyone identify what is this? What is the name of this aircraft? You can put the answer in the chat box, friends. So those who know what all these figures are, you can just put it in the chat box. I'm just looking at the chat box. Wow, I think people have identified it as an A350 aircraft. This is one of the, okay. That was good. Somebody says that, that's my answer. So A350 is one of the modern jet liners that was developed a couple of years ago. And in the next 10 to 20 years, this will be the most widely used jet. So a lot of technological advantages in this. I don't want to get into deep, just wanted to keep you, just get to know what all we are talking about. So the next, I'm pointing the pointer there. This is a hard one. Can you tell me what is that? It's a rocket, I know that. Someone is saying. I will give you a small clue. Have you heard of, oh, somebody said it. Yes, yes, somebody said it. It's reusable. Oh, that's wonderful really. It's really great. We have a lot of... I told you, sir, we will be having lots of people who are already well-versed. So somebody told about, I don't recall. He told that SpaceX reusable launch vehicle. The beauty about that particular vehicle is this was the first... Historically, all the rocket technology used to be with the governments or the companies, the research institutes like NASA, the rocket space agency, but Elon Musk as a single private individual basically created a rocket industry. The main motive about Elon Musk's SpaceX program was to basically build low-cost reusable launch vehicles. You would have heard about interplanetary missions and space tourism and all these things. So having a low-cost vehicle and reusable vehicle is a key technology in that way. So in that way, this particular rocket system is the first step in that direction. Okay, now the tough one. Can anybody tell what is the last one? Private jet. It's a private jet, I understand. It's a tough thing. I don't expect you to answer it. Okay, let me not delay because we have a lot of content to cover. That's an electric aircraft. It is something called as an urban mobility vehicle. We'll talk about this. So these vehicles are not still there. It's currently under development. So basically, I will let the cat out of the bag. Imagine if you are able to travel from one part of the Bangalore, avoiding the traffic congestion. Okay, so is that possible? Certainly. So in today's world, it is possible. And this type of vehicle, which is an electrical aircraft, which is usually called as an urban mobility aircraft. This particular picture what I put is from a company called as Aviation. So they are developing an electric aircraft. So it has just as you have heard about electric cars and stuff like that. So even in aviation, we are moving into the world of electric aviation. So with that context, I think we are well cared for taking the topic. So let me minimize the chat window here. Is it stuck so you could just shift it on the right or left? No problem. Okay, so I didn't want to talk enough. I didn't want to jump in to say, oh, this is aerospace engineering and you will learn these things. These are the institutes. That's not the point here. So the point here is, I wanted to give you some inspirational events that happened over the history in the history of aviation. So the reason why I'm talking about this is it will give you a overall context about where we are today in the world. Okay, the first thing is what we call it as a Da Vinci's helicopter concept. Da Vinci, as early as 15th century, basically sketched in his book, a concept of a helicopter, which was powered by humans. So what he had envisaged is there is a shaft here and there are a couple of humans. Those days it would be slaves possibly because they were the easiest available people to do that. So by turning the shaft, this device used to go up and down. You never know whether Da Vinci built that or not. But Da Vinci maintained a very meticulous diet within where he had all his concepts, ideas sketched very well. So this is the earliest instance of an air vehicle that you see in history. Now fast forward to two centuries later, in early 1783 in the city of Paris, there was a wealthy merchant, paper merchant. Somebody had a question? No, no. There was a wealthy paper merchant by the name of Montgauil Fair. So he had a passion for flight. So what he did was he observed that because he was a paper merchant, he was able to build paper lanterns just like the lanterns what we see in our Diwali. So he saw the paper lanterns going up. So I thought instead of building a small lantern, how can I make a big balloon kind of thing so that I can use the same mechanism and fly the thing. So those days it was a very novel thing. The only things that fly were birds and the people used to have, used to look at how with the birds saying that oh, how can a man can fly. So this individual basically built a big balloon and they had two people fly for 25 minutes over the city of Paris. So this was one of the, this was one of the first instance where humans became airborne. So that's that's a very significant event in the history of the human. Okay. Now again, let's go to the picture three. Do you know rocketry technology originated in India. This was first deployed in the state of Mysore. It was, it was called as Mysorean rockets. During the Anglo-Mysore wars, he developed this device. If you see here, you can see the picture here, right. So this is a kind of a rocket wherein you used to use to kind of attach the sharp, sharp devices like sword or something and used it extensively against British during the Anglo-Mysore wars. The sad part was Tipu Sultan lost the war and all this rocket technology, more than rocket technology, the rockets were all confiscated by the invading British forces and they took back to, to Britain. And that's where the rocketry was born in, in Britain. And finally, as all of you know, right, it from Britain, it spent to America's and, and all over the world and you know who put the first person on the moon, right. So we all should be, we as Indians, we should have, and moreover, we as people living in the state of Karnataka. And this particular Mysorean rockets originated in our state. So rocketry technology basically originated in our place. And if you are familiar with the Bangalore area, the place around the city market, what we call it as today's city market. That is where Tipu Sultan had his, what do you call him in our words as a research and development for this Mysorean rockets. That place even today if you go, it's called as paramandal place. So it's, it's, it's like a small place of galaxy. So he had his most knowledgeable people in the, in the kingdom, basically they built this rockets and we built the rockets and use it against the British for the war. So let's fast forward from the 17th century, we'll come to the 19th century. So people are always thinking, how can we make a powered flight, we learned about balloons balloons is not really a flight in a real sense right because balloon is a lighter than air flight so basically, if you put a gas inside a balloon which is lighter than air it just goes up right. But an aircraft is something that is heavier than air right. If you see a aircraft today, it is a solid metal, metal object right. How can you make it that flight. So a lot of engineers scientists kept on took this challenge to build the heavier than air flight, but none of the people were successful. It had the two engineers, not very well read brothers, the Wright brothers, Oliver and Wilbur Wright to their sheer ingenuity, they were actually they were not well educated people they were, they were actually they owned a small bicycle repair business. They built the first heavier than air aircraft and on December 17, 1903, this aircraft flew for 60 seconds. And from that day, I think it opened the dawn of air travel and the world of aerospace. So it's such a such an important thing, the first flight of Wright brothers that's that's one of the reason why I kind of put this in this. Now, another 80 years, people were, they were built aircrafts flying all around that, but people are always thinking okay if I if I fire a rocket into space, the rocket goes and that's it, I mean it doesn't come back right. So, can we build a device so that, like an airplane, it goes into the space and comes back comes back successfully so we can do a lot of reusable missions going up and down. So in year 1981, NASA built the Space Shuttle and Space Shuttle revolutionized the space missions because the fleet of space shuttles what NASA used to have, they used to make regular flight from Earth to outer space and back. So that basically brought in the world of reusable flight across space. So the last thing I talked about Elon Musk. It is the thing on February 18, Elon Musk, Elon Musk, this is more of a novelty. What he did was he had, you know, Elon Musk has a space company which is called a SpaceX. He has a automotive company called as Tesla. Yeah, we can think this as a marketing gimmick or we can think of this as a stroke of genius either way, either way, whichever camp you are in, right, whether you admire Elon Musk, you will say it's a stroke of genius. So what Elon Musk did is he used his rockets from his own company SpaceX and this car, this is a Tesla Roadster, its electric vehicle, what was manufactured by Tesla, which he used to use, incidentally used to use this, this car to commute to work. So he basically put this car in his own spacecraft and he launched in space. So as we talked today, this particular car is orbiting the sun, but it is very far away from us so it is not going to come and it is not going to come and strike or as of now. So, you know, just a quick question here. There's a mannequin here right, does anybody know what is the name of that mannequin. And just see the chat window. Yeah, someone says it's a star man. It's a wonderful thing. Tesla named this mannequin as a star man. So, his point of view is down the light years or centuries going forward from now, some intelligent life from other planet or other galaxy comes and sees. And they see the spirit of human immunity. So that was his ask or his motivation beyond putting this Tesla Roadster in space. So I think all of us have enough motivation right now to kind of get started with the actual talk. So let's go to the next chat. So we talked about inspiring technologies right what happened in in aerospace. Let's talk about some great personalities who were all aerospace engineers. I don't have to introduce all the all the great people who are there. Our former president graduated from aerospace engineering from Madras Institute of Engineering. He was one of those early students of Madras Institute technology who graduated in aerospace. He was popularly called as a missile man of India who built the entire missile defense capability of India and ultimately became to occupy ultimately rose to occupy the highest seat in our country as a president of India. You might know Kalpana Chawla right Kalpana Chawla was the first woman of Indian origin to go to space. She graduated as aerospace engineer from Punjab Engineering College and afterwards of course she did higher education in the US. Neil Armstrong was was also aerospace engineer by training from Purdue and you know Neil Armstrong was the first person to walk in the moon right. So last but not least I have spoken much about Elon Musk. Elon Musk basically founded the SpaceX organization, which was the first privately owned company that built rockets and it is, he has a grand vision to kind of develop reusable rockets that enable people to travel to space and come back as students. And you can see how the things shape up in the years to come. So I talked about the inspiration I talked about, I talked about the, the, the great people who were aerospace engineers. So I just wanted to kind of pitch here, why aerospace is is is a very, very good area or a very interesting area to work and why should students or people who are at, at a stage where they're deciding which which career they want to pursue, why they should consider aerospace. One of all aerospace is a very high technology area, right. So when, when, when, when an industry is high technology area. It is always attracting the best minds in it. So, you will be able to work on one of the most challenging projects and most most part breaking projects as part of the in the aerospace engineering and aerospace engineering is basically a hotbed of innovation. Right. I talked about the reusable rockets. I talked about the urban air mobility, the flying cars. So all these things are hotbed of innovation. So if somebody who is very curious wants to contribute, so this is the area to really get into. And as all of you know, aerospace engineering is basically indication of the technology progress of any country. So, as you know, all all countries in the world cannot build rockets, right, there are only handful of countries who can build rockets. Incidentally, we as Indians, we are proud that we are able to. We have a capability to build rockets to take our satellites to space, and we did missions to Mars moon. So every country in the world doesn't have that capability. So, basically, the aerospace technology is the pride of the country. So on the on the on the pointer where I'm pointing, you see the LCA pages right LCA pages is the fighter aircraft that was developed by engineers in our own country. So, again, when we talk about building a jet aircraft fighter jet aircraft, not every country in the world has as a capability to build a they have to buy from somebody else. Only, I would say like handful of countries, few European countries, America, and in Asia it is Japan, China and India who can do that. So, all these things are basically the pride of the country and there is a lot of technology that are associated with that. So, these are all the points what I thought I will talk about and another important point why you should consider the aerospace engineering is air travel has become very as there has been explosive growth of air travel in the last couple of years. 20 years ago, flying in air, flying in air from Bangalore to Delhi or Bangalore to Mumbai used to be a novel right now even small towns in small cities in Karnataka are linked by air travel. So that means a lot of airplanes are going to get inducted into service in the next couple of years. And that will open up various opportunities for the engineers who kind of take the aerospace engineering as their study as a subject to study. And needless to say, there is a lot of new areas coming up as I talked about the urban air mobility I have a special set of charts as in the later in the presentation where I show how urban air mobility vehicles the electric vehicles will revolutionize the transportation, So, just keep yourself patient until that I will come back there and we have a lot of discussion on that. So any questions on this before I move on to the next chart. So, there is a question from Pratul and he's asking about the difference between aerospace and aeronautical engineering. So, I think someone has already answered this yes. So, yeah, yes, aeronautical is includes, I mean, it's it's kind of some some I mean the difference is there but aerospace includes both machines that is flying between the earth and also outside the right so so that way I think But most of our, I think in, in India, we use this term aeronautical and aerospace engineering interchangeably so basically it's the same thing, at least in India, what we do. So somebody had a question what is the difference between ISRO and the ISRO is the agency that is that is interested by the government of India to develop space technology and basically rocketry. So this is Indian space research organization. DRDO is the organization, which the government of India set up to develop technologies, specifically for the defense system, and they have a whole lot of technologies they develop. There are a lot of labs across the country, and some of the labs are specifically focused to aviation. Like, for example, you have the gas turbine research establishment, so they built gas turbine engine. You would have heard about ADE, Aeronautical Development Establishment. It's here, it's in, as an old airport. Yeah, they make drones, they make all the, so it's basically the umbrella organization for all the defense labs here in India. Yeah, so one more question. Can every aerospace engineer go to space? I mean, anybody can go to space. Actually, you need to have that. In fact, if you see the, if you read the profiles of people who used to go on space shuttle, now there is space shuttle has been grounded, right? It's not used. They used to have all type of people going on space. There used to be doctors because people go to space to do some studies, right? So there used to be physicists, there used to be aerospace engineers. For that matter, sir, in fact, Rakesh Sharma, the first astronaut from India was not an engineer, I think. Rakesh Sharma was a pilot. He was a pilot, so hence, you don't need to be an aerospace engineer, so to say, to go to space. But you must have that training for requisite cleaning. You should also have your physiology also capable for that. So before somebody becomes an astronaut, they are put to a very rigorous training, where in their body physiology has to support them, right? And also space travel is not an easy thing, right? There is long, what do you call it? There is extreme radiation. There is extreme changes from gravity to no gravity. So they select the people based on the fitness level, their mental composition. Stability. It's a multiple thing. It's a multi-dimensional. So people actually apply for becoming going to space, but they are evaluated on various parameters and they basically select the people who are most suitable for that. So that's one of the reasons, I mean, it's there. So there is one more question I see. What was the reason for banning space? It's not banning space shuttles. Space shuttles were built in early 80s and there were a couple of accidents. In fact, Kalpana Chawla was a crew of the Columbia Space Shuttle. 2002, I think this was the year. So NASA was trying to fix all the issues with the space shuttle, but they got to a point saying that, okay, today we should not be sending people to outer space with a space shuttle because we see a lot of issues with the thing. So NASA is actually coming up with a reusable space vehicle. So right now, if somebody has to travel to the space, they only have to depend on the Russians. Soyuz is the only, if somebody has to go to the International Space Station, it's only Soyuz, which is the vehicle that is there. Similarly, if there is to be Soyuz, there is to be a space shuttle, now it's only Russians who are able to take the people. But as you see, SpaceX is also coming up with reusable rockets, NASA is coming up. So it's in a couple of years, all these things will become, and today's technology is in such a way that we really don't want to send people to space until it's really required. We have robots that can go and do the work what humans can do. Yeah, so let's move on. We'll take the questions later. Okay, so what are the areas of studies if you want to enter into the aerospace industry? So even general subjects like mechanical engineering, electronics engineering, computer science, metallurgy and materials, all these skills are widely used in aerospace industry. So anybody who has studied mechanical engineering or computer science can find opportunities to work in the aerospace industry. See it doesn't have to be a aerospace graduate to kind of work in the aerospace industry. Having said that, there are institutes offering courses that are specialized, that are in line with aerospace engineering. Like most of the, I talk about the institutes in the next chart, most of the institutes like IITs, they have aerospace engineering department. So aerospace engineering at undergraduate level, they give you BTECH in aerospace engineering. So that's kind of, if you take aerospace engineering in IITs, it's a mix of both the mechanical and electronics engineering. So they study, some people kind of take their studies more in the mechanical line, because the aircraft has both electronic and mechanical components. Some people study with the more emphasis on electronics, which is basically the AV audience. So it depends based on what type of electives that you choose as part of your study in the chosen institute. At the postgraduate level, there is a lot of specializations available. Avionics specializations is available in a lot of institutes in the country. Avionics is basically the electronics that is there embedded in the aircraft. So it's a vast field by itself. So there is a master's degree in Avionics, again offered by a lot of institutes, which I'll talk in the next slide. For people who are interested in space related part of the aviation, there are courses at the master's level in earth and space sciences. There is courses on space engineering and rocketry. And there is also some fundamental or classic post-graduation courses in aerospace like aerodynamics and flight mechanics. So this is mainly about how to design the aircrafts to make it more efficient and stuff like that. And there are also courses on propulsion and thermal. So propulsion are basically the engines that are there in this aircraft or rockets. So you're specializing basically in developing these devices. So let's move on to the next chart. I have listed here only the institutions that are available in India. Of course, we're not touching what what institutes are there. If anybody has a question, I can answer. But because I know a lot of our students are preparing for the GE and the Bates and Exxon here in India. I just wanted to list the institutes that have aerospace engineering here in India. Almost all the IITs have a department of aerospace engineering. So IITs would be the first port of call if somebody wants to specialize in aerospace engineering. Indian Institute of Science also has the aerospace engineering department. But as you know, Indian Institute of Science don't don't have a bachelor's degree, right? It's only a master's degree. So it's only at a post-graduate level, they have aerospace engineering. A couple of years ago, an institution that was specifically created for space sciences and technology in Trivandrum. So this institute is called as Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology. So the focus of this institute is exclusively space technology. But they do also have some courses that are related to aerospace and avionics. So that institute also, I think even this also is part of GE, right? Yes, sir. And some of the NITs also have departments of aerospace engineering. I have listed this IISER, Indian Institute of Science Education Research. They don't have a core aerospace application. Moreover, that's not an engineering course. It's a master MS course. So if somebody wants to study on areas like fundamental research like aerodynamics or computational fluid dynamics, the mathematical astrophysics is also there. Or even, yeah, like what Pushar says, somebody wants to study about astronomy astrophysics. So these are institutes that have a lot of, and these institutes are really good because these are mainly, it's not an engineering institute. It's a science focused institute with lots of fundamental research. So I know I've seen students graduating out of these institutes going to places like MIT and Stanford. So it's very, very good. And also, sir, if they want to join public sector undertakings or government of India, you know, organization like ISRO and all. So they have direct recruitment from these colleges. So there are some old institutes in, when I say old, these are institutes that have been offering aerospace engineering from the 1950s and 60s. So one such institute is of course Madras Institute of Technology. So one of the oldest aerospace engineering faculties here in South India. Of course, in North of India, one of the oldest aerospace engineering institutes is in Punjab Engineering College. In fact, the alumni of these two colleges are what we saw in the inspiring people. Dr. Ipija Abdul Kalam graduated from MIT Madras Institute of Technology while Kalpana Chawla graduated from Punjab Engineering College. So these are one of the older institutes that have very strong aerospace engineering department. And because of the growth in the aerospace area, initially a few years ago in Karnataka, instead of Karnataka, we never had, if you exclude ISC, we didn't have any BTEC or bachelor's degree in aerospace. But because we see a lot of opportunities, some of the recruited colleges in Bangalore also have aerospace departments. You know, REC has aerospace department, BMSC has aerospace department, even Manipal University has aerospace department. And some of the VTU affiliated colleges also have aerospace engineering departments. VIT University also has aerospace engineering department. The last thing, big MESRA, this is the Birla Institute of Technology MESRA, they also have a very old space engineering and rocketry department. This is one of the earliest rocket engineering departments. So they are a very reputed institute with a lot of legacy. So these are some of the options that you have to basically study aerospace engineering. So should I look, any questions before I move on? So there is a question related to nuclear and quantum physics. What's the question, Tushar? The question is, will they also venture into nuclear and quantum physics? So I think this question is for ISERS, right? ISERS would have all this quantum and nuclear physics. Nuclear physics would be there. Nuclear engineering would not be ISERS. ISERS is all sciences oriented. Nuclear engineering, I don't know whether do we have nuclear engineering in? I think IITs should have it. No, we don't have. We don't have nuclear engineering as such. There are different domains maybe related to that but not as such. So mechanical engineering. In abroad, we have nuclear engineering as it is. But in India, I have not heard. And if you want to go into the sciences side of nuclear, nuclear science side of it, there is a very famous institute called Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, SINP. So that's also one of the very famous institutions dedicated for nuclear physics in India. Any other questions? I am just opening the chat box to see. So there was another question in terms of, are these listed in terms of decreasing order of quality? Nikhil, just a question. No, it has nothing to do with. I should have put that disclaimer. There's no order here. It is just a random list. So hence, don't worry about everywhere. Any college you go, you will be able to chat out a great career path. So that's not a problem. Then the next question is, should I take in ISC for undergrad to get into aerospace domain? Not in my opinion. Not needed. In fact, as I told in my previous chat, you don't have to take aerospace domain to get into aerospace. Even if you're a computer science engineer, I'll talk about software at the role of software in aerospace engineering. If you're a mechanical engineer, you're an electronics engineer, you're a computer science engineer, you can always get into aerospace. So just to add here, most of when we were into IITs, the concept was that you can always move. So as the other slide which Sir showed, there was component of electronics which goes into avionics. So there was computer science as Sir is saying. Let's say mechanical engineering, structural engineering, all of that. So if you are doing an undergrad program in all of these courses, you can take a specialization of aerospace engineering in your master's degree. So that also is another option because the other aspect of it is many people do not know or they are not very sure whether they want to do aerospace as such. So what they do is they take a neutral kind of engineering branch which can lead you to all of these. So mechanical is like, and these days for that matter, any branch, for example, material science. If you really see during our time and it has not changed after our time as well when we were writing GE, people do not pay attention to these, they think because ranks are lesser. So hence people of lesser rank go there and some kind of a useless class system is going on. So you do not think like that. Material science is such a one of the, what do you say, without material science, none of the engineering fields can exist. So hence we have to have very open-minded towards the subject. You must be picking up depending upon what's your choice or liking rather than what rankings are pushing people to that particular. Just to add, I'll take a half a minute here, there's an engineering branch called Ocean Engineering and Naval Architecture. So it's offered by IIT Madras, it's offered by IIT Kharagpur and we were astonished to see such a specialized course. You will be designing ship and that is like the rarest of the rare breed of engineers are there. So only when we go there, we understand that, hey, I am now in mechanical engineering, which is like everyone is doing it. Instead of that, I could have done that. So please be open with all these, so there is no ranking, no class system about any subjects, so to say. And also try and explore as much as you can about all the courses and hence this series. So this will definitely help you. So just to answer, you don't need an undergrad aerospace to be in aerospace. Yes, if you're already decided, it's always good to be in your specialized stream and then try to perfect that subject. Yeah, Tushar said it right. There is nothing like this subject is good, that subject is good. We have to strive for excellence in whatever field we choose. So that's the key thing. You could have the best degrees in the world, but if you're not motivated to do the job, you cannot be successful. It really doesn't matter where you studied. You have to bring innovation and creativity into your work every day and bring a lot of value to the work. That will take us further. Degrees are only one pillar of success in life. There are other pillars that are more important than the basic academic. So I would say that and let's move on. Yeah, so just one more query is there before we move. So it's a very simple. Can aerospace be studied to get into mechanical field? They're very similar. Let me tell you just to give you a background from IIT Kharagpur. Lots of aerospace engineers had to take electives in mechanical and lots of mechanical will have to take electives in aerospace and vice versa. And you have to also take electives in multiple other departments. So today as such, there is no limitation that if you end up taking undergrad in aerospace, it's nothing but extended arm of mechanical engineering only. And yes, the added advantage is you also get to study electronics and other components on top of it. So hence, you can definitely get into a mechanic. Let's say if you want to specialize in thermodynamics after doing aerospace, you can do it. Yeah, as Tushar said, if you take any course in IITs or if you go through what all the course subjects they study, it would be depending on the IITs, it would be a tilt of 50% of mechanical or 50% of electronics. Or in some cases, it might be 60% of mechanical, 40% of electronics or it might be 80% of mechanical or 20% or vice versa. It just depends upon how they kind of structured their curriculum. So, I mean, if you read through the syllabus and thing, you can say, oh, this is primarily mechanical oriented. This is primarily electronics oriented because electronics and mechanical are the two engineering fields that are basically the building blocks of aerospace technology. Aerospace technology is how to apply mechanical engineering and electronics engineering to build vehicles that fly. So that's basically the concept. Any questions, Tushar? I think they are now talking about what was your UG field. When I studied, I studied mechanical engineering. I never had a degree in aerospace engineering, but my experience was, I began my career in aerospace engineering. Which clarifies all doubts that whatever stream you start, we have an aerospace engineer sitting in front of us who did mechanical in his undergrad. So hence, okay, you can do it. Again, it's a vice versa also. If you see an industry, people who studied aerospace engineering, they might be working in automotive engineering. Quite possible. Companies they are doing. So again, as I said, our education is to give us a wisdom to solve the problems of the world. It has nothing to do with whether you solve problems of aircrafts or develop software or solve the problems of mobility of cars. So education should be viewed as a wisdom that you gain. And how do you apply that wisdom is what is in your hands. Very well said, sir. Let's move on. Yes, we can move on. Okay. So I also wanted to list what are all the organizations that are primarily aerospace centric. So this would give us, give you a picture of what are the opportunities aerospace engineers have. So on the left hand side, where my point is pointing, these are all large global companies that do work for aerospace. Some of the companies like Boeing, Airbus, Embraer, Gulf Stream, they build the aircrafts. They build the actual aircraft. But the technology in aircraft is not just building the aircraft. There are systems in aircraft that is more a technology differentiator. So most of the systems are built by suppliers like Honeywell, Collins Aerospace, Moog, General Electric, Rolls Royce and Pratt & Whitney. These are the companies that, the big three companies that build the aircraft engines. So the gas turbine engines. Companies like Honeywell, they make, they also make aircraft engines, smaller aircraft engines, but they are big into all the mechanical systems of the aircraft. The air conditioning system, the auxiliary power system, the electronics system. And Honeywell is very big into the avionics systems. The cockpits, whatever you see in the aircraft, right? There's a lot of technology that is there in the cockpit. So Honeywell builds the cockpit technology. There are companies like Collins Aerospace, which is exactly does the same thing like Honeywell. They are a direct competitor on Honeywell. They make mechanical systems. They make electronic systems. But there are European companies like Safran, which is a French company, makes a lot of aircraft systems. There is the German company called Lebert. Again, they also make a lot of aerospace systems. Japanese companies are Mitsubishi Aerospace Aircraft Corporation. They also build aircrafts. Russian company Irkut, they do, they are also building a lot of commercial aircraft. China is also getting into big kind of aviation. Permac is one of the companies that China is building the commercial aircraft. And these are all the space companies. NASA, of course, all of you know, I don't have to tell, SpaceX, you know. Lockheed Martin, North of Grumman are companies that primarily play in the military side of aviation. And even Dassault. Dassault is a French company that does a lot of military aircrafts and they also make civil aircrafts. So we have all the, I have not listed all the aerospace company probably to have like 200 to 300 companies. I've listed all these companies because many of these companies have operations here in India. So people who graduate from aerospace engineering, they may get some opportunities as interns to work in these companies or even opportunities to work in these companies. So these are all the foreign companies that are into big foreign companies that are there in aerospace. On the, on the right hand side, these are companies in India who also do significant amount of work in aerospace engineering. So the defense research and develop DRDO labs, there are multiple labs of DRDO that are primarily focused to aerospace engineering. ISRO is primarily the space technology. It's a NASA of India. So they make all the space technology. HAL is the Indian aircraft manufacturer. They primarily make a lot of military aircrafts and. NAL is also a government organization, National Aerospace Laboratories, but their mandate is mainly to build civil aircrafts, not the military aircrafts. The Indian Air Force is not the institution that build airplanes, but they have a large fleet of aircrafts in their inventory with military aircraft with civil aircraft. So somebody who is aspiring to become a pilot and who doesn't want to spend so much of money on pilot training. The easiest and it's, I would not say the easiest, the cost effective option would be Indian Air Force, but it will take years before you become the pilot. In fact, most of the pilots, they, they, they are former Indian Air Force pilots who after their retirement, go into the civil world. A lot of companies in India that do aerospace, these are private sector companies like ECIS or Infosys or SCI or HCL. They are not primarily aerospace companies, but they, they work for this, this kind of clients abroad. So they do also hire a lot of aerospace engineers as part of their workforce. So this I wanted to give you a perspective to look at what are the opportunities that is there for the aerospace engineering. So one takeaway is, you know, even if you land up in, you know, any of the IT, but you know, giants in India, there will be projects which will be dealing in aerospace vertical. So hence, it's, it's not that you have to be in a aerospace firm to, you know, express your talent or whatever you have learned in India. Also, these kinds of service companies are there which you can be into or there are series of startups which are now coming. Anyway, sir will throw some light on that. So there are, you know, many of them are now, and you know, earlier, what service anyways throws light on this part of the field is earlier it was a domain of government of India. So they had, you know, full monopoly over the space aviation and space and slowly now they are, you know, liberalizing it. So hence, there will be a lot of opportunities for you guys when you will be in the workforce to be a part of it. And you might have heard of that ISRO keeps on encouraging, you know, I have heard of IIT students building satellites, small satellites, nanosatellites and they are sending it to space. So yeah, sir. So there are like adding to what Pushar said, there are a lot of startups within the country, more specifically in Bangalore, that work in this aviation and space area. They develop a lot of systems, they develop a lot of, I'll talk about that in upcoming slides. So I have not listed those names, and as in the next 10 to 20 years, a lot of these startups today might become big companies in the next 10 to 20 years. So basically what is happening is what was what used to be like a heavily government centric organization and primarily a US or a European based organization entities are now getting spread over all over the world because of the technology is now available to everybody and it's a wish of each nation to kind of build the, get into this space. So that's that that kind of puts a context for what are all the opportunities that might come in years to come. Okay, let's move on. I kind of put this chart so that you get to know what what aerospace engineer does in his in his day job. So I mean I didn't want to confuse you by putting a lot of technical terms and talking through it and explain that that's not the intention here the intention here is to get a feel of once a person gets into industry what he does. So a typical work anybody would do is they would be developing systems if you take an aircraft right a lot of subsystems in it right. So each of the systems are very very complicated by itself and they're independent by itself. So most of the jobs would be in developing this system. This might be the hydraulic system of the aircraft, the air conditioning system of the aircraft or developing the engine system, you name it. So each of the systems is basically done by a lot of companies what I showed you in the prior chat. Software is a very very important piece in aerospace industry. And that's this is one of the things that employs a lot of people in aerospace industry impact almost 70% of engineers would be involved in some kind of developing of software because there is software in all the systems that that is there on the airplane and software because aircraft being a safety critical equipment, there is a lot of activities that are tied in with software. So software is an integral part of aerospace and the activities like verification validation software development testing is a big part in the aerospace industry. So the engineers will be working in aerospace would be developing software of some some type or another. And another job profile that would be there in aerospace industries. See there are systems from different companies right so a company aircraft manufacturer has to bring all the system. So when we have to bring all the systems to talk to each other in engineering term what we call it as systems engineering. So that's a big activity. So a lot of engineers do that that work as part of the job. Flight testing would be another area where in people, once any come any aircraft is built, there is extensive flight testing being done to believe to basically test how the equipment that we have provided works well. So a lot of engineers would be working in this area wherein you will be solving the problems that are there in the field, making sure the equipment is working for the specification. Needless to say in any engineering field, the job of an engineer is to solve problems right problem solving is a big thing so same thing up here same thing is there for aerospace engineering also. And needless to say the last thing what I put innovation is a key thing in this industry, it is not a very static industry you have to get better than the next competitor. So finding better ways of doing things is what innovation is right so this is a key thing if you are part of the aerospace industry. You could you could take a aerospace engineering role and decide to take up a career in academia. When I say academia. It's a research oriented field in universities like there are a lot of universities that that are aviation focus around the world. So a typical job profile would be you will be performing research on some of the new technologies, like I'll talk about some of the new technologies. So in academia people basically focus on a narrow problem and they go into debt and they solve the problems. And once they develop the technology, they bring back the technology to be used by the industry is basically using the technology that is proven and available. And they are kind of integrating the technology think of technology as a legal blocks right. So you build a big legal, but you don't worry about the small legal block right so assembling the legal blocks build a bigger bigger so in in industry we use different technologies but we don't develop technologies we use a technology that is readily available. So let's move on to the next chart. So I also wanted to use this opportunity to talk about some of the futuristic areas. People who select the carrier in aerospace in now and once they come out of their universities, what are the typical areas that they would work, which people are not working today. Electrification is a big thing all over the world. As you see in the next couple of years. We will see a lot of electric cars in the roads right. So same thing applies to aviation also. The lot of electric aircrafts, small electric aircrafts will come in the picture so all the technologies that is related to the electric basically the motor design, the software that kind of drives that all the things will be a big thing in years to come. The air taxis will become very ubiquitous in years to come. I have a nice presentation coming up so please hold on to have any questions on that hydrogen powered aircraft will be a big, big area in the next couple of years. The reason is current aircrafts are powered by jet fuel, which is a type of a kerosene. So, because of high altitude flight, the emissions are a problem to the atmosphere and to the earth type. So a lot of research is going on to make aviation green, basically eco-friendly. So hydrogen powered aircraft is one of the bigger areas that we will see traction in years to come. Supersonic travel will become a reality. This is not something new. People have heard about Concorde. Concorde was the first supersonic aircraft, but it was quite hired of its time. So Concorde was decommissioned a couple of years ago because of again safety issues. So when I say supersonic, it is an aircraft that can fly greater than the speed of storm. So basically a Concorde used to fly from London to New York in less than two hours. I mean two and a half hours. Whereas if you go in a regular commercial jetliner, it takes eight hours to fly between London to New York. So it basically kind of takes one fourth of the time to cross the Atlantic. So that was one of the reasons why Concorde was a preferred aircraft, which was used by ultra-rich people like movie stars, politicians, industrialists who used to use that road. But there was an unfortunate accident that happened in Paris 10 years ago that basically grounded the entire Concorde fleet, which was the first supersonic aircraft. But now there are a lot of companies that are coming back to bring this supersonic aviation back. So we will see more of those things in years to come. Space tourism will become a reality. I'm sure the people who are in the call today, somebody would have taken a tour to space in years to come. Because that's going to become a reality with all the reusable rockets and the technology going there. At least people might not go to travel to different like a moon or a planet. At least they would go to the upper atmosphere and they could come back to space. So that will become a reality in years to come. So that will spawn off a lot of technologies in the space. Interplanetary explosion will be the critical thing in the space exploration. A lot of space agency, be it NASA, ISRO in India, European space agency, all this or even Japanese space agency, they call it as JAXA. So all these people will have a lot of funded research on interplanetary explosion. So that will also open up opportunities for aerospace engineers. The last three things are basically not related to aviation, but these are the general technological advances that are happening. And this will have a significant impact in aviation industry. You would have heard about artificial intelligence machine learning. So these are the technologies that will get embedded in aviation products. So people will have a lot of, will work with a lot of these technologies. On the manufacturing side, current manufacturing, what we have is basically subtractive manufacturing. When I say subtractive management, if I want to make a component, I have a block of metal and a chip of the metal and make a component. So that is not a very efficient way of doing it because, I mean, it has a lot of, it is not very fast and efficient ways of doing it. So a new technology that has come up in the last years is additive manufacturing. This is basically printing a metal part. So if I give you a diagram of CAD model of the metal part, you can basically put it in a printer and say print and you have the metal part in your hand. It's as simple as that. Of course, the technology is kind of evolving. There are challenges, but in next couple of years, all these things will have a significant impact in the industry. And most of the people who study aerospace or who get into the aerospace industry would have, would rub their shoulders on one of these technologies. So these are something I thought I will give you a perspective and I'm open to questions if there is anything. Yeah, there are a few questions. So this first question which I see is it like metal 3D printing? Yes, it is like metal 3D printing. Yeah, so the other question is how is the business aspect to engineering? So this is Frakul's question. So I did not quite get it. So what is the business aspect to engineering? Let me answer that question with what I understood. See, engineering and business are closely tied up. You cannot, let us say there is a company A, there is a company B and both the companies make the product. Let's not take about any product. Both the people are having, in terms of reliability and technology, both the products are good. But one guy sells the product at 10% less. One guy sells the product at 10% more. Which one would you buy? You would buy something that is 10% less because it is doing the same job. Why should I pay more? So the way that brings the difference in cost between product A and product B is because of the efficiency of the business processes and strategies. So business is totally tied with engineering. Engineering cannot work in isolation because ultimately the products that are built has to be sold in the market. So business is a critical product. Okay. So there is another question related to how is flight testing done? Sir, this is a question. How are flight testers, is it using a simulator first or direct real life testing? Okay, you got it right. Simulators are extensively used as part of aircraft development and system development. But simulators will give a level of assurance that what we are developing is safe. But the proof is in the pudding. I mean, you can do all the simulators, but ultimately you have to take the aircraft and fly it physically. So making sure that it meets all the requirements. So flight testing is activity like, let us say we are building a new aircraft. So there is something called as a first flight. If you go to some of the YouTube links and say first flight of Airbus A350, there will be a lot of videos here. Because we have to, as part of, there are a lot of regulatory agencies that certify the aircraft. In America, it's called as FAA, Federal Aviation Authority. So then in Europe, it is called as EASA, EASA. So in India, it is called as DGCA for civil aircraft and for military aircraft, it's called as SEMILAC. And these are the institutions, these are the organizations that basically certify whether the flight that has been developed is safe for flight. So one of the critical things that the certification agency looks is you have to show the mission of the aircraft and do all the mission what they lay out. Think of it is like they would give a list of flights that has to be performed and you have to perform the flights and show that the aircraft is safe for operation. In commercial aircraft, this flight testing activity can usually goes for at least one year or so with flights almost every other day. Just to add here, for that matter, who asked this question, I think this is Amogh. So for any product, it is done the same way. So whether it is a car or an aircraft or even for that matter, a potato chip which you eat. First, we try to kind of, yes, obviously cost implications would be there. So if it is easy to replicate the product, you know, at a cost effective manner, you'll do that. But if it is quite huge, for example, in case of aircraft, you can't really have a destructive testing on a built aircraft because that will take away a lot of money from your pocket. So these hence simulators become an hence what service talking about the software side of it. Aerospace mixed with software together can help save a lot of money. Why? Because you don't need to, you know, test every time you create a, or you do a test on a real product, rather you simulate, see what are errors and scope of improvement, you do that. Once you are doubly sure that okay, in the simulator, it is working fine, then you go to a real world testing. So that saves a lot of. Basically to add to Tushar, what I would say is simulator gives you a confidence to go on the real equipment, right? See, without simulator, if you go on to the real physical equipment, it is like shooting in the dark, right? If you do everything on the simulator, you know, these are the parameters that the system has to come. So you basically, it basically assures you to do the testing. But there is nothing like real testing, nothing can replace the real testing, but it just ensures that you are not having any design flaws, obvious design flaws. And basically, if you do everything in simulation and go on to the physical test, the chances of success is very, very high. That's one of the, and another thing is the cost aspects. You don't have to test all the universal points, right? You want to test only that is critical, that you want to show and prove to the agency's certification. So the next, yeah, there's another question which was previously asked by we missed it actually, and it is related to, I think, some social issues. So the question is, isn't there the issue of space potentially being commercialized if private players take a major part in space projects? So there is something called, you know, we are really concerned about something called space debris, sir. So lots of satellites are, you know, going up in space and, you know, they are exponentially growing. Now, there's another issue which is very much, you know, now important is that the debris which is there and that it poses a huge risk to human life, as well as further, you know, aviation. So yeah, how are we going to tackle that? So I would look at, I would look my personal view, I would look at problems as opportunity, right? Tushar, you said about space debris, yeah, there are a lot of space debris today, but it is not at a level where it is hampering the satellites of flight. But let us say it's hampering, it is colliding with the satellites and hampering the space flight. It will lead to some other innovation, a new industry, right? There will be industry that you can design later. Docking and all that will happen. Yeah, to clean, it's like a device that can clean the garbage in the space, so that's a new industry. So this is a good way of looking at it. Yeah, yeah. Gritting is linked with each other, right? I mean, today we have industries because there is a problem that needs to be solved. If there is no problem, there is no industry required. Aerospace industry is there because it wants to solve the problem of mobility. People want to go from one continent to another in a couple of hours. They don't want to take 30 days to go on a boat, right? So problems basically give rise to industry and industry basically give rise to commerce. And of course, that's how all the subjects and... So just to interrupt you, the follow up question is Monisha, what she's asking is not space debris. My problem wasn't that. I was worried about how space will be used less as a research point for passionate people and more as a marketing outlet, advertising done through space hotels, brands which get their names on the space hotel placed on a high pedestal. While putting research on a lower priority, that's what she's asking. So this is... That's the word. I mean, any time commercialization comes, I mean, it's a market. Until now, it's like a market that was not open to everybody. The moment the market opens up, yes, there will be commercialization. These aspects are going to be there, yes. Yes, aspects are going to be there. There is nothing that we can go about. So another question from Harsh Raj is, so what were the safety issues that led to the decommissioning of Concorde? I'll talk about that. So there was a flight from Paris to, I think, New York that was landing in Paris airport, Charles de Gaulle airport. Just before they landed on, supposed to land in the airport, they had an explosion in one of the tires of the Concorde and that unfortunately kind of ruptured the fuel tanks and the aircraft, the Concorde lost, I mean, it just exploded. If you go and see in YouTube, you can see that very unfortunate incident. Before that also, there was a lot of problems in Concorde and the main issues with Concorde was on the tires because of the supersonic speed and there are a lot of issues on that and they used to change the tires as often as possible. That was one of the big problems. So only two airlines used to operate Concorde, British Airways and Air France. So because Concorde was a joint development of Britain and France. So Concorde was costing more to maintain than operate, right? The money you get from selling the tickets were far less than the amount of maintenance that needs to be done. For safety aspects, they used to change their tires very often. So ultimately in everything, economics take up a seat, right? So both British Airways and Air France were looking at a time to decommission this aircraft because it was costing more than what it was required to operate. So they were, I mean, they were in this two minds, but whenever this accident happened, that kind of hastened the process of Concorde retirement. So this brings a very important point. Whatever systems or products we develop, it has to be economically feasible. There's no point of developing all these things, right? So great engineering will survive only if it is economically sound and economically powerful. Otherwise it cannot survive. So that is something all engineers have to keep in back of their mind. It is not just the novelty of technology that we sell. It is how you can solve the problem at the lowest cost. So that's the winner. So sir, we'll just quickly, I'm jotting down the questions we'll take up once we are done. So there are a few more slides to be covered. So all those who have put their questions, don't worry. I have recorded it. We will be discussing it. Okay. Now I have a very interesting activity. I just want all of you to, I request a few minutes of concentration here. I'll just play a video. Just see, 20, 30 would look something like this. Just see a salient points. We'll discuss about this. I will just share the video. Before that I will get into the computer sound mode. Okay. Pushar, let me know if my video is coming loud and clear. Yeah. Okay. I have done all the optimization. Let me play the video. And please watch this video and we'll discuss about this. Okay. Did you see this video? Can you type in a chat box? What was the thing that was really glaring in this? What is one observation you saw in this? Somebody proposes, is it all possible in nine years? Yes. 100%. No pollution, no traffic. Excellent. That's an excellent point. No pollution because that's an electric aircraft. No traffic. In a city like Bangalore, if you are flying between one part of city to another part of city, you don't have to worry about the traffic jams and your car getting stuck. This is reality, guys. In at least nine years from now, a lot of this type of vehicles will start appearing in our airspace. And these type of vehicles don't require expensive airports or anything. All buildings, they have aircraft landing packs. And if you see in the beginning what that lady did. So she had, she took a Uber app. She wanted to go from one part of the city to another part. She just pressed our destination. And the Uber app basically kind of calculated, which is an optimal way to go for it. So a part of her journey was taken with that aircraft, urban air mobility aircraft. And a part of her journey she made with a physical Uber car. So this is the power of technology that we are talking about that is going to come to the aerospace industry. I spoke about saying that much of the airspace will move from being a very tightly controlled to a more democratic thing. This is what I was talking about. And this is a big reality. And there are a lot of companies who are developing on this kind of thing. And there's a lot of technologies that are there in this first-poly electric aircraft. And in a couple of years from now, this particular aircraft will not have any pilot. It's autonomous, just like we have heard about autonomous cars, driverless cars. This particular aircraft would not have a pilot. It's just driven by software in an autonomous way. So what are all the technologies I spoke about in the prior chart? You will see a lot of these things coming up in the years to come. So this is one thing I wanted to show you how the future looks like for aviation. So there is a question about the cost aspect of it. Yes, indeed it is costly. It will be costly. And there is a question related to how can only the rich can afford it. So I'm just summarizing whatever I might have. Yeah, let me put my perspective. Cost is driven by how much of people use it. 30 years ago in India, how many people had cars? Very, very few people had cars. But fast forward 30 years now, everybody has a car. So when the mass production happens, technology will become affordable to everybody. Today it looks like it's very expensive. But as the days go by, I mean, take about simple things. Most of you might not know how much expensive was a computer. Today, everybody has a computer in a pocket. I mean, the smartphone is nothing but a very powerful computer. But when I was studying to go to a computer to get access to computer, you had to go into a room that had computers. And this was an air conditioned room. And you had to literally struggle to get half an hour of your time to do programming for it, right? So computers were so much as a novelty or experience, novelty item. But now even the poorest man in the state also has a smartphone which is nothing but a computer. So once the technology gets rolling right, affordability will come down. I mean, everybody will be. And the most important part is that this is why we are doing this session. You guys are going to join this workforce to make it cheaper. So that's the intent. So hence, you know, if it is costly, then you have to break your head into how to make it cheaper and affordable to the common masses. So that's what the intent is. So we see just because something is costly, so hence we should stop it and not do anything about it. It's not the answer. What we need to do is, okay, this is an opportunity. There's a challenge and hence, you know, not every question in center mass is solvable. You can't do that. So hence, but that gives you a, what do you say, a kick to kind of get it into affordable domain. So that's what the intent is. So we know that this is possible. 100 years back, internet was not possible. It was a fiction. Today it is cheaper. And today Adhar card and what is that all jam trinity and all those people are using phone pay, Google pay. These were technologies which were unimaginable some 50 years back, but today it is affordable. Right. So that's where technology enables. It's an enabler. Yes. That's why you guys will be joining that workforce, which is expected to make it affordable to the common man. So that's my answer. Rightly said. Technology is an enabler for the future. So engineers, generation of engineers will build upon what the previous generation of engineers built. So all of you will be the next generation of engineers who will work on this. And you are sitting on the shoulder of giants. Right. So that's how the human progress happens because the every generation tries to improve better than what the previous generation is. And that is progress. Right. Any other questions before we move on to the next chat. Now there was a question related to AI asked by Kinshuk. I think that question was related to how AI will be deployed. Okay. Yeah. Yeah. That's a very... AI will encompass everything in aviation. The simplest thing is I talked about autonomous... I mean, this particular vehicle, what we saw in the video, this might be pilotless. It has to drive by itself. So the software that is helping this vehicle to fly would have some kind of AI. And it is built with a lot of artificial intelligence in it. Right. So it may have sensors where it has this... Remember, these aircraft will not be flying in clear blue skies at a very high altitude. These are hopping from one building to another building. Right. So it has to prevent collisions with the aircrafts like this coming in opposite direction and the buildings. So there will be sensors, advanced sensors in this aircraft. And all these sensors will give input. And there is a very intelligent software that is running, basically making the autonomous flight possible. So that is one of the examples how artificial intelligence... And many other things. There are lots of safety angles, you know, which has to be taken care of. So let's say if the flight runs into a trouble, then what are the exit options and things like that? So there will be multiple such deployments. Right. And then route selection. Also, if you see... Yeah, route collection. That's a very nice point. See, you saw that lady, she wanted to go from one point to another point. She opened up an app and she kind of feed in. But how did the app decide part of her journey has to be by flight and part of her journey has to be by car? So probably that app calculated the time it takes to go by car on a city traffic condition versus the aircraft. So all these things are intelligence that is built in the app. So artificial intelligence is also there in the app, whatever they have built. Yeah. Perfect. And not only in the application side, what I understand is let's say in the development side also, lots of AI is deployed to improve functionalities or make it most cost effective and things like that. So there again, on the development side also, there will be a lot of application of AI. Yes. Yeah. Any more questions or should we go? Yeah, we can go ahead, sir. I think, yeah, we can... So this is a chart I put it. Today, if you guess the sky, sky looks different. Let's say fast forward to 2030. If you look up to the skies, the skies would have some kind of vehicles like this. This is not science fiction, guys. This is real thing. In fact, these aircrafts, whatever is flying, this is not some work of art. These are actual aircrafts that are currently being built and they are testing the aircraft. This particular aircraft is called as a Volocopter. This has been deployed in Singapore to kind of use between the... Between corporate buildings, I believe, and buildings in the city without going through the using the road. So these are not, this is not science fiction. These are real thing. And there is a big advantage using vehicles like this. Let us say we want to connect remote parts of the country. The only option today we have is to lay the roads to connect remote parts of the country, right? The problem with laying roads is it's privately expensive. You have to cut the trees. You have to... There is ecological impact for all these things. So a nicer solution of this is having a small vehicles like this so that you can connect all the remote parts of the country. And if there is no airport, you could possibly design a structure like this, which is more like a water tank kind of thing, what we see, right? So this can serve as a safe landing point for this kind of vehicles. And this doesn't have much of ecological impact of cutting down the trees or taking a very expensive way of laying the roads. And at the same time, every part of the country is connected. So this will be a big game changer in the years to come. We are not talking about aircraft that is going into space or very high altitude aircraft like what we are seeing in commercial aircraft. These aircrafts will not fly at very altitude. It is going to fly at a lower altitude, just trying to cover small distances within the cities. It's not... This type of aircrafts are not going to fly from, let us say, Bangalore to New York or Bangalore to London. This kind of transportation system will be within the city. Like if you want to move from one part of the Bangalore to another part. Or if you want to... If they want to go for a fest in some other school, they will take it from NPS Rajachnagar to Indra Nagar. Exactly, exactly. Yeah, I think that's what's there. So this will be a big, big area which will drive lots of innovation in the years to come. Okay, I think with this, we have kind of come to a point where we covered a lot of ground on aerospace. I gave you an overview about what aerospace engineering is. What are the institutes? What are the opportunities? How does the future look for aerospace? So I kind of put this chart to basically... This slide is more for you to think about. I mean, this is not a guidance or this is not advisory advice what I'm giving. But I just put this thought, if somebody is passionate about aerospace, what are the key things that he or she should be doing or he or she should be concentrating on? Needless to say, a clear understanding of physics and mathematics concepts are a key for aerospace engineering. All the math and physics what you study in class 8 until class 12, this is the same thing that will be used throughout. In fact, Tushar would agree with me. When in engineering, you don't study anything new. It's all the same thing what you learn now. The clarity of concepts what you develop in 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 will give a good foundation for you as you get into the university. So mathematics and physics are really important. When I say really important, I mean getting a clarity of everything that is being taught and having that clarity and able to think through in that clarity is a key thing. Next point I would like to talk about is curiosity. I mean this is very important. Curiosity comes from a point wherein we have to question everything. Like for example, I really like somebody asking the question, wouldn't this be expensive? Yeah, it's a very valid question. But a curious mind would say, okay, it is expensive. What all it takes to make this affordable to everybody? So that's where the innovation comes. That's where the new products come. So being curious is a very, very important thing. I know in this Zoom session, we have students from 9, 10, 11, 12. So one thing I personally feel one of the skills all of us should pick up is our ability to learn to code irrespective of whichever branch of engineering or medicine, whatever we do. Because coding is a very, very key skill that is required for any field and needless to say aerospace engineering also. Don't get really bogged on with the language or anything. You do whatever is convenient for you or whatever is it, but develop a very, very strong understanding and ability to code because the next set of years that are going to come, software is everywhere. Even today as we talk, software is in everything. If you go and see a car, whether you know it or not, there are millions of lines of code in the car because all the complex function that is there in today's cars are done by software. So if you go and look around all the devices around your house, you can see that every device, any smart device, like for example, Alexa, Alexa, the smart speaker, you know how much of software is there inside them. So software brings new capabilities, advanced capabilities and newer capabilities into any system. So learning to code is a very, very important skill. So I would say that learn to code, not as a curriculum or anything as a hobby, try to build work on projects, understand coding. So this is going to be very, very important in the next set of years as you get into the university and ultimately to the workforce. Another point I thought I would stress here is today's world, today's world, the success is for people who demonstrate a lot of creativity and who take up real world problems and solve the problems. So one way to enhance creativity is to use our hands to build something. So that is one skill we have. I feel that in today's world where everything has become a smartphone or everything has become virtual, that is something that we are really losing it. So one of the good ways to do it is to build devices by yourself. Like I would like to, I don't know how many of you know already, I would strongly encourage so people are really interested to build things to explore already. So this is a very, very low cost, easily accessible system wherein you can build a lot of systems using this. And it is a totally, I would say like a modular thing. Let us say you want to build, I mean a simple example like a collision avoidance system. By spending 900 rupees you can build it in Arduino. Arduino is a hardware. The key thing is software which is all available as a Arduino community. Integrating hardware, software and the community you could build a lot of devices and intelligent devices. And I say this because in the next coming years we have to find solutions for the tough problems what we have and tough problems are solved only by creativity. And creativity is ability to do things by our hand. So that is very, very important. And last but not least, whichever area you study, whatever you study, always have fun. Don't do it because you have to do it and don't push yourself. Look at, there is beauty in everything. In fact, all the things what I spoke today, none of this is my knowledge. These are all the generation of engineers and scientists who have worked before all of us and they have put the knowledge in our hands. So it is our responsibility to use this knowledge and advance this knowledge and hand over to the next generation. So with this I will stop my presentation. So I am open for Q&A. Great, great. Thanks for that enlightening wrap up sir. And I would just like to enhance upon or just talk about this problem solving part of it. And I have been observing that unlike what we used to go through set of students, they are also very passionate about problem solving but one thing which I have noticed is that instant gratification part of getting the solution faster. Now, my take of all this what sir was also saying we cannot be desperate for solutions. You have to think and emphasize more on the thought process and innovating on the solution rather than just searching on the Google to be satisfied that I know this problem now. That's not the intent of problem solving. The intent of problem solving is to make sure that you have the right thought process to solve the problem and not fetch the solution somehow. That's point number one. Do not get disheartened when you are not able to solve the problem. That's another, you know, observation which I am seeing. See, you guys are real fortunate that you have Google and you are sitting next to your table and you have a problem and you dictate it to this particular device and it gives you the solution but that's not the fun part of it. So, you know, we remember for one question of physics or math we used to spend hours together and we used to enjoy that there will be frustration. No doubt about it, there will be frustration but that frustration itself gives you joy when you are able to solve this finally. I see that, you know, the face going, you know the language of the face changing and all the moment you are getting stuck in problem solving. Develop the thought process enjoy problem solving enjoy not being able to solve also and you know, that is a huge learning in itself. So, that will be my advice and with those, if there is any question maybe, you know, so there's lots of discussion now, so you have basically, you know, discussion about Ardino versus Raspberry Pi and all those so, you know, those who want, you know some projects on that, you can touch base with me, I'll give you two books for free but you have to come to me, I will not give it to you. So, there are lots of projects if you really want to build on that and you know both are good in my I have tested both and you know, obviously there will be a different level of understanding needed. Ardino, I found it easier to go about because the community is also very enriched and you know, the components are very low cost or vis-a-vis, let's say components of the other processors and also, what sir is suggesting not to hook on to one particular processor or a board it's basically, it can be clay modeling also, it can be designing kites maybe you never know everything what the emphasis is on doing it with your own hands rather than you know, so that's what the thing is you can be an artist, you can be you know, music developer I don't know, so anything creative is good, so that's where you need to think you need to spend time and you know, that's something which comes out of you and that's what the emphasis is not a particular board as such you can do that, that's very easy and lots of resources are available so hence we are suggesting that but that was a takeaway I believe that is what is my understanding so now I think most of the questions are taken and we are also running out of time so I will conclude the session I think, if you guys you know like what sir told about us and he took out time from his schedule and came and talked about the engineering aspect and very beautifully structured, so I would like to thank from you know, on the behalf of Centrum Academy sir and students, those who are there you know, just share some words of appreciation for sir and that will be you know, real gratitude towards him, so for all of that you know, with those words I will now conclude the session, I hope everybody is safe and stay safe all of you, if anything related to aerospace you have you want to know more about engineering colleges or how to get into all of that you can always touch space with us and if there is a domain specific thing you want to ask, let us know the query to sir and the response back to you, that's how we will be doing it, with those words I really wish and hope that everybody is safe and secure, thanks a lot sir for having Thanks to sir for this opportunity I didn't know how did I spend this one and a half hours interacting with lot of young minds I am very hopeful sir, these people are going to devise those cocters whatever we talked about and I am going to sit on that, so my only vested interest to do all of this is come 10-15 years down the line I will be able to avail those technologies because of these fine people so that's the I am really happy that I got opportunity to interact with the future generation of engineers, doctors scientists in this forum I would like to thank Centrum Academy for giving me this opportunity Thank you Tujab for enabling this and thanks all the participants today you have given your Saturday to listen to me enjoy the rest of your weekend and thank you very much Thanks sir, good night