 All right, well, thank you, thanks a lot for the invitation and I'm kind of happy that Hannah couldn't make it, so I'm here, but I hope that it will be interesting for you. So I'm going to introduce you a bit to nutrient imaging and especially what can be done in life science. So I'm going to focus more on nutrient biography and some of the biomechanics. So as a quick overview of this lecture today, I'm going to present a bit about like introduction to nutrient imaging. What you need to know also is like I'm not a physicist, I'm a biomechanical researcher, so I'm not an expert in nutrient imaging, but I've been using it for my research. So I've come to know some details and to understand a bit how it works and I think it's a fascinating technique to look at structure and composition and objects in general. So then I will have a little quiz if we have some time for you to interact. And then I'm going to go into some application for nutrient imaging and especially in life science. And just at the end some guidelines for the exercise session because I unfortunately couldn't join you, can't join you to the afternoon because I have something else in parallel. So, first, I think so far and looking at your background because I had access to your background. I think you are more looking at proteins or the lower scales, more nutrient fraction or nutrient scattering, which are really looking at like lower scale results and the type of levels. With nutrient imaging or nutrient microscopy or radiography, we're looking at direct structures, really imaging the structure itself and it's more in dimension from micron over micron to minimators. So it's just to put in like what scale of analysis we are now. So what is imaging? Well, imaging is a visual representation of an object and there are a lot of different imaging types that could exist. Photography is one, cinematography is one with movement. Then a lot of medical imaging also exists and you maybe had one, a radiograph when you broke a bone or hit an unspectacular fracture. Molecular imaging is also one acoustic and nutrient imaging and we're going to talk about today. Imaging has been really useful for the community, the scientific community and medical community. And here is a bit of some list of other prices that has been related to some of the imaging breakthrough. And with the discovery of x-rays in the 19th of November again, then the computed tomography, which is the technique I've been using and I'm going to talk a bit about today. And then electron microscopy, also breakthrough MRI that has also been a breakthrough in the 2000s and it's really widely used nowadays in medicine. And also in imaging in the industrial to image semiconductor. So, yeah, imaging is really used a lot in science and it's been, I think, more and more used, especially in neutron imaging. So before going a bit in the technique, I just wanted to give you a bit of another view of where, if you are ever interested in doing some more of lying in neutron imaging through neuroscience, where you can find beam lines that actually do that because, well, you've been having a default pool in the neutron, so you know that it's not easy to find neutrons and you need some nuclear power plant or installation source. So this list is not exhausted, but the idea is to just present some of the imaging lines that can exist. You guys are going to have one in Sweden at the ESS, though it's not going to be operational soon. I don't know exactly if you have the new date, but I've heard about 2023-2025, but there's going to be one at the Neutron Imaging in Odin. Then in Grenoble, at the ILL, and there is the D-15, also called next to Grenoble, which can do neutron annex rate at the same time. But unfortunately, this one is going to shut down for improvements soon, for a bit more than a year. But then there are others across Europe, so there is one in Munich, in Germany, and there is another one in Switzerland, in PSI, and then also around the globe, in J-Park, and in the USA, there are others. So it was just like to show that you have some options, and then I guess also this afternoon you're going to have something to say in writing your own proposal to be mine. What you need to know is like, find and compare the characteristics of every beam line tube, to decide which one is the best for your research. Okay, so now let's try to move on to a bit of the basics of Neutron Imaging. So Neutron Imaging is used to see the inside of material, and they're able to penetrate material layers of certain thickness, and this will depend on the attenuation properties of that material. So we can simplify it as a non-destructive, because we don't need to cut it, the material to actually see inside, visualization methods, so you can have access as a structure of the inside of your sample. So it is based on the interaction with matter, and so in our case with Neutron, for example, we have a source, and we're going to hit with this source and with the Neutron, our object. And what's going to happen here between the Neutrons and the object is like the Neutrons could be absorbed by the sample to be scattered, which then would look at with the Neutron scattering, or can be transmitted. And with Neutron Imaging, we're looking at those transmitted Neutrons. And those transmitted Neutrons, they have some information about the structure, because of the different material that you have inside, and this is linked to the attenuation coefficients of the material. And here is just a parallel between X-rays and Neutron, because X-rays is maybe something you've also heard about, or maybe you've used before in research, but to show a bit the differences and the complementarity in between the techniques, the X-rays interact with the electron cloud of an atom, and they would kick out and have a mission of photons to be detected by detector. So the attenuation coefficient when using X-rays, or basically linked to the atomic, so here on the left, sorry, atomic number of the sample. So the light elements, like hydrogen, they have like two, one, two electron, they are fairly transparent to X-rays, and the heavier they are, the more electrons they are, the trigger the X-rays are to go through. And with Neutrons is a bit different interaction, because the Neutrons interact with the nucleus, so they're not depending on the electron cloud, which makes the attenuation coefficient not linear among the periodic table. And which also explains that what is called light atom, like hydrogen, because they have a low mass of the atom, they have a small, low number of electron. So you can't see them with X-rays, but you can see them a lot with Neutrons. So what researchers play a lot on, I'm going to see that in the future, is this different interaction between X-rays and Neutrons, to see differently materials inside your sample. So this is what we use then to have an image after we hit our sample with Neutron. This attenuation coefficient will be integrated in the flux for the intensity of the Neutron that we have after the sample. So the Neutron imaging is based on the beer-landed low, we get the intensity after the interaction with the sample, which is dependent on intensity before that we know, and the attenuation coefficient of the material that we have inside. But then with this, we have some information coming out, but compared to X-rays, where it's easy to just detect a photon with a conventional method. Here you still have Neutrons, and you can't detect a Neutron itself, so you need a secondary interaction to generate usually with insulators photons out of the Neutron that were passed through the samples. And then you detect those photons with conventional detector system like a camera. So here after this first pass, I think what you need to remember is that Neutrons are highly absorbed by hydrogen, so they're good candidates to be seen by Neutrons, under fairly transparent metals. And then compared to X-rays, you have different interaction and different attenuation coefficient, which makes the techniques contemporary. And globally, Neutron imaging will give you less flux or less resolution of the image compared to X-rays. If you have any questions, by the way, I just go, you just interrupt me or you keep them for the end, this is as you prefer. So here now to start to go back to live science, I'm going to start to show you some examples of live science applications. So in my research specifically, I work in bone and also the interaction with implants, which are made of metals often, and bone. So here is an example to show what a radiography is. So radiography is a 2D image. So we have a sample. So here is a TBI of a rat with metal implant in here. We shoot Neutron at it and we have a 2D projection of our sample. So this, you can see, is an image in 2D. It's going to be made of pixels that is going to be linked to the revolution of our detector. And here the grade level image pixel of this image will be linked to the attenuation coefficient of our samples. And in our case here, it's average over the whole thickness of our sample. But this is a 2D and what we can do also is go through tomography, which is basically an advanced form of radiography, where the sample is rotated as long as you take a radiograph. And with this, you have multiple projections or multiple radiographs that you can then reconstruct into a 3D volume, which could then be made of voxels instead of pixels because they're 3D, but still containing information in terms of grade level and depending on how much the material that was in the path of the Neutron has been absorbing or not the Neutron. So once you have that, also another important step in the process of Neutron imaging is the image analysis behind, because it's nice you have 3D, 3D visualization of your samples, but then you need to extract some meaningful information out of it. And this will include some filtering to get rid of noise if you have any image segmentation to isolate parts of the tissues or parts of the sample that you want to look at. And then quantification of different parameters, for example here, has shown some region of interest that we've been looking at in this bone to quantify the bone structure and the bone quantity, and especially here I can see around the implant that has been inserted. And there are different software that exists for that. In the exercise session this afternoon, I made you a tutorial to start to use Image 8, which is commonly used as an important source of software used by the community, and then you learn a bit to interact with your images and see what you can get out of it. So that was the little quiz that I wanted to make you. Now that we've gone through a bit of the basics here. And to have your brainstorm a bit about, like, I'll give you three examples of situations, scientific situations that we have. And then you should think a bit about what technique would be more adaptive, neutron and or X-ray imaging based on what we discussed and some information here in the blue rectangle, which gives you some hints in what we discussed already. So first example is you're in front of a lead tank, which seems sealed, and you're a bit wondering, can I open it or not? So you have this and you have it stuck. And then you also found a small suspect rock in Yvonne, so I've been asking you, Swede, about the famous archeological site, and she came with the name Yvonne, but if you don't know, it's like you were in some archeological site, so you're not suspecting that maybe it would be more than just a rock. And then you also have a scientific question about, can we play a good geological barrier for the disposal of radioactive waste? So then maybe you can just have, like, a lead to brainstorm. I mean, you can open your microphone or you can just have, I don't know if it's easy then to make some sub rooms or we just let them think by themselves and in two minutes we just discuss about options. So what do you think? Guys, you want to separate in different rooms or do you want to just think now? You can think aloud. Yeah, you can think aloud, you can think altogether and you can have like suggestions. So let's start to think. Let's start with one room then. Any ideas? So for the first one we would use neutrons, because I think like if you do x-rays then you would not see through it. Yeah, that's totally correct. So if we go to the first, indeed you would need a neutron to go through the lead, otherwise with x-rays you won't be, you will just have like a black image basically with x-rays. And now with this neutron you can see through and what you see is like, well it seems to be a flower inside and the flower you see it because it's a lot of hydrogen inside, so it's really absorbing the neutrons. And then you say, okay, then it looks safe to open the tank. I should not be intoxicated. What about the second example? I don't know if anybody else wants to. I can leave room for maybe Jen. Jen, are you asleep? Are you awake? I guess neutrons, if you have a lot of high density in there, it might be quite hard to get x-rays through anyway. Yeah, totally. So neutron for sure, because you can get through the rock, but also there is like a little hit also in the title, it was called the small rock. So if it's small it means that you can still go through it with x-rays and here you could combine because with the neutrons you would go through the rock and then you could see some structure inside like if the fossil was there because it contains more hydrogen compared to the sediment that are around. And then the x-rays have a finer resolution in terms of pixel size and what they can grasp. And here for example you could see well but be careful because it seems to be some cracks inside the sample that we couldn't really see because of the lower resolution of the neutrons. So with this information then you can decide or not to work on exposing the treasure that you found inside but carefully because you know well if I hit here with my little instrument and I just break my thumb. So great. However the last one, well there is no big, I mean it's not, I was trying to look for an example that you could not look through with neutrons but neutrons can be used a lot. So in here I would also do the same, combine neutrons and x-rays but also potentially add something here in your tests experiments which would be in-situ testing and we're going to go back a bit to it and then explain what it is. It's not just imaging in a sense that you had a sample, you put it in the b-line and you look at the structure but here you want to change the sample to see how the structure would modify if you would like for example compress it. Or in this case for example what is important for clay or whatever material that is brown and radioactive waste is to not be able to be porous and to have like water flux and then transport any radioactive water into rivers or whatever. So here is an example of work that has been done by a team here in Grenoble I think where they compressed a bit to fracture basically the clay and then they could push water through it to see how the water would flow and they combine neutrons and x-rays also to gain on your resolution and contrasts. And this is a way of better understanding the propagation in those materials and to see if you can prevent any big-situ picture. Okay, thanks for interacting, that was great. Okay, so now I'm going to move on a bit more, well, application of neutron imaging and hopefully I can give you some will to try out on your different project if you have, if you feel that it will be applicable. Here below I also list some of reviews that can be useful for you on neutron imaging in general and some focus on life science. But in this first slide I just present some of the non-life science applications because neutron imaging is also used a lot as routine before in well engineering and medical science, geology, earth science and also cultural heritage. I'm going to just show you some example. So here for example is a battery that has been looked at with a neutron radiography and this is also an in-situ testing in a sense that you see the evolution of the battery with time. So they've been charging the battery and then they let it discharge and then they see how the lithium inside moves and it's a good candidate for neutron because of the interaction between the passing through of the metal and the interaction with lithium. In geology, as we've seen with clay and the before, they also use it a lot because of the power of penetration through heavy materials. They use of fluid flows that you can see through because of water, for example, we have a lot of hydrogen, you can see the contrast pretty well and then you can access porosity cracks. And here is an example of concrete that has been imaged with both neutron and x-rays and you can a bit see what different contrasts you could have. So if you have only an x-ray image, you barely see at the grains and matrix, you can see pores. But then if you combine it with neutrons, you see well the differences in between the different rocks inside and then you can also push some water and then see where the water will go and then highlight it. And another example in cultural heritage, for example, is also the use of well, penetration through heavy material. Here is a copper statue, for example. And also the fact that it's not destructive because as the fossil that we've seen before, we don't want to expose to see what is inside and to see what's happening. In this case, they wanted to see if the stadium was rolling and where it was. So they used that and then they could highlight parts and that can help in better anticipation of preservation techniques will protect the statue. And it's also been used a lot in cultural heritage too, as a non-damaged destructive tool. Okay, so now let's try to move on to some example in life science. So the first one is a bit go back to the brainstorming example that has been showing, is trying to understand if neutron imaging can be used to access bone structure embedded in fossil. So you have a bunch of products, you have suspicion that they would contain something and they'll say, well, can I see through without opening it and without damaging the sample. So there's been news quite a lot because those specimens are often okay to x-rays, especially as you said before, if it's a big rock and you have a lot of sediment that are contained heavy materials. So a researcher has been using the penetration power of neutron through this rock and through this embedding matrix to be able to see through and to distinguish what is inside. And then they also use the fact that neutron can go through the sediments, but they're going to be highly absorbed by the hydrogen contained into the fossilized bone. And then they can see the contrast between the bone that is inside and the matrix. So then you can highlight different structure and for example some research has been highlighting the vascularity in the bone and see that animals, some of the species could be blood warm animals because they had like vascularity and vessels inside the bone. And they also use the sensitivity to isotope. So, because for the same, for example, hydrogen and nucleus which has one proton and isotope can contain different numbers of nutrients like hydrogen, it has one proton and deuterium it has one proton and one neutron. So it means that they're going to interact differently with the nutrient and then with that we can highlight different parts and I'm going to show you into the next number which is more clear. So, another example now is botany and some researchers have wondered if neutron imaging can also be used to track the water replacement and transfer in the plant's roots or in the plant in general. And for that they also use some of the quality of the nutrient that we've been discussing before the penetration power through the soil, so through the rocks that can be in the soil. And the fact that I said before that the nutrient can distinguish isotope so in this specific example, for example, they used deuterium and normal water. And what they did is like they soaked the plant in deuterium which is not poisonous for the plant. And then during the experiment, what the beginning of the experiment, they inject normal water inside or the bottom of the soil and the seed water intake. And because normal water has more nutrients, it's going to be more absorbent to the nutrients. And then you can see better contrast or at least a different contrast in between these two and then you can see the propagation of the water plants. So they combine this with this in situ testing to see the changes of inject water and keep on doing the demographic to have an evolution of their system. And for that they also had requirements which was to use some fast imaging because to see the water intake as a process, a continuous process, you can't just have like a tomography that would last an hour. And then you want to take another one but it would be the end of your test. So they did that in Grinold in ILL where they can do really fast scans, one from five seconds. So they keep on doing scans, they do one at T0, they inject water and they repeat until they can come up with those nice images. I'm going to show you here. So we can see, we don't see the soil because it's transparent to nutrients that they could isolate it with some image analysis after they had the test done. And you can nicely see the roots and here what you see in the bottom in this dark gray or green is the normal water at front that is getting soaked and coming into the roots and into the soil. And that is replacing the heavy water that you don't see because it's more transparent to nutrients. But with that you really can see the front and propagation front. And that is something used a lot in neutron imaging and also in geology to see water flow and intake in different materials to see where there are leaks or rocks, cracks, where the water would go and where the burrows of these are. Another example in your biological application is in liver tissues and some research should ask if neutron imaging can be used to identify tumors. And for that, what they thought is that well, we can maybe use contrast agent because the tumor itself would not be seen with a nice different contrast with the whole tissue because there are no particular differences in material. If we can come up with nanoparticles which are absorbent to the nutrients and the nanoparticles would get attached to the tumor also as a way of treating the tumor or isolate actually at least the tumor later. Then we can detect the differences because where the particles are and they're so more than nutrients and then you can isolate parts of the tissue which seems to be a tumor because the nanoparticles attached to it. Okay, and then to finish a bit on this, well, the global biological example and application to life science, I'm going to spend a bit more time in bone research, which is something I'm more familiar with because I've been working on it during, well, the previous postdocs that I've been doing in Lune University and still now in my in my current research. So bone here is an example of a bone tumor. We have basically two types of bone tissue in body. You have what is called counseling bone, which is very poor structure we can see here, and then a portable bone on the outside but here we're going to focus on the under poor structure that you have here. So x-rays are often employed in bone research because bone is made of collagen and mineral made up of the other side. And this mineral is highly absorbent x-rays. The air is not so we have a good contrast between what is bone, mineralized tissue and the rest. Plus the x-rays are usually fast and they give high resolution. So here is an example of a small plug that has been matched in a synchrotron. So with like three micron resolution of our image, we can nicely see structure in here. And this is a typically what the exercise will be that's going to be that type of though we have two more questions or two more problems that come up when we want to push a bit the analysis. The x-rays, they are not or they're less sensitive to hydrogen based tissue. And the bone is made of this mineralized tissue, but in between this course, there is bone marrow that you can see here. And there is also collagen and soft tissue and all these other tissues except bone are also implied in growth and remodeling. So they're interesting to look at. And x-rays are not very good for that because we don't have enough contrast into the rest of the tissue there. And also with a specific application, which is the use of implants to fix some bones, so it could be a hip implant to correct a fracture bone or some screws to help a fracture bone to heal. Titanium implants are commonly used in the clinics, but with x-rays they generate a lot of artifacts in the vicinity of the implant because they are highly absorbed by the metal. So there is a huge disproportion between the absorption of the metal and the absorption of the rest of the tissue, which makes this artifact generated during the reconstruction of the protocol. So what we've been asking ourselves in Lund for the past years is, well, can we try to apply maybe neutron imaging to explore this bone tissue around implants, better than x-rays, or at least complementary with an x-ray. So we had multiple questions. The first one was like, okay, can neutron then accurately depict bone micro-architecture? Is it still the technique? Because if we can't see enough of the architecture of the bone, it won't be a good candidate. So what we started to do first was to have just imaging with some screws that we implanted in rectivia here. We let them heal. So we had the bone that would grow onto the implant, and then we scanned them with x-rays and with neutrons. And so here I just recap a bit the advantages of the both techniques. So the x-rays is easier to access it, and the resolution is better, and usually is also shorter in terms of scanning. But with this implant, we have a lot of artifacts here because of the metallic components. The neutrons on their side depend on the metals. So you can see here that there are no artifacts in the vicinity of the implant. But the resolution and the imaging time is quite different. So this is a test that we've been done in 2017. So it's already quite old, but for information, and in terms of time, for example, between this scan with x-rays that was done with lab CT, it was like an hour and a half scan to have a resolution of 3 microns. And if we wanted a resolution of 10 microns at PSI at the time that we did the test, it was 10 hours of scan. So we really had different compromises to do. But now the time flow, for example, at ILL, as I'm going to show you new examples, has really decreased, and then it's also pushed up to use neutrons. So it was really a promising test here because we could see that this x-ray, we had all this pollution of artifacts that you can see here that were not existing neutrons. So we said, well, it's good, but we should continue in using neutrons. So what we did is like, okay, can we push it a bit to see if we can not only see the structure, but try to extract some mechanical information about our tissue. So then we said, well, we can combine, as I've been showing before, with some in-situ testing. So basically what we want to do is we put our sample inside a little testing machine that has been also put in the B-line. And we're going to pull out the implants while we do some tests. So we're going to do some increments, and here is a little video to show you what we did. So here is a bone that we're going through. So we see the different type of bone. We don't really feel well just through because it's not absorbing the neutrons. And what we do is we pull out, and we take scans at different time of our pull-out. So we take a scan first at T0, no damage done to the samples. And then we pull out, we displace this through open 2 mm, and we take a new scan, and then we continue on doing that. And what we can see already on the image is some cracks opening. So something is happening, we're damaging the samples. But as I said, it's not enough to just see and have nice images. We're really going to have more information and to do some image analysis, track the mechanical damage that was done. So for this specific technique, we used an image analysis technique which is called digital bone correlation. And the idea is to track the voxel. So basically we take little cubes in within our image at the first step of loading. And then we try to look for the same cube at the second step of loading. And it probably has changed. Either it has moved or it has reformed. And this is the information that we're going to use to get some maps of our samples in between two different loading steps. And we can have access to the displacement. So here you can see why displacement is on the horizontal axis. So we can see that bone seems to be opening and it's coherent with what we see on the scans, the fracture here. And if we transform this displacement into strains, then we can see opening cracks in here. So a traction, an opening of the bone and also some crashes at some point. So the bone is crashing the more we test it. So there was a first test of neutron pullout on bone, and it was very promising for the rest on for the future. And we're keeping on doing some tests in the university or with the group of finite. And then we had another question is like, okay, so a neutron tumor actually seems to be good, but can we maybe combine it with some of the techniques to better isolate materials inside the bone. So this is related to the fact that I told you before, in bone, with x-rays we will see the bone tissue itself, the mineral part, but all the soft tissue, the marrow, we don't really see them. So we said, well, maybe we should try to push the analysis in combining neutron x-rays and to see how much we can gain out of this combination of the techniques. So this is a recent test that has been done at ILL where they have the neutron and the x-rays in the same beam line at an angle of 90 degrees. So you can do almost at the same time, but now it's just one right after the other without moving the sample, the neutron and tomography, and then the x-ray tomography. And then you come up with two different types of images, the neutron and the x-rays, and using also some image analysis. And here it was image registration, basically you want to overlap the two images because they are exactly the same sample. And with this overlapping, then you can see what information each phase has in the different modality. So with this one, for example, in these images, what we can see is that the screw that is here and titanium screw. With the neutron, it doesn't really come up well, so the neutron goes through, but with the x-rays, it's very bright. And you can see, for example, here some shadow behind the screw that looks real on the x-ray images, but it is just an artifact because as you see in the neutron, it doesn't exist. There is some bone. And here you look like, well, maybe there is not bone, actually. So this was something really interesting in terms of the infant. And then also we can see here in the neutron some lighter gray parts that we don't really see coming up in the x-rays. And these are soft tissues, so more fat and bone marrow that contains more hydrogen and they'll pick up better with the neutrons. And so we also picture with another technique, histology, that maybe you're also more familiar with. Here is a slightly different input model that we've been using, but it's the same principle. We still have a titanium infant and we're looking in contact with bone and we're trying to see where the bone will grow and how will it grow. And here we did a neutron demographic compared to histology and in this histology slice, we stained to get the mineralized bone. And we had a really good fit between those two image, meaning that every information that we saw in the histological slice was also present in the neutron demographic. So neutron is good to see the bone. However, when we try to fit the other way around, so the neutrons onto the histology, then the fit was a bit less. And what we realized is because neutron images had more information compared to histology. And especially they contain information about the soft tissue that we couldn't see with only the staining of the mineralized bone. And when we stained with another technique to highlight soft tissues and more fatty tissue, we could see this blue structure here appearing that were labeled as a soft tissue. That's also seen in the neutron. And in this study, we didn't do x-rays, but we could have done x-rays and we wouldn't have been able to also see them in x-rays. So, neutron topography is really good to see the bone and some soft tissue and we're pushing through all of these techniques to try to understand better what the soft tissues are for and how it could impact in the bone and growth. Okay, so to finish, I'm just going to try to recap a bit about the take home messages of this. And so some of the issues of the neutron that we've seen is that it's a high penetration power. It is good to see any hydrogen-contained material and it's sensitive to isotopes. So if you have dosing material, it might be interesting in trying. It has also low radiation damage. I haven't really talked about it, but compared to x-rays, which can really damage like cans, for example, right as you use it, also because the energy of the beams are different, neutrons are non-detructive in that way and you can at least see the evolution of the can without killing it immediately. And also, they're sensitive to magnetic moments, but that I also haven't talked about it because I'm not an expert on it, but it's also something you might just want to know. Neutrons are often combined with other techniques, as I've shown you, mostly x-rays because then research plays on the different instructions that matter. Then you have to think about the compromise between, well, especially the spatial and temporal evolution and the access of the techniques. In terms of application to life science, neutron imaging is used to see inside the samples in resolution from micron to millimeter. In fossil, they can go through rocks in plants that are used to track water intake. And in bone implants and bone research, it's sensitive to soft tissue and they avoid the generation of metal artifacts. And just to finish, if you're ever interested in applying neutron imaging, I think what you need to think and to brainstorm on that is to know a bit about the composition and the structure of the samples. Because neutron imaging might not always be the answer, and here is an example of our earlier tests that we've been doing on our samples. And when our bone specimens were too hydrated, well, we couldn't see any structure because basically it was no contrast. So you still need to think about sample preparation and the composition of. Okay, and then just some quick guidelines about the exercises, but that's not because I said I won't be able to join, but the idea is for you to play around with the software and to understand what image analysis can do or can be applied in, for example, here is bone research. And what I'm going to give you is a bit of this course, cancerless bone extracted from a tumor. And you're going to have two plugs, one image or is the same plug actually is one image with neutron one image with x-rays and the idea is to play around with the different images, try to extract some videos like that and try to compare and to see where you realize and playing around what I've been showing you today, different interaction and how neutrons and x-rays can be complementary. I think you have access to downloadable data in your link that I guess you know about that. So yeah, with all of this, I thank you for your attention and the interaction during the quiz. I hope it was clear enough. And if you have any input or question or suggestion for the Q3 was the first time I get this lecture. Do not hesitate to give me some feedback. And with this, I thank you all, well my colleagues because this research is quite heavy. So I've been interacting with a lot, especially Lune University and with the group of Hannah Isaacson and also recently in France with the CNRS and a large facility in Europe. So myself have been to ICANN in Switzerland and more often to the VGP Necronov in Miami and the people there have been great always to interact and to build up and to advise you on your approach. So yeah, if you have any questions, I'm really happy to try to answer them. So please question to Sophie and first I would like to thank you for a very clear and informative presentation. I think it's very important to when you look into technique and discussing scientific results. It's very important to see the parallel between the material science and life science and you can really learn from each other and the people who are in material science says, oh, life science is so complicated, we can't understand it. But I think you have shown that it's, it's not exactly true. So you can actually get an enormous amount of useful information out of it. So, so please, please. Is there anybody who want to say something? I have a question, maybe I missed the idea of Neurotron imaging is also used for NMR. MRI you mean work? Yeah, yeah, sorry. Well, it's a, it's a different technique. It's not the, it's not the same because MRI is magnetic reasons imaging and it's used on the magnetic field of you apply a magnetic field and then you have your molecules that will shift and respond differently to this magnetic field. So you will see things, but it's not linked to Neurotron. So you don't use the same technique. But it's, it's a 3D visualization technique in the same sense, but it's not the same interaction with matter that you've been using. If I answer correctly. Yeah, okay, thank you. I think you can say also what Tony said, Tony was said when he compared the Neurotron and the scattering techniques with NMR. NMR is basically looking at distances that are very small and are using the changes in coupling between entities on these distances to produce an image. So in this case, we just, we look at it like we look at with light, but we use Neurotrons instead. So we create, that's how we create in the image. So the information you get is different and in some cases very complementary. Exactly. It's, yes, it's an imaging technique so you can image the same sample with different techniques and then you would see different things and then you can play on this to understand better what is inside and how it is made up. Yeah, okay. Thank you for explanation. So, so is there, is there another question for Sophie. That's one, one raise time I can see. Okay, I just kind of. Well, first of all, thank you for, it's a really interesting presentation because I think we've been doing a lot of scattering which can feel quite far removed from what the sample actually looks like so it's really cool to see kind of real space. Neutron stuff, especially with like large, really large and complex samples. Yeah, just a more practical question for the measurement time with neutron imaging. What kind of measurement time do you need to get good resolution and especially comparing kind of a 2D, I guess if you're just like straight through the sample compared to tomography because you look like yeah the 1.5 second. Time resolution. Would that be kind of. I see that's very short. Do you get good resolution with that. So with that you have something around 100 micron resolution in the pixel size. And so it's true that if you want to push further down in terms of so I think nowadays the maximum resolution that can be reached is around four micron pixel. But then it will get ours into scanning so for example an hour test that we've been doing to have a really good resolution of like 67 micron we had like eight and nine hours scan. But though it's always a combination of like how small you want to see how good a resolution you want to have in different images and how long you can wait in this case for example with the cans. They could not wait that long because they wanted to see and improve and change. So if you have something that phenomenon that is taking some time to protect him. You have to go fast and then you have to losing resolution, but if you can wait and work and you can push the resolution and get better. That's a good question is this curious down to that and then it's also the techniques are improving a lot and they really getting into like high resolution, higher flux also depends on the flux on the new to have first. So I think at the SS you're going to have like a huge flux probably the best in Europe. So then if you have more new to that first, then you can also reduce the time in that way because you have more new to interact with the image behind is clear. So here you need to push with exposure time because you have to have more mutual with more information to guess. That's also why it's longer some more comments for Sophie or some questions. I guess also one can it's fair to say Sophie that that neutron imaging is it's a fairly new thing is fairly new and one of the challenges is the detector and resolution and things like that and the sensitivity of the detector and so on. Yeah, definitely. Yeah, but it's a rather it's rather it's a simple. It's simple setup in a way in principle it's a simple setup. And yeah, I mean, here is, for example, the basics of it. I mean, you have since later to transform the neutrons into photons and then you get a camera. So usually the setups can be like super simple if you only want to image and then you can come very complicated if we want to do infigy testing. Like when you do it in general mechanics, they have like pressure pressure pressure rocks and they want to push it through and that complicates a bit. But it's self behind. It's, it's down to that. But that's also limits the resolution. So if they want to go deeper and smaller resolution, I guess they will have to do a lot more. I'm not an expert in that to be honest. But, but if you want to look into that, I mean, maybe you can ask some physicists, I guess you have contact to that. And it can give us a very nice deep in presentation into the physics. Yes, we will have a very nice. Whatever they call it. So there is, there is a bit of development in the field. Oh, yin, yin has a question. I just want to ask very basic question the difference between the neutral imaging and neutral scattering. Neutral imaging is also a detection of intensity. And, but it is like a shadow of the neutron light. But so is it like the major difference is that for neutral scattering, we measure the intensity at different angle, but for neutral imaging we measure it at like a flat screen of detector. Yeah, so maybe it's only again, help me a bit answering this question because I'm not an expert in scattering, but in Newton imaging what you look at is the transmitted neutrons that is shown here. So you have the new incoming it and they interact and they can be scattered. And if you look at the scattered Newton then you are doing Newton scattering and they have different information about the structure down to the to the elements like the crystal structure on this type of dimension. And how can we, how can we tell which is the scattered light and which is the transmitted because the scattered you don't see it's behind the sample, because it's been scattered around has been deviated. So, yeah, at different angles and that's what you look at get small scattered then it will give you information on some dimension of the crystal and wide angles will be dimension in other. Because because the neutron will, yeah, they will hit and then they will get deviated and in imaging you just look at the transmitted. And this is the information you look so whatever is not behind the sample. So you would not look at. I guess, I mean, Tommy you can just like hop into explaining a bit more. Very good explanation. So, so if you look if you look to do the same thing with in scattering experiments you can see it's all all hidden in the what we call the direct beam. Normally you mask it out when you do a scatter. So you have a beam stopper or some some thing that you because you don't want it to, to it to interfere with your scatter signal. And also the more one can say that the scattered information so to speak is, is given information on the smaller distances. So, so. And then, then has another question. Just on the same kind of follow on from Ching, I guess. And, but in. So, a small angle of neutron scattering, for example, like the angles that you're looking at all kind of very small. So, in that case, if there was kind of that that, you know, 0.3 degrees angle kind of scattering with that act as like noise in this case or like background and just decrease your resolution. Yeah, I think they will they will indeed blur a bit your image because they will. I mean, some neutrons are going through and they're going to be just behind where the hits but some are just like shift a bit and then they're going to put you the next pixel because basically they should not have been there but they've been scattered by something else. And that indeed, if some blur in the image, and I think there are techniques to remove that if you place like bridge for and then you image example with like a grid in different position. Then you can try to mask out this scattered neutron from the images and gain a bit in quality but I'm not very expert in that. That's true. I think it's there's a lot of this. It in fact that is also something to take into account. There's also techniques that are developing that are very advanced that you can use the fact that neutrons are also small magnets so there is a big field of polarized neutron imaging scattering so you can separate out more the scattering signal from the so and vice versa. So so it's it's a it's an advancing field. So so Susanna. And also, I mean, just to complete on that, in terms of how many neutrons are scattered and transmitted more and transmitted so they're going to be some nutrient that fluid image but it's also I mean less in proportion to whatever goes through so it pollutes a bit, but it's not changing drastically the information of the image. Yes, so I was thinking about what is the smallest sample you can actually put and get some kind of reasonable data. Well, the pixel resolution that can be achieved now I think it's like four microns so you definitely need something bigger than that. But in terms of all like for example in our samples, we were like in terms of one centimeter or even low. But when they look at like batteries and stuff they could look like a small flat batteries that you can put in your in your watch or whatever. And this they can be image also nicely with resolution for my friend so below four micron is not reachable. But then whatever is on this size, I think you should be able to. Okay, so it's actually smaller than I thought. Yeah it's getting smaller and smaller it's true that's a well, as I said when I when I reached started to use it like a couple of years ago from 717 the best resolution was like 15 or 10 to micron and now it's really shifting and you can really see it better it depends on the it depends on the plug. What are you working on, I think you're mostly working on the proteins and really down. And now I was actually thinking about like putting insects. Yeah, definitely I haven't shown it yet in this one because I think for insects for example I think x-rays are still more used because you still can get very high resolution with x-rays so if you run the steering the vessel some details is still better. But there's been use of bits to try to see if they come yeah detect some new things for the new things compared to x-rays. So for insects, I would suggest to try x-rays and also maybe phase contrast x-rays because if you don't have enough absorption and difference in absorption in your insect because everything looks the same to the x-rays you can work on the structure and the phase shift of the x-rays and that would really delight the structure of yours and I think for bees and some flies has been used and they have cool results in it. I think Linda is also looking into bees eyes by understanding the structure. I have seen a paper in x-rays when they did like a regular fly flapping wings. Yeah, definitely. So there is one I know so you should yeah look for it and it's like very good image like 3D like you can rotate it and see like a lot of like components like moving and fluid. So there is definitely something out there. And that was done also because it's faster resolution I mean you can if you want to see the fly first with x-rays is dangerous because the fly will eventually die after a couple of seconds because it basically flies during the test. But I think what they've done is like they recorded multiple flying and then they shifted like they just took like one in each cycle of flying. An instant that was just a bit after but you still need to have fast images to be able to see one flap in one scan. So that's why the x-rays still secure in that sense I think. Okay. I don't think with neutrons is that the fly doesn't die. Yeah. It's less aggressive yes. So it's more. Well eventually we'll die because we still cause some decay and not as aggressive as the x-rays in the director. I think of plans it also motivation because plans and still live and take some water intake and you can see on multiple hours of the test for x-rays it will just instantly die and then you don't see anything.