 OK, thank you for inviting me, Jean-Paul, thank you for inviting me, I will be trying to give you a short overview of how the Scandinavian archaeology is implemented in different countries and I have to stress that I'm not presenting the Danish general opinion, it's my opinion, I'm not representing anyone else but myself, but I have been six years in the Norwegian systems at the university museums which are doing the final excavations and I'll come back to that. I have been many more years, probably fifteen or years in the Danish system and I'm there now, head of the archaeology so we are sitting in the middle of things and we're struggling with the possibilities and limitations of the matter convention houses implemented. So my purpose is to compare the rescue archaeology which I often call it because it's still a matter of rescuing things in the Nordic countries in order to evaluate the different models used and the advantages and disadvantages of course with the aim of comparing with the rest of your experiences. So I will try to play in some of our experiences and maybe with the hope of influencing a better matter convention. This is just a graph showing how much was excavated, how many euros there was excavated for in Sweden, Denmark and Norway in 2011 and I could have brought in some more numbers and it's probably much higher after the crisis, financial crisis disappeared but just to make it compatible generally it's much more in Sweden, Denmark and Norway it's almost the same, there are different reasons for that but I'll try and come back to that. But I now go through quickly the Danish, the Norwegian and the Swedish and the Finnish systems they're quite different and then again they have some similarities. In Denmark you have two administrative layers, you have the agency for culture and palaces which are not used to be called Riksattikvarn or it's the highest authority referring to the minister of culture so basically they have to check each budget that we make for excavations so there's not a monopoly situation and theoretically the excavation permits are delegated from the National Museum referring to the minister of culture, we do not have private companies so it's what some would call a monopoly model in the sense that the museums they have areas of responsibilities and here you see some of the areas, I'm here in this area and we have this municipality, this one and this one, we have three municipalities, some are bigger, some are smaller so we have 27 and of course that's a very decentralized system in a small country and it has its advantages and disadvantages, yeah that's why I am. So that was a Danish one very quickly, a Norwegian one and I probably won't do justice to it but I'll have to go through it quickly, all monuments are protected by default, it's not the case in Denmark, in Denmark we don't have as many protected monuments as in Norway, in Norway every small pit is protected, they give, they call it dispensations when they do excavations, we call it generally just an excavation project planning and they have three administrative layers, they have the Riksantikvan, the highest authority, they have the Fugiskum, which is the county, they have 16 of these and then they have the Archeological University Museums where two of which I have been working on and they do the final excavations and they have in Norway like in Denmark, no private companies, marine archaeology is handled by marine museums like in Denmark, the medieval period in Norway is a bit different from in the Danish because it's handled by a research institute called Niko, so they have some kind of, if not competition, they have some kind of delegation which is more, it's not present in the Danish situation and the Swedish and the reason why I know a bit about the Swedish now is that there has been a political movement for implementing the Swedish model in Denmark and luckily if I may say so it has not succeeded but in Sweden they have three administrative layers, they have the Riksantikvan, which is the highest authority, they have 21 regional lane spills which somehow called counties and they deal with the bidding and dispensations because everything is also protected in Sweden, they have 27 regional museums like in Denmark that excavate but on top of that they have 17 private companies so everything above 100,000 euros is open for bidding in private companies unlike Denmark and Norway where museums and frikusskommun do all the archaeology in their regions so here you could theoretically have a company here and you can excavate up here if you have the cheapest bidding and the costs as you see were higher and one more thing in Sweden the developer also pays for final research reports so there's an extra I would call a good thing in the Swedish model that we don't have in the Danish and Norwegian model where we have to find money for research and final publications from other funding and the finish I have been in contact with a person who works there, it's not that I know a lot of it but I have been checking up through email and they also all the monuments more than 100 years old are protected, the highest authority is the Finnish Heritage Agency, they also give dispensations because everything is protected so you have to give dispensations here you have when an operator is planning like in the other countries they have to commission archaeological examinations but here you have 18 archaeological operators, private companies and you also on top of that have 15 marine private companies so in many ways this is the most commercialized model in Scandinavia if you ask me and they tell me it's often the cheapest bit of the wins and they have a system for monitoring the quality and they also have a system where all fines and recodes end up in the same place in the National Museum and so what they have in common is that developer informs authorities in advance I guess that's not known there's no news but you can say there's a difference between when how early they do it in the different countries I think in Norway Sweden and maybe Finland is more formalized and Denmark varies from different municipalities how good the communication is in Norway they also have this that the counties that do the trial excavations and so that you can somehow keep those who assess whether there should be an excavation or not out from those who live from having excavations so there's not this in theory this possibility that you find things to keep your company going or how you would call it and and it's same is the case in Sweden where they have museums 27 museums on top of that those private companies who do both the trial excavations and the final excavations and as I told you before in Finland you have multiple operators and there we go one museum does both the trial excavations and the final excavations and that's according to district so there's no competition between the museums or between other actors this is a case from my city where the we had a cemetery which had to be excavated and they were very late in informing us because that's the one on the challenges and some of the Danish systems decentralized systems that they somehow forget to inform us so we have to go and stop them here you have a same cemetery where we came in late but to get some things out of it anyway and then as I told you the museums make both preliminary and final excavations in the assessment whether we should have the Swedish model one of the arguments against it was that it's there's more flexibility having one operator because there's a lot of there's a lot of your credit time going from moving it from one operator to another one and then you have complaints and when you have the private bidders and they don't win like in Sweden then our complaints so there's a lot of time that the developer is getting frustrated about and that's why one of the reasons why the politicians ended up peeping the Danish system where you have one operator because they're more interested in time than actually money I come back to that so but the difference between Norwegian and the Danish model and the Swedish is that in Denmark and Norway in theory developer does not pay for research post-escavation of research we have to find it in our own research time and it works maybe a bit better in Norway than in Denmark we have a lot of private funding but we can do it in Denmark in Sweden there's actually money in the Malta convention they have they have a involved it in there in the in the rescue excavation legit legislation I'll show you one of the challenges in the Danish system that we don't have so much protection as in Norway in Norway Sweden and Finland the protection is higher but in Denmark normal agriculture is not protected and I'm just showing you a cloud over Barron which in our district was cloud so low that the Bronze Age source came up and we had to go and do a trial excavation and see if the grave was there and we ran out of money so we had to cover it up again and the farmer keeps plowing so I think in Denmark unlike maybe Sweden and Norway we have really a chance with the unprotected monuments that are not that are so due to agricultural normal agricultural activity and as you know as you may know Denmark is one of the most agriculturally cultivated countries in the world so that is really a problem I think there's a small part you can you can apply for state in from the state but they didn't find this threatened enough so we have to find our own money for for reserving this there's another case and that's why I'm not going to discuss much with the detectorist today but one of the reasons why the detectorists in Denmark are are quite welcome and we have a very good collaboration with them is the case that a lot of things have been plowed up from normal agricultural activity here's a gold mine which I was out a few weeks ago excavating where we had a metal detectorist helping us going over it we had the traditional taking off the top soil and small layers and they were going out and we we had much more fines and go down and see exactly where the fine spot was so that's why we really have to involve volunteers you could call it almost citizen science they we have a good collaboration with all them they have a they get they get money from the state if they report in the fines and we have a very good track record for that most of the people actually do that we I actually can't think of anyone who doesn't but there are different attitudes to how it is working in different countries in normal Finland it's legal to use detectors but it's not as normal probably also because they don't have as much intentionally agriculture land a lot of outland our fields where the situation is probably a bit different less red in Sweden it is illegal for metal detectorists to go and probably also because of the protection which doesn't make it as necessary but again I won't go into that discussion it's a highly loaded one but in Denmark we pretty post positive I'm trying to show you this model here which is one of them things that we are also very concerned about in Denmark and we speak for having a less bureaucratic system where you can switch from pre-escavation to final excavation within a day just called ticking and calling off the highest agency and saying this is not giving a bit but if you give me three more days I can finish it off and we had a lot of meetings with the stakeholders the big industrialists and they kept telling us it's not about the money it's about time yes they just got a one is to get out get get it done and over with and out and the money of course you can always find one person who finds it's a bit disturbing that there's a a foreign bronze it barrels in this field but the point is the earlier you get in from the planning it could point out that there is a frontage pair and it will cost you a million danish krona about one and a half one hundred fifty thousand euros something he can say no then I'm going to build somewhere else in my field but the thing is that sometimes and some of the worst cases in Denmark I don't know exactly how it works in Sweden and Norway we come in quite late so if we find this project it's already too late in the planning process for them to change that build somewhere else so what we're working with is really to get in much earlier in the process and I think that's one of the vital things that you have to take back that the earlier we get in the earlier we can advise people that here are something that is protected the better can the spirit of the matter can mention work which of course is also about leaving some of the monuments in the ground not to be excavated I think that's one of the the reasons why as far as I understand it that the multiple convention was discussed and and implemented in the first place but I think the earlier we get in the higher the window actually for the developer to build somewhere else and we don't have to excavate it yeah that's me stopping something so my conclusions and again it's my conclusions it's not the things the archaeological system it's not the Norwegian system it's me saying some of the take-home points from the north it's the spirit of the mountain convention to work we must come in early in the planning process this I think they do it better in Norway Sweden Finland maybe and in Denmark so far in Denmark it varies from municipality from the museum of the 27th that there are so we should get better than in Denmark Denmark on the other hand I think we have a quicker administrative quickness we can go from pre-escavation or trial excavation to final excavation in a few days I think it's less easy in Norway where you have three or four actors working with different things and maybe also in Sweden where you have several actors where you can do complaints and there will be a process time for the complaints we we work with and I think especially in Denmark we need to secure intensively cultivated agricultural areas better than now in Denmark basically what I think in 50 years there's no archaeology in Denmark to be excavated because it's all being plowed up now there will be a few areas there is an initiative in Denmark where we have through private funding tried to secure some areas simply by the land of the landowner say here is a very interesting area for research and protection and there's a big fund and I don't know exactly how it's ending up but a lot of places are being pointed out and maybe a percentage of those will be bought up for protection in Sweden and Norway you have outfields you have less threatened areas I think so it's not as urgent maybe as in Denmark we should have money and for publications in this case I think Sweden is doing better than both Norway and Denmark because in Norway and Denmark you will have to find that money from private funding or from your own institution which doesn't have funding normally and also of course we must secure high quality and new knowledge better to make better excavation strategies and Denmark we have also worked very much with being making this all this archaeology into research into knowledge and instead of just making repeat repetitive whatever it's called doing like machine archaeology excavations we have to do make new knowledge and therefore we are working on large we are working on on very big case strategy plans on how can we learn more about this and this and this archaeological feature this archaeological problem they do that in the other countries too I think in Denmark we are a bit behind of course we must secure the records and finds for the future and I think maybe also in Norway Sweden and maybe Finland they're better than that they have a more centralized system a bit more money for doing it and in the decentralized system of Denmark we're still struggling with having the same kind of results records the same kind of GIS systems the same kind of databases or finds and pictures so that's the backside of decentralized system I still think that the so-called monopoly model where you don't have free companies is the one that I'll go for I think they also in Norway think that is the better the better option and I don't know if you can answer sweets I don't know I was I know they also say that it's a bit frustrating with all these delaying of time with all the companies they make in bits and they got complaints and everything is being drawn all over the over all over time I think maybe yeah I can refer you to a few papers I wrote this one a few few years ago which was an answer to Christian Christians and Monique Monique's discussion in world archaeology and what I was stressed it's of course it's about knowledge it's all about knowledge it's not about which system and I'll try to give you some of the things you should take out we should take into the new the new multi convention if we come so far and that I would stress of course knowledge and how to get this knowledge accessible how to get have it preserved and how to make it into yeah of course better research and understanding of past I can also refer to this book which of course which unfortunately is in Norwegian and Danish but it's about the texturists and how we should handle those and that different attitudes and as I told you in Denmark, Norway and Sweden but it's an interesting discussion and I think maybe that is what I wanted to say I hope it was not too quick to hasty but you are of course welcome to come with the questions