 In editorial, the Journal of the American Medical Association, a chair of nutrition at Harvard pointed out that many plant-based meat alternatives, such as Beyond Meat and the Impossible Burger, can be high in sodium. But an issue specific to the Impossible Burger was the heme they add, derived from soybean plants to enhance the product's meaty flavor and appearance. Safety analyses have failed to find any toxicity risks specific to the soy heme. They have yeast churned out. The FDA has agreed, both for use as a flavor and color enhancer, safe. In other words, just as safe as the heme found in blood, muscle, and meat. But how much is that really saying? The concern raised in the op-ed, for example, was that higher intake of heme has been associated with elevated risk of developing type 2 diabetes. But not just diabetes, killer number 7 in the United States. Higher dietary intake of heme iron is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease as well, killers number 1, 4, and 13. Heart disease, stroke, and high blood pressure. But since heme is found mostly in meat, hemen intake may just be a marker for meat intake. It's like diabetes. Three meta-analyses published today and they all reported the same link. But there's lots of reasons why meat may increase diabetes risk, like advanced glycation in products produced when animal products are baked, broiled, grilled, fried, or barbecued. So how do we know that the heme isn't just some innocent bystander? The same issue arises as between the link between hemen take an increased breast cancer risk. Since heme iron is coming from animal foods, it could be any of the other meat components like animal fat or meat mutagens, compounds in meat that can cause DNA mutations. And hey, what about all the hormonal steroids implanted into cattle that may play a role in the development of breast cancer? A study in Japan found that beef imported from the United States contained up to 600 times the level of estrogens like estradiol, U.S. beef, Japanese beef, and higher consumption of estrogen-rich beef due to hormone implantation may facilitate estrogen accumulation in the human body and thus affecting women's risk for breast cancer. So yeah, heme iron intake was associated with breast cancer risk, but maybe that's just because the heme and the hormones are traveling together in the same package, meat. This is about as good as any observational study can do. The NIH AARP study is the largest prospective study on diet and health ever, following more than a half million men whom for over a decade now, with such a huge data set, they could take advantage of the fact that different meats have different amounts of heme, so they could try to tease out the heme components by in effect comparing people eating different amounts of heme but the same amount of meat to see if heme is independently associated with disease. And indeed, that's what they showed. An independent association not only from nitrites and processed meat, but heme and mortality from almost all causes. Death from diabetes, heart disease, stroke, respiratory disease, kidney disease, liver disease, cancer, and all causes put together. They calculated that about one-fifth of the association between like eating burgers and the shortening of your lifespan could be statistically accounted for by just the heme itself, but that's assuming cause and effect. Even an independent association is still an association. You can't prove cause and effect until you put it to the test in interventional studies. Normally, we don't necessarily care about the mechanism. When the World Health Organization designated bacon, ham, hot dogs, luncheon meats, sausage, to be group 1 carcinogens, meaning we know these products cause cancer in human beings, I mean, who cares if it's the heme ion or the heterocyclic aromatic amines or the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or the endonitrosomies? They're all wrapped up in the same place, processed meat, which we know causes cancer, so we should just try to stay away from it, regardless of the mechanism. But with the advent of the impossible burger, we really do have to know, because for the first time we have lots of heme without any actual meat. So we need to know if the heme itself is harmful. For that, we'll have to turn to interventional studies, which we'll cover next.