 human spermatozoa are highly specialized cells that require aerobic respiration for energy production. During this process, they generate reactive oxygen species, ROS, which can cause oxidative stress and damage if present at high levels. However, low levels of ROS are necessary for normal cell function. Therefore, it is important to maintain a balance between ROS production and elimination. Antioxidants can help reduce oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals and preventing their accumulation. In recent years, research has focused on using human spermatozoa as an in vitro model to evaluate the effectiveness of various antioxidants. Studies have shown that some natural extracts can protect sperm from oxidative damage, suggesting that these extracts may be useful in improving sperm quality. This article was authored by Elena Moretti, Sinzia Srini, Roberta Corsaro, and others.