 Hello everyone, welcome to NPTEL course on groundwater hydrology and management. This is week 10 lecture 2. In the past weeks, we have been looking at the importance of groundwater and the important properties that help us to understand groundwater. We are coming to a close of this lecture wherein we are looking at the resources to collect data and map data for your study areas. Since this course is focused on India, I will only be showing the data sources for our India regions. I will also show one remote sensing data which is across the world you could use. But for now, we are going to look at the observation data. In the past classes, we looked at the lithologs and the aquifer depth, aquifer type data. Now, in today's lecture, I would like to take you to the groundwater data. This is one of the most important data for groundwater hydrology, water management, resources, etc. And it is one of the most dynamic data because the aquifer type, the width, thickness, all these parameters, lithology doesn't change. The water storing in and pumping changes. That is captured by this groundwater data. In India, while there are some private players that could monitor data for their benefits, like for example, industry or a housing agency that wants to monitor, most of the data is only monitored by the government agencies. There are two government agencies. One is the CGWP, which we have extensively looked at in this lecture series. CGWP stands for Central Ground Water Board and they collect a lot of data, almost 15,000 wells across India. We will look at that data in detail. Then we have the state data, which is in different names. For example, in Tamil Nadu, it will be PWD, Public Water Department or Public Works Department. In West Bengal, it is SWID, State Water Information Director. There are other groundwater boards. We will look at some of them in data and why it's different from Central Ground Water Board, etc. Most important details while looking at this data, please take note is station name. Every single data point has a name and a location attached to it. The station name captures all this along with it, the station lat long is given in the text. I will show you how to extract that image. Then quickly, we can do a trend analysis. You don't have to download the data. Just looking at the data, you can get some analysis. Especially qualitatively, is it coming down? Is it going up? Is it stabilizing? There are long-term averages given by the WRIS website to help you understand these trends. For example, if I just have data, non-water data and it's coming down, is that good enough to understand for that state, the water level is coming down? If you have long-term data, let's say 100 years or 50 years or 30 years, right now we have almost 30 years data. You could see that. How does your observation, the lowering trend, compare with the 30 years? If, for example, your lowering trend is still above the average of the 30 years, then you're okay. You have good ground water. That is what we're going to see in some case studies today. Finally, I'll show you how to download the data and then keep it for working further using Excel or other tabulated form. You can also use GIS and other tables, maps to look at the data. So this is how it looks like. It has, on one side, you have your layers and different options for the layers. You can also import your own data, which is kind of advanced and we don't want to spoil that right now. We'll just look at most of the ground ground data and the entire focus you can look at is the nation, a state, a district or a particular well. So you see how you can look at the entire groundwater for the whole country as one value. You can zoom into a particular state. You can zoom into a particular district, which has a lot of villages. And you can also zoom into block or the exact location of the well and look at these trends. So what you see here is, this is the actual seasonal groundwater information for October 2018 using state and central groundwater stations for India. Area focus is India. We bring my pointer. So you could see the area focus is India and it says for October 2018 using both the state and the groundwater data, central groundwater data. You could see that the RF actual level. So actual level is above or below. So this is your current level, the orange is your current level, whereas your long-term average level is given here. So RF is your long-term groundwater average. So on a long-term average, it has been high, but for your actual current level it is low. And then you have the last 10 years, last year. You can also look at the last 10 years of data or the last year data. So for example, 2018, the last 10 years would be 20 to 08. Or you can also look at the last year data, which is 2017 data. So let me take you to the website where you can also show how to download the data. I'm going to show you the website from the home screen, this screen, the share screen. It's opening the website. So I hope you could see the website which is showing the India WRIS. What you could see here is somewhere I'm going to show you the access to the groundwater data. So go to the water data, come down and then go right in your mouse, come down water level behavior. I've taken a screenshot of this and put it in the PowerPoint. Please use it. Then go to the groundwater level. Do not click anywhere. If you click, it might take you, stop somewhere or go back, you lose it. So just slowly come down this hover, then move it to the right, move it to the bottom to water level. Move it to the, see I lost it. See, so you have to go very slowly just on that water level and groundwater. I click groundwater and then this page comes up. You have to wait for a couple of seconds. I'm showing it live so that you don't worry that, oh, I see the India map, but why is it not coming for me? See now, the India map has come. It does take time. So all these lags are going to be captured in the video for the lecture because I want you to understand that it does take time. So don't worry about the internet and connectivity issues are also there. Okay. So when it comes straight, this image comes where you have the focus areas India. Okay. And you have, I just go through each and every step for you. So the whole of India is there. And you have the, let's take this out and then say the current level, the current level is 11.75 and the last 10 years is this is the last 10 years rainfall. So RF is your rainfall level. So you have good rainfall coming in July, September, but we're just going to look at the last 10 years of groundwater. Okay. So you could see that somewhere it's still, your 2018 is okay because it is touching these lines and but still somewhere it is going below. So this is going below groundwater level. Overall it is below the groundwater level. So 2018 was a rough year for groundwater we can say because it has gone below the green line. The green line is the 10 year average. Let me take it out and then show you this. And this is last year, just 2017, even 2017, the groundwater level was even lower. So you can see it is coming down below the current level. So 2018 is not as bad as 2017, but over the 10 years it is bad. Okay. So maybe 2017 was bad and it has pulled down the water level something like that. So this is the trend of groundwater level going from the ground how much deep you have to go to get the water level. And you could see that it is on average for whole of India 9 meters, etc. Is this a good number to think about? No, because what is the point of taking whole India one level? It is just for an informative purpose. But when you want to conserve water, work on water, you need to go to every particular location. Okay. So let's start. When you come here, sometimes if this does not show or it is not coming, don't worry. For example, I'm going to close it. See, oh, I don't know where it went. Don't worry, go to applications. It will come up. Even if you close this arrow mark because you didn't know what to press. All these other things would come. Okay, rainfall, reservoirs, river points, evapotranspiration. All these we saw as part of your water budget. But we want our groundwater. So we just keep groundwater. Okay. The first bifurcation of this data is do you want it as admin boundary, which is administrative boundary or basin boundary. Administrative boundary means your states or districts, those kind of things where administration is occurring or basin is the watershed basin. Do you want it as a, for example, the Ganges, the Brahmaputra, the Indus, the Kaveri basin like that. So if you see slowly the black lines will come and that is your, the blue lines is your boundaries and the black line is when you select one boundary, it will come. You have to be slowly working on this because of the internet speed and the data transfer from the server. It will be taking some time. So if you see this, I have clicked, I'm going to click on this. And suddenly this will change to Godavari because Godavari is the basin I selected just randomly. And you have the same 10 year average and everything changed now. Let's look at the numbers. It has changed. So for the last 10 years, still your groundwater level is okay. Okay. And then you can see all the other data. Let's not get into the full data now. Let's first look at the left hand side. How do you communicate between. So I'm going to go back to the admin. There is a reason why I go back to the admin because you have the different central and state agencies. Okay. And that comes at a level. The other thing I wanted to show you is the coloring. What does the coloring indicate? If it is zero to two meters below the ground, the access of water is there. It is good. It is blue color. But if it is continually decreasing like 2.5, 2 to 5 meters, 5 to 10, then the color changes to red. The color is picked very smartly because red means danger. So right now you know where the dangerous locations are for groundwater. It is along these regions where excessive pumping happens for agriculture purposes. And some domestic use, industrial use is also there, but mostly it is the agriculture because agriculture uses a lot of long water. Then you have agencies, the source of data. As I said, each one state government will have its own name. They will have IPWRID, Dieterate of Water Resources, Inventory Direct, something like that. They will have different names in different states. I for sure know, Tamil Nadu will be PWD. Okay. And surface water groundwater is also there, an agency. Delhi, surface water groundwater. All these agencies are there. Okay. Then you have your CGWB. CGWB is across India. Whereas these are only at particular state levels. So if you say all agencies, all the data will come. Okay. So let's say CGWB. Okay. So now slightly the color changes, but again, as I said, for the whole of India, CGWB has the most amount of data. So the good data will be coming. Then, okay, I'm just going to put it back to all agencies. So all data will be there. Then do you want it at what different level, time stamp, time step, time stamp or temporal resolution? So we say monthly, do we have monthly data? Do we have daily, yearly or season? Mostly we have seasonal data. Okay. We don't have groundwater daily data. It is too expensive. Even monthly is not collected. CGWB collects four times a year. So it is mostly seasonal. Okay. So you can say seasonal and which year you want, you can give a year. Okay. So let's say monthly, if you say monthly, then there will be gaps, but still you can pick a date. Only say monthly, you can pick a date. And let's say, if you click this calendar, you can see this calendar start date, click the calendar, click the year, then the different years will come. Then click again this arrow. Let's see how far we can go and see there's no stop sign comes, which means it tells don't go, you cannot go further. This is the last. So 1993 is the first data point. If you go here, there's no data. It doesn't turn into a finger. So here it turns into a finger, which means 1993, the data started. And which month did it start? December. So December I'm going to click and stop. I'll say, let's say 2022 Jan. Let's say Jan. So December 1993 to Jan 2022. I've put in the request and I'm going to see advanced filter all stations or not. Yes, all stations or CGD. It'll be asking manual telemetry, et cetera. So what is the difference manual is when people put in the meter and take the data. Telemetry is an automated system where it collects data by itself and relays the data to the government agencies. It is kind of a telemetry or through remote sensing. It sends the data to the end user, which is the government agency. There is a modern or the SIM card, which is transmitting this data to the central server. I'm going to say all and submit. So hit submit. You'll find this bridge. So you'll find this bridge. So hit submit. You'll find this block going up and down, up and down, up and down. Basically the coloring takes time, but your data has already populated. You could see all the data has already populated. The rainfall also comes in, but you can remove the rainfall because right now I'm just going to see the groundwater. See the coloring has finished. And there are some errors. This is a clear error which goes down very fast. It cannot jump from zero to minus 160. So 160 meters down, it cannot go. So that is an error. So those who in class, I've taught that what are the groundwater data errors that you can get? This is one clear error, right? Lively I'm showing, but let's say I'm going to see which month it is. It is August to 2021. So let's remove that, which means I have to go before August 2021. I'm going to go Jan 2021. Submit. Now you could see a better resolution thing. You can see how beautifully the groundwater level is declining. It goes up and down, up and down, up and down, and then goes down. Why does it go up and down? Because in the summer you pump, so groundwater goes down. And then after the summer you have rainfall, the groundwater goes up, down, up, down. So this up-down motion, if it is this up-down motion you see in groundwater, if it is coming in the same average, then it is fine. But if the average is coming like this, then you are facing a groundwater depression. For example, up, down, up, down. So the average was around here, which is okay. But after 2007, you could see that it is going down. This is the concern for groundwater. Because you are actually using more than the water which is recharging. Okay. So I showed you how to pick all agencies. Whole of India we are looking at. Okay. For whole of India, this is the trend. And I've told you how to select the time stamp, which is monthly. And also where to start, how to start the time stamp, which month, et cetera. Don't do daily. Daily there's no data, then you have to pick a date, which is actually extra work. But if you do monthly, at least you'll capture some seasonal. Because seasonal means, for example, August is the, June, July, August is your peak month of rainfall. They want to collect data, August month. But suddenly August, if they didn't collect data, it goes too much flood. They collected in September. Then what happens is you miss the data point. So that is why I'm saying use monthly. Monthly is fine. You can collect all the data. Okay. Similarly to the previous lecture, I'm going to show you the different layers that exist. When you click the layers, the base layers will come. There is two base layers, the boon or the open street maps. Depending on your internet, the slowest and the most stable one would have already been selected. So here it's already selected, open street maps. I'm fine with it. If you zoom in, for example, I don't know this area. If you zoom in, sometimes you will see the background telling the name, the label. Okay. For that you can use it. Then you want the boundaries. Which boundaries you want? Do you want the, let's go to Maharashtra. There's state and district boundaries. If you unclick this, then your district boundaries are coming. Okay. If you click this, then the state boundaries are also there. You want the basins or basin boundaries is, you can put it in or take it out. The India boundary for sure. And the groundwater stations. So if you click this, the location of the groundwater station comes. So beautifully you could see like, for example, this, if you click it, this name will come here. It's Aurangabad in Maharashtra. And you could see the table also populates. Again, I'm going to take off the rainfall RF. And you will see the ground orders stable. This is more stable. It fluctuates up and down, but the net average is almost the same. Okay. Slight decrease, but that's fine. Okay. But again, if you add all these layers into your visualization of the map, depending on your computer speed and your computer internet, you will find lag. So I'm going to take it out. And this is the groundwater heat map, which is the color which is coming. So if I remove the color, you could see that the names of the different districts are coming, Aurangabad, Jalgaon, et cetera. So we do need the groundwater heat map. Let's keep it, but that is the one which takes a lot of time. You could even, if your computer is very slow, you could go to your layers, come down, take out the groundwater heat map. And this data will still be very quick. This data is very quick because it's just a number. You give from two, it will populate the data and give it to you. Then you have the full extent. If you want the full India coming in one button, you can click it, clear, compare, et cetera. Okay. So the comparison is between two data points. If you want to compare the stations, you have to select one station, two station and then do. So right now we're not going to do that because all these tools you could play and take a comparison. I want to show this map comparison where you can pick two different years. It does take time depending on your internet, but I'm going to just show you for India. Okay. This is 1993 to 2021. All the 20 years data is coming. Okay. So what is this used for? This is the information that comes on your groundwater books. What does it show? It shows you two distinct time periods. 1993, 2001, 2021, something like that. And you will find the differences just by visualization. Here right now it will be the same because both the time periods are the same. You could actually change the month here or you could change the data. Okay. And then you could use this as a slider to show which one you want to compare between the time periods. So I'm going to go to the full extent again, just one extent. And I would like to show you one state that I'm going to take. Okay. Sometimes if it doesn't let you do it, just go back, groundwater. It's not letting me go to the previous view. It's fine. I'm just going to click the groundwater. It will take me to initial water level data. So because of so much data in this website, it might get sometimes stuck. And don't worry. Your work is not stuck inside. Anyway, you need to download the data. That is why they let you visualize the data. From the visualization, you can take the data out. So here it is. I've refreshed it. It has gone. The full data page has come. Now I'm just going to select one agency. So PCPCB is the central pollution control board that is also monitoring groundwater to understand the pollution, not the quantity alone, but the pollution. Okay. So that is why you see your CPCB here. So now let's say that I want to see the West Bengal. Okay. So automatically it should focus on West Bengal, but it doesn't. You could still use these date ranges. So I'm going to say, let's say five years data. So now when I say submit, it brings it. So these are the stations by DWRID. Okay. So DWRID stations have populated and the trend for the full West Bengal has populated. In the next class, I will show you how to pinpoint one data and download the data, understand the data, and also most importantly get the important location specific information from the data. I will see you in the next class, but just one more information I would like to give you is read about these agencies. Okay. So the small short forms are given. It might be different what I've said also because it depends on where the agencies kept, but all agencies is better. But let's say all agencies and then I'm going to select all the agencies here. And you will see all the data combined for India. I'm going to just do West Bengal. Okay. So West Bengal state, you can see this map. If it is getting slow, remove the heat map, only take the graph data, which is enough. I had to move my video dippers to show the readings. Okay. So don't worry about it. You can also close this legend, et cetera. So next week when next class, when we come, we will go back to this West Bengal location and we'll pick some stations and look at how to understand the data. What are the key statistics are given in the data and we will look at it. But now we'll just say the average is seven meters. 800 stations are monitored. 2943 total number of stations are there. Okay. For this data, 800 are monitored and analyzed, but total is around 3000 stations. So there is some gap, some issues. We will come back and understanding about this in the next class. Thank you.