 Well, thanks Sally for such a very warm and kind introduction and I have to say it really gives me great pleasure to join you here at Stanford today and I really want to thank Sally and the whole team at Stanford for the invitation and really for this conference as well because you are covering the key issues of our time. We've seen great political progress as we've already heard over the last year in addressing climate change and I also want to really recognise the work of Ambassador to Vienna who played such a leading role last year at La Borge in helping us as a world come together to drive a new global climate agreement. As she outlined this morning the agreement will be formally adopted this week which she didn't say but is faster than many had predicted it would be adopted and it will help guide us in the emissions reductions and deep decarbonisation necessary to ensure our planet's path towards a sustainable future. Deep price decreases in renewable energy technologies again as we've heard somewhat this morning especially in solar PV over the last years particularly since 2010 when combined with makes sense regulatory policy have already accelerated widespread adoption of renewables not only solar PV but also wind energy. And indeed last year in 2015 according to the International Energy Agency renewables surpass coal to become the largest source of global electricity capacity. Globally around 500,000 solar panels were installed every day in 2015 and this year we've seen some records setting low prices per kilowatt hour at auction for solar PV and onshore wind. According to Bloomberg New Energy Finance grid tide project agreements have gone as low as 4.0 per kilowatt hour in Peru in February, 2.99 per kilowatt hour for solar PV in May in Dubai and 3.0 per kilowatt hour bid for several wind projects by NL Green Power in Morocco earlier this year as well. Now those were all several months ago so by now they may already have been surpassed. But the key question that I want to focus on is can the market go everywhere is it enough and particularly for developing economies we cannot only measure progress from the standpoint of rapid price decreases for large scale grid tide renewable energy projects providing additional generation capacity into an existing grid although progress in that is extremely important. In some countries a large number and sometimes the majority of citizens don't even yet have basic access to electricity. So in terms of the deficit India actually has the largest number of people something over 300 million and statistics vary but about 300 million people living without access to electricity. Although their current government is very much prioritising action on access with some very aggressive targets that they're really trying to within the next few years actually bring about universal electrification in India and I'll come back to that shortly. And over 600 million people across Sub-Saharan Africa do also don't have any electricity. In this hemisphere we're doing better the situation is much more advanced but still even here in the Americas about 30 million people don't have access to electricity in their homes and communities. For example in some parts of Peru and other Andean countries in some parts of southern Mexico even and one that's near and dear to my heart because I've worked there many times over the years is in Haiti which actually has the lowest rate of electrification. Now some of you may be familiar with these figures but globally over 1.1 billion people around the world still don't have any electricity and another billion have only intermittent access. And over and above that some 2.9 billion we were hearing about clean fuels this morning but some 2.9 billion people don't have access to clean modern cooking fuels. So it's a double whammy you may not have the electricity and you also may be relying and dependent on traditional biomass for your cooking as well. So this limits economic development opportunities for the citizenry for those countries both national and local levels and I just want to say for a moment that when we talk about energy access it can mean different things to different people. When we talk about it with governments it often they're thinking about industrialization they're thinking about macroeconomic benefits they're thinking about how they can bring more electricity on to existing grid and really help support industrial development and that's absolutely appropriate. However when I'm talking about energy access most generally I'm talking about it from a human development standpoint in terms of what can be done with power. Traditional measures of grid extension really don't also focus on issues around affordability reliability quality of the services provided and so some of the newest ways of measuring energy access actually do bring these in and the World Bank. You can look it up afterwards but the World Bank has what's called a global tracking framework where they're really looking at tiers of service for energy access for households and communities. So this leads me on to the second area of great progress in the last 18 months which is the adoption by UN member states of 17 sustainable development goals. These replace the prior millennium development goals and the new goals and targets set out a universal framework for international action on development from now until 2030. What is especially notable is that while climate change is included as its own goal for the first time there is also a specific goal on energy and believe me this was not easy to get included in there. For those of you who may have followed the millennium development goals a lot of people said that the energy issues were kind of the missing millennium development goal. So politically it was a great win to be able to get goal number seven which largely adopts the language of the UN Secretary General's sustainable energy for all initiative to secure sustainable energy for all and focuses on energy access efficiency and the deployment of renewable energy with a view to reaching universal access to modern energy services by 2030. And Secretary General Bankimoon has really been a tremendous leader in this area in helping to drive the political momentum needed to be able to get this goal in place. And interestingly there is also recognition that it's not only a goal about energy but it's about a goal on energy as it enables other areas of development as well and I'll touch on that in just a moment. So there's now clear recognition by policy makers of the development benefits brought by having modern energy access, electrical power, modern cooking and also heating technologies and fuels. And governments both donor governments and developing country governments have adopted specific initiatives to address this although I would say that some need to move further and faster. Here as Sally mentioned in the introduction in the US we've really had great leadership through the President Obama's Power Africa initiative which was launched in 2013 with a goal of 60 million new electricity connections and 30,000 megawatts of new and cleaner power generation. So it's not all renewables it does include natural gas as well but it also includes a specific off grid component called beyond the grid that I was very much supportive of within the overall initiative that recognised that grid is not necessarily going to get us to where we need to go by itself. In developing countries Bangladesh is a great example of leadership where the government some years ago established a special infrastructure funding agency called IDCOL which supports the deployment of solar home systems through the use of partial cost subsidies and they work with an identified and agreed upon provider network around the deployment of these small systems which are bundled with solar PV, basic lighting. I think the last I knew maybe they've gone to colour now but it used to be a black and white TV and other small appliances for unelectrified households. By the end of 2014 more than three and a half million households across Bangladesh had installed these solar home systems so that's been a terrific example of a developing country that has adopted an off grid solution as part of their suite of solutions for energy access. But as I already mentioned change is not happening everywhere fast enough for the more than billion people who lack energy access. Many do still depend on expensive and I'm sorry to say it for the speaker who was saying about how fantastic fossil fuels are but for a household it really is an inferior energy support when that is providing your lighting inside your house because of the emissions, not only but also because of the black carbon emissions that contribute to indoor air pollution and they use candles or kerosene to light their homes in the evening. One of the other challenges as well is according to researchers a key source of poisoning for under five year old children is actually the ingestion of kerosene because if you think about it it sort of looks like a soft drink and so unfortunately it's a big poisoning challenge. Not only that but several years ago when I was in Haiti I visited a pediatric ward in a rural hospital and it was heartbreaking because 80% of the children who were hospitalized there were there as a result of burns. Some of them very extensive over their bodies from fires that had been caused by knocked over kerosene lanterns and candles. And unfortunately these very human costs of energy poverty are often really not included in the health care budgets or recognized fully as being something that requires immediate action within a health care setting because for a $10 solar lantern you could actually be reducing a whole lot of hospitalizations and health care costs down the pike. Equally in some countries women going to the clinic to give birth such as in parts of Malawi are still told to bring a candle with them to help light the birthing centre at night because they lack electricity. The childbirth of course does not wait until morning. You can't tell a woman to wait to go into labour until she arrives at the district hospital several hours drive away and for a surgeon to perform an emergency C section at night clearly also requires power. So the delivery of modern health care services particularly and I'm giving this as an example which is in sustainable development goal number three just to touch on how energy really equates with other development benefits. It just can't simply wait for the grid to arrive. So so rather than just saying OK well these people don't have the grid that's just too bad we've really been looking at what are the solutions that can be provided either instead of or before the grid arrives. And so research has shown in order for us to be able to reach universal electrification by 2030 which is the global goal that about 40% of the solution will come from some sort of grid extension. But the IEA says that about 60% of the solution will come from off grid solutions which includes either standalone solutions like solar home systems at the household level or some kind of pico micro or mini grid. But that that that may be interoperable with the national grid or it may be installed on a standalone basis. And clearly renewables are very very appropriate in these situations. Some micro grids are hybridized so it can be solar PV with a wind turbine in this case this one is in in Cacabilla in the blue lagoon area of eastern Nicaragua in an indigenous mosquito Indian community. And that wind turbine was powering the health clinic as well as a few households. But but in some cases diesel is is used in a hybrid situation with renewables but increasingly we're seeing renewables really leading in this area. So PV particularly is helpful combined with storage as well as policy and financing innovations and it's really driving a revolution over the last 10 years in the provision of off grid energy services. And so solar PV is especially useful in a healthcare context because it can be installed very rapidly and flexibly into frontline health clinics with lower operating costs and diesel generators. Even though the diesel gen set the capex is is quite low you still have to be able to purchase the fuel. And we found even in some health care centers that got diesel generators from the US government to help address the need for rapid new clinics to deal with the Ebola crisis. So it's a lot of deployment of diesel gen sets two years ago. Now some of those same clinics the ones that are still going have struggled we've seen to keep purchasing the fuel on an ongoing basis. So in the past the solar the capex was more expensive but you don't have such high operating costs and that has really been a bit of a game changer for some of these communities. And the World Health Organization has also done studies comparing solar PV solutions in health clinics compared with diesel gen sets and they've actually said that solar has a better performance overall as well. And they're cleaner so clearly from a WHO perspective they would rather see us producing fewer emissions particularly in a healthcare setting. An American surgeon I met in Freetown in Sierra Leone who was working in an up country clinic told me that his own staff were very skeptical initially about putting in a solar system for their clinic because it was located in an area unserved by the national utility. But then they did some research and really looked at the data when they catalogue results following installation. And the data showed a steep drop in the following months in maternal and neonatal mortality so mothers in their newborns resulting from being able to provide life saving surgery in the hours from dusk until dawn. So system sizes in these clinics will range from about 1 to 10 kilowatts on average usually AC. So you've got a system sometimes in multiple rooms across the clinic but also really focusing on the birthing area as well in a birthing clinic. One group here in the bay area that some of you may be familiar called We Care Solar also provides a small plug and play solution that doesn't provide solar PV for the whole clinic but does certainly provide the lighting and several solutions that are required during the birthing process. And that has been able to be deployed to a lot of clinics that are in off-grid areas and particularly actually is a humanitarian solution as well. For example in Nepal after the earthquake there last year. So the adoption of SDG7 on energy and I give the example of health but I could also talk to you for half an hour here about agriculture or about water or about many different areas that are affected by not having sufficient access to electricity. And having electricity also helps people to make a living because they can operate small businesses and it opens up opportunities for them that were not previously available. So I already touched upon solar home systems earlier and traditionally they were financed using bank credit and that really is a sea change going on right now in terms of the provision of solar using solar home systems. In the past the challenge was that first of all they were unaffordable if you were poor about 10 years ago it was about $600 for a small scale solar home system and as we've heard the cost of the PV have decreased but you still have the challenges around the cost of battery around the whole system integration making sure that once you've installed the system who's going to maintain it, making sure you have the whole supply chain in place for that. So this is a solar system in Karnataka in India put in place by Selco and here the consumer generally speaking has to provide a down payment and so if you're very poor the banks are not going to lend to you because they require a 20% down payment and you may not have that saved up. So there have been different ways to address that in the past. India has a tremendous tradition of agricultural bank lending so you can get the credit but they've used donor money in the past to bridge the bank loan and offsetting it with what was required by the consumer to be able to afford the initial down payment and then get the loan which generally speaking needs to be about three to five years long in order to be able to make the payments affordable for the household. So Selco has done this very successfully over 20 years. They've been a leader and a real pioneer globally and so you could say well that's the end of the story but in fact what we've seen just coming in the last really four to five years has been a sea change in terms of social entrepreneurs starting including one in particular but several have come out of the Bay Area providing a different type of financing and so it's really not a technology issue that we're talking about. Financing has been a key constraint because of the affordability issue. So two organisations I quickly want to touch upon. Before we come back to solar home systems I just want to touch briefly also on the story that started 10 years ago here at Stanford University and I was here in June and mentioned this very briefly but in a Stanford design class called I think it was designed for the base of the pyramid a grad student back in late 2006 I think maybe even early 2007 gave me a call when I was at good energies and said I'm starting this company focusing on small scale solar lighting because I found that in fact kerosene isn't good, candles aren't good and we want to provide something that's really affordable to the very poor and that company which came out of Stanford design class from the son of a Peace Corps volunteer his parents were with the Peace Corps so had travelled around and seen some of the energy issues in developing economies and then brought that back with him to his grad school class so that company is Delight which is leading solar lantern provider which provides very small entry level solutions a lot of these are a watt, two watts so but combined with LED and lithium ion or now actually more lithium ion phosphate batteries they provide entry level lighting at a price point which is way lower than a solar home system so the entry level now fast forward Delight has sold millions now of solar lights alongside other companies like Greenlight Planet which sells award winning lights with cell phone charging capability because people want the cell phone chargers as well as the lighting now last year Delight had a new entry level light that is affordable at five US dollars and they have researched and said that that was really the five dollar price point was really sort of they believed the barrier to then mass adoption and we're seeing very low cost battery powered LED lights coming out of China now and what we're really looking to do is say okay they break unfortunately very quickly so the quality of these solar lanterns has gone up enormously and to my mind a five dollar solar lantern should be in every child's backpack so UN agencies that provide these nice little backpacks for kids going to school with notebooks and things as far as I'm concerned they should also every single one now contain a little solar light so that the children are able to read at night and do their homework if they want to another area since my husband's in the audience and he's a humanitarian I need to touch upon briefly as well just very quickly the humanitarian consequences which is that these portable solutions are especially useful during humanitarian emergencies like the earthquake in Nepal like the earthquake six years ago in Haiti where I worked to get the first solar lights into the displacement counts because people were living in tents and when you have lots of tents very close to one another people living side by side unfortunately the risk of fire is multiplied so being able to provide non open flame solutions for their lighting purposes while they were displaced was absolutely critical as well as solar lighting for the camps to make sure that women and girls were secure as well so I'm just going to move on very quickly and come back to pay as you go assistance because this is where I would say I hate to use the word game changer in the bay area because I think sometimes it is overused but pay as you go is sort of taking the sector by storm now because what they've been able to do is really look at the combination of Solar City and Uber for the off-grid sector which is that they've looked at okay through surveys how much a household is willing to pay maybe you're paying $5, $10, $15 per month for your kerosene for your candles for the same price they are providing you energy as a service in some companies you are still over time purchasing the asset in others they're saying okay you don't have to sort of like a nano utility you don't actually have to own the asset what we want to provide you is the services from the energy system and one of the backbone changes that has taken place to enable this has not actually been an energy innovation but has really been on the cell phone side of the house through the adoption of mobile money and in Kenya there's a mobile money provider called M-Pesa which really provided the infrastructure for people to be able to use their cell phone to pay for small amounts of energy service so these companies like some of the leaders are off-grid electric and Nancy Fund who is going to be speaking with you tomorrow is one of the investors in off-grid so she may be able to tell you a little bit more about that Mobisol, Mcopa and some others as well have been really working and Kenya is a leading country for this approach to provide these small scale solutions now from a business perspective traditionally again the renewable energy provider provided the technology the bank provided the financing the difference this time is in one sense it's riskier because the renewable energy provider let's say it's a Mobisol or an Mcopa is providing the asset or the use of the asset but they're also taking the risk on their own balance sheet what they are hoping to do and what the investor community is trying to support them to do is then actually offsetting that risk by putting it back into the financial markets and we're still very early stage in this and I have to say this with some trepidation having lived through the real estate collapse in 2008 you know we want to make sure that in fact if there is securitisation of these assets that it is a solid opportunity for the financial markets to take on but there have been some encouraging signs a company called Bebox had the first securitisation just under a year ago in this market so it really has been looking at affordability and if you think about it when you have a customer who has a limited ability to pay you need to make sure that every what that you're providing to them or every service is really affordable for them and in a quality way because they can't afford to pay more than once if I buy a flashlight it doesn't work I buy another flashlight in their case if they're only making $1.50 $2 $3 per day that really is not an affordable equation or solution for them so that is an area that is extremely exciting and the story has not finished it's ongoing and as I say it's really a story of the last three to four years Kenya is a leader, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda is becoming a leader not every country has adopted mobile money so in some countries they're using scratch cards where you can actually get a code and put it into your cell phone to then pay for your electricity so the system stops working if you run out of juice but then you can either text or get a code for your cell phone and then you can add more onto your system so that really has been a sea change for the provision of energy services for off-grid communities and then before I conclude the other area where there's a lot of focus has been on microgrids and I would say this is also an evolving area the solar lanterns were a volume play that was done largely absent government regulation because it's a consumer product so you still have the import duties and so on but actually in terms of the deployment it was just like any other purchase so the home systems often also very loose government regulation when we get to microgrids however the story becomes a lot more complicated from a regulatory standpoint because in some countries it's a national utility that still has a monopoly microgrids may or may not legally actually be able to deliver power to their consumers so there's a lot of interest in this and I say microgrid it can be anything from a pico grid like a devigy provides in Tanzania that is really still providing very low amounts of power to consumers because that's what they can afford at this point alongside efficient appliances and I mustn't leave that part out because we are seeing some super efficient appliances now that can deliver a 15 inch LED TV that's only about 12, 15 watts so we can do a lot more with a small amount of watts than we could even five years ago and DOE has had a marvellous program called the Global Lighting and Energy Access Partnership part of the Clean Energy Ministerial they have competitions every year that has really showcased some of the leading super efficient TVs, lights and then this last year fans as well to show what you can now do even if you have very severe constraints on your energy system so just to wrap up with the microgrids we are seeing change we are seeing governments now more aggressively including different types of off grid and mini grid solutions in their energy planning there are some wrinkles for example if the regulatory structure is not really very clear for investors they are not really going to want to invest in a micro grid solution because what happens if the grid then comes to that community and you've invested in the micro grid do you just lose the value of the asset or is it incorporated into the national grid which is fine if it's interoperable with the main grid or are the investors compensated for the loss of the revenue so there's a lot of wrinkles that are still being worked out and at the same time though there's much more increasing awareness and appreciation of the role that these off grid solutions are able to play in terms of helping to address energy access and I just want to quickly that's D-Lights lantern but I just really want to end by looking at a little bit where we're going in the future because I think I talk at these conferences and it's all about catch up and it's about we're nowhere near where you are in the US let alone here in the Bay Area but in some areas they're actually ahead so I want to say that Rwanda has already started its first drone service to be able to provide medical samples, blood samples to get them to labs for testing very rapidly Mobisol, one of the companies that I mentioned also has been exploring the use of solar powered drones I know Amazon.com here is still thinking about it so it's not always about catch up sometimes it is about leapfrogging not necessarily leapfrogging the grid but really leapfrogging on the delivery of the service so I want to just throw out a little challenge to the students who are in the room because I have over the last six years had the pleasure of working with five Stanford grad students through what was then called the MAP Fellows Programme it's now called the Schneider Fellows Programme and I have a 40% track record of the five students who I worked with two of them actually then subsequently when they graduated from Stanford went into working on energy access issues one of them who went to work for a micro grid startup in Indonesia and the other Shea Hughes who is now working with off grid electric so it's a 40% track record I would love to see it maybe Sally too at a 60% or 80% but that fellowship really was instrumental for me in terms of helping our work at the UN Foundation get going in developing a lot of this programming over the last six years so I'll finish then thank you all for listening and I'm happy to take any questions so questions okay we've got one over here to go back to your first slide in the statement by Ban Ki-moon what's the energy, what's the power needed for a typical water pump? that's a great question because it partly depends on how deep they're pumping the water from so one of the challenges has been that solar water pumps tend not to be able to go as deep as diesel pumps so they were not always seen to be as usable by farmers particularly in agricultural settings in India but however one of the challenges has been that diesel has been drawing so much water that sometimes it's more than the farmers need and it contributes to lowering of the water table so I'm not not answering your question but I'm answering it in a slightly different way because one of the exciting things in India is that the government has really focused on initiative on bringing solar water pumping much more across the country and they've not only been able to do it to provide the limited amounts of water that the farmers need but they've begun to use it as a source of revenue for some of those farmers because they're able to then provide any excess power provided by the solar panel for that water pump to use it for other services so that's brand new and we're still seeing how that plays out but really trying to look at revenue for those farmers more questions, do we have one over there? Hi, thanks for your presentation I know this question is about solar cook tops and displacement of the kerosene with solar cook tops and I know that ideas have been kicking around for at least five years maybe longer I'm sure and based on my understanding the micro funding model is sort of a gating factor for the proliferation of those solar cook tops and we're still not seeing adoption at the levels that we want primarily because of that factor but it seems at the same time with respect to COP 21 and the need for developing countries to get funding that there needs to be more emphasis just on providing these funding rather than finding a way for people to come up with $15 or $20 a month to be able to do this because of the impact of kerosene even impacts the glacial melt in the Himalayas and whatnot your thoughts on how we could better enable that I agree with you, a lot of the pricing now is really reflecting what customers are already paying so it's complex because if the grid is coming then some governments do provide a lifeline tariff for the very poor so it gives them a certain number of kilowatt hours on a monthly basis others will subsidize a grid connection there's been a lot of discussion about this is it really ethical for consumers to have to pick up the cost they're already among the very poorest and a lot of the companies are really coming at entering it with very much a social mission as well as a commercial mission I would say the commercial often trails the social they came out as a social entrepreneur but they're also trying to make money doing it so I would say yes clearly money is an issue and we do recognize depending on whose analysis you follow we need an order of it's like nine billion dollars a year on energy access and we need to have several multiples of that to be able to provide full access but again it depends on whether you're talking about grid or whether you're talking about some kind of off grid solution with some of the very low income consumers they may not be able to afford more energy then a light and a cell phone charger initially so they have in the past and one of the reasons I actually moved over from the non-profit sector to the private equity sector and then on the policy side was that a lot of the giveaways in the past hadn't actually been very successful of solar home systems and these solutions Indonesia in the late 90s had given away about a million solar home systems but the challenge was that they hadn't really worked through all of the supply chain issues in terms of the maintenance of those solutions so coming at it from a full market standpoint at least we hope bakes in the ongoing maintenance of that solution so you have back to back warranties you make sure you've got professional technicians who are providing service you increasingly have call centres now we're seeing particularly with some of these pay as you go solutions that you have remote monitoring capability in the actual system itself so if for some reason you see that the production is going down it may be as simple as texting someone to say have you wiped off your panel recently but I completely agree with you on the cooking side that has been a real challenge partly because well first of all people are culturally very attuned to cooking in a certain way for the types of food that they're used to eating second is that word and biomass have been and continue to be the standard in terms of what's available and what's affordable for very poor communities I've done some work recently with an LPG group that's the global LPG partnership that are really looking at the provision of LPG which you may say well it's a fossil solution however it is looking at providing LPG in developing countries more broadly to help with reducing deforestation issues and it's a clean burning fuel so it also helps lower the indoor air pollution as well for that household in terms of cooking induction stoes would be interesting and maybe this is a great Stanford research project because we've struggled as an industry as a sector to really look at a fully renewable cooking solution so perhaps somebody will patent that in the next few years and we can really take it and run with it and help it to get adopted OK, right down there wait for the mic, there's one right behind you Have you faced any problems with regard to the financial infrastructure in countries like India because even the banks that do provide loans for agricultural communities they fail pretty often and even when the nabard rescues them it's like they go under very often and how do you overcome the problem of the financial infrastructure to be in place for the agricultural communities? Well, I can speak really to Salko's work which is that they've worked with many of the agricultural banks but what they've done and I think very successfully is they've also had banker to banker training because in Connecticut they've been there for 20 years people are used to financing solar home systems and solar for small scale community purposes as well in some of the other states they're less familiar with that and so they may be a resistance because they say well, I'm not really sure about this solar thing so they've done quite a lot of banker to banker training taking bankers from Connecticut to Bihar and I was involved with that a couple of years ago I'm really talking about best practices in lending in this sector now there are low interest rates so it is actually I think it's a 4% interest rate it's quite attractive in many senses but the other challenge has not been so much about the banks but in terms of a sort of forced subsidy which is that the government has put subsidies into the system but they haven't always arrived in time so for a small company you may actually be struggling in terms of your cash position because you've been selling the systems but the subsidy hasn't actually made it back down to you in time and I know there's been quite a lot of work in the last year and a half on improving that and making sure that the company doesn't go under by being too successful at selling the subsidized systems Okay, do we have another question? Okay, there's one over there Actually we're going to go over here because I think you've asked a question before and I'm trying to spread around so we'll go to you and then I'm going to ask one quick question at the end So I need to move to elsewhere in the room if I want to ask another question Just kidding Is any effort being made to enable the manufacture and service of these products be within country or is it just having them import these being manufactured somewhere else and serviced remotely from elsewhere in the world? That's a great question and I would say yes and no A number of years ago when I was still on the private equity side we were actually looking and saying well wouldn't it be great if we had some of these solar panel manufacturing facilities in West Africa because then we could do local production There's been a bit of a chicken and egg which is if you don't have power then you need the power to be able to produce the power so that's been a constraint for some countries which is that it just didn't really have the infrastructure to be able to have that manufacturing in country Second is as we've heard it's really a China play now I mean First Solar is one of the few non-China companies that has been able to be successful over a longer term until now So the costs have come down so much that while some governments are saying we really should be getting in this game and producing it locally I think on the assembly side the components and the system integration absolutely but in terms of the solar panels it's commoditised now so I don't really think from a cost perspective that there's necessarily going to be any additional value What we have been looking at though is really trying to support the local economy in the sales in the sales piece of the whole supply chain which is a number of groups have been particularly looking at women entrepreneurs and sort of like the Avon model which is a local community women entrepreneurs selling a suite of solar and cooking products to their particular communities either as a main source of income or as a supplementary source of income and so I think that's more is sort of looking at that local economic development and building that local entrepreneurship is the way that the sector has been moving more than really trying to say we're going to try and compete head on with the Chinese because I just don't see that that would be viable at this stage Last question for me When we think about energy access electricity always comes up and clean cooking fuels come up but what about mobility access because in many parts of the world you still see animals being used as a primary mode of transport that brings a whole set of challenges and so is there much thought on mobility access as part of this larger set of issues around energy access As our distinguished speaker from GM was speaking this morning I was thinking exactly that so why don't we get a lift or an Uber that can service some of these remote communities because if you're paying for the service rather than paying for the asset then it becomes much more affordable but it tends to be an urban infrastructure rather than a rural because of the dispersion of some of the communities but I think it's a great question and in some countries they are already looking at this in terms of the EVs for public transportation so I know Kenya, I believe in Nairobi they're beginning to replace their existing metatus which are the mini buses that are the public transport in the city with electric metatus in some parts of Asia I believe that there are electric rickshaws that there is work I haven't personally been so involved in the transportation solutions but you're absolutely right and there needs to be a lot of additional work on that area and hopefully GM can help us lead on that Okay so you've heard lots of challenges for the students so anyway we're looking forward to hearing your good ideas if you've got them and you want some help with pursuing those come let us know Thank you very very much for the outstanding talk Thank you