 I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Introduction to Paninian Grammar. In the previous lecture we studied the basics of accent in Paninian grammar. Today we shall continue studying the subject in slightly more detail. In the previous lecture we saw how the accent is marked on the basic units namely Prakriti and Pratyayya and with the help of the rules how the Pada accent gets derived and how then it gets transformed in the form of the sentential accent. In this lecture we shall study in detail how the Pada accent gets constructed from the Prakriti and Pratyayya and how the dynamics comes into being comes into play. So, let us study this simple derivation first. We start with the verbal root crew meaning to do on both sides and then we add the suffix trich on the left hand side and the suffix trin on the right hand side. Both these suffixes mean karta but because this trin suffix falls in the adhikara tachira tadharma tatsadukarishu this adds an additional shade of meaning. So, the derivation karthru means one who does that is a doer but the same word karthru means one who whose habit it is to do that means a skilled doer. How does this distinction of meaning get recorded as far as the word is concerned and here we see the accent playing an important role. So, now this accent is derived with the help of the markers in the Paninian grammatical system as we see chha is a marker over here and na is a marker over here. What this chha marker does is chha is a marker because of 133 and then it gets deleted and 7384 applies and crew becomes kar and so we have karthru. Now, this chha marker indicates that this final vowel gets accented by the sutra chitaha. So, in this case thru becomes udatta therefore this kar becomes anadatta and marked with the horizontal bar below kar whereas in case of this trin this na marker triggers the operation of innitya dharmityam which makes the initial vowel udatta. So, this kar becomes a becomes udatta and this rhu therefore becomes anadatta but it is coming immediately after anadatta therefore it is marked as swarita with a vertical bar on top of the letter. This is the difference. Now, when you have the word karthru with the swarita sign on rhu indicates that the meaning of this word is a skilled doer and when the thru is not marked that shows that it is anadatta this means just a doer, doer of an action. This is how the accent distinguishes the meaning. This could be said to be the minimal pair as far as the accent is concerned. Now, we take up the derivation of karthru with the final vowel being udatta meaning one who is a doer. So, here is the derivation here are the 21 forms subanta forms and then the accent is also marked. So, in most of the forms this final udatta seems to be retained kartha this a is udatta kartharau karthara ha kartharam kartharau karthru etc everywhere the final of the word karthru is retained except in the forms which are shown in blue what happens in these cases is the word is karthru followed by the suffix a and a is anadatta and now because of this a this ru is getting substituted by a vowel. So, an udatta swara is getting substituted by a consonant r on account of in the condition of in the environment of an anadatta vowel. This is what is happening in all these four cases and so as a result this anadatta vowel becomes the udatta and so therefore this retains the udatta as is shown over here without any mark. This seems to be an important dynamics that plays a very crucial role as far as the accent of karthru with final ru udatta. So, here the rule udatta yano hal purvaat comes into play where the vibhakti suffixes known as asarvanam asthana starting from the sixth suffix in this case and elements known as nadhi which come immediately after a yant substitution after a consonant in place of an udatta vowel are substituted by an udatta vowel. So, here is karthru an udatta which is followed by an anadatta vowel. Now, here we have this ru becoming r preceded by a consonant. So, t is a consonant which is also preceded by r. So, we have three consonants over here r, t and r as is shown here also r, t, r. This final r is a substitute that comes in place of ru a vowel which is an udatta vowel. Now, this is an asarvanam asthana vibhakti which is an udatta. Now, when this yant substitution takes place in place of an udatta vowel this anudatta or sarvanam asthana vowel gets an udatta. So, this anudatta is replaced by an udatta vowel. This is what happens here and so we get karthra finally accented. 61174 has a crucial role to play in this derivation. Now, let us look at the derivation of the word karthru which is initially accented. What this means is a skilled doer. What happens in this case? The forms are more or less same where initial accented vowel is retained everywhere without a fail. So, karthakartharu everywhere you will see k initial vowel remains accented. So, the next vowels all of them they become anudatta in the case of karthru bhyam etc the vowel that comes immediately after the udatta vibhli ru is termed as swarita bhya which is an anudatta which comes after the udatta is not ma but this is a prachaya this is an ekashruti. So, is the case with all the vowels in the table of the 21 forms listed on this particular slide. Remember the word karthru over here denotes a skilled doer. This is how the forms will get accented in all the cases. And so, the distinction of accent will obviously indicate the meaning distinction. The accent distinction determines the meaning distinction. This will help in the interpretation of the word. Now, what happens if we derive a feminine form from both these. For example, karthru which is finally accented which means a doer and karthru which is an initial accented word and which means a skilled doer. So, these two words we have add the feminine suffix ngib which means e by 415 and so now n and p in ngib are markers by 1338 and 9 deletes them and so we have now karthru plus e in both the cases. Now, once again we have this ru being substituted by ru by eco-energy caused by this e which is an anudatta because it is a fifth. Once again we apply 61174 which then substitute this anudatta e by an udatta e and so karthru in this case becomes finally accented. And similarly in this case where k initial vowel is udatta here there is no change initial vowel remains an udatta. So, in karthru where final vowel is udatta means she who is a doer and where the initial vowel is udatta means she who is a skillful doer. Now, let us look at the pada forms derived of karthri. So, this is the word karthri with final accent indicating that this is a doer of an action and here are the forms karthri, karthriau, karthriaha and so on and so forth, karthriya etc. Now, in these cases we will have 61174 applied once again and the forms of the word karthri which have initial accent will not differ they will have the initial vowel accented in all the forms. What is so special about these forms is that we also have the application of 824 which says udatta swarita yor anaha swarito anudattas and anudatta vowel which comes immediately after the n substitution replacing anudatta or a swarita vowel is substituted by a swarita vowel. So, here we have karthri having this final vowel accented followed by an anudatta vowel ou because of this ou now this e is getting substituted by yan that is yur. So, we have karthriya rt rt yur four consonants. Now, this ou which is an anudatta will now be substituted by a swarita vowel. So, now we here we have karthriya u with this ou marked as a swarita preceded by an anudatta vowel. This is the swatantra swarita we were talking about in the previous lecture. So, if we go back and look at the forms where we have the swatantra swarita karthriya u karthriya and karthriya u these are the forms where we get the swatantra swarita. And these are the forms in these are the forms in green which get the udatta because these are the a sarvanamasthanavibhaktis and these three they are the sarvanamasthanavibhaktis that is the reason why they are getting the swarita swatantra swarita and in these the anudatta vowel is getting the udatta by the application of 61174. So, 61174 applies in all the forms shown in green what this means is once again the vibhaktis suffix is known as a sarvanamasthanav starting from the sixth suffix in this case and elements known as nadi which come immediately after a end substitution after a consonant in a place of an udatta vowel are substituted by an udatta vowel. So, we have karthri plus a a is a 3 1 so karthri plus a a is an udatta this is udatta because of this a this e will now be substituted by a consonant here therefore now this a will be substituted by an udatta vowel so karthriya we will have an udatta vowel placed over here going back to the forms we note that these three forms have the swatantra swarita and the green ones they have the udatta in place of the generally accent non-accented sub form over here this is how the accent dynamic plays a very very important in the derivation of the words nothing of this sort will happen in the word karthri where the initial vowel will be accented to summarize we can say that the accent that was stated on the suffix through records different meaning conditions as well as different accent when added to a verbal root and a prasipadika is derived and the difference in accent is also visible when a feminine suffix is added this is how history of an accent plays a crucial role in explaining accent at different levels now we shall study another important example which is of the second person pronoun yashmat and the accent marks on it this is based on another important Sanskrit text that was composed by this person years truly called prakriti praktya vibhaganish chayya composed in the 1990s so here you have yashmad and all the accented forms for you and let us see how they get derived each one of them the important sutra to remember over here is maparyantasya which substitutes only the part up to ma of yashmat and also asmat so the substituent could be said to be yashma ending in ma or asma ending in ma so yashmat plus am and thva is substituted in place of yashma so you have thva plus adh which remains over here from yashmat plus am and so then thva becomes thvad and so on similarly uva replacing yashma and adh remains uya and adh remains and so on another important sutra is sheshel opah so sheshel opah states that the is deleted in remaining cases when it appears immediately before the following suffixes which are the remaining cases that is one one and one three four one and four three five one and five three and six one and six three otherwise there are two substitutes stated by seven two eighty six it is seven and eighty eight and eighty nine the is substituted by a in following cases one two two one and two three two one and two and three three two and three three four two five two and seven three and the is substituted by here in the following cases three one six two seven one and seven two so leaving these cases in the other cases the is deleted by sheshel opah now let us look at each step yashmat su and here we have yashmat am and then we have thvad adh am and thvad am then the is deleted so we have thvad am similarly we will have accent marks yashmat is marked finally accented so u is shown as hanodatt with the horizontal bar below it su is a consonant so not mark which is replaced by am but because this is a sup a is marked as anodatt and so now yashmat will be replaced by thvad and so we have thvad adh thvad is anodatt and adh has got anodatt and am is anodatt now this a and this a and anodatt a and anodatt a they become one a by sandhi atoguday and so now the a substitute which comes in place of both of these is also udatt by the sutra ekadesha udatt ena udattah so we get thvad with udatt marking and am anodatt now this does gets deleted and so we have to a udatt followed by am where a is anodatt and so there is sandhi once again amipurvaha purvarupa sandhi so in place of an anodatt and anodatt one vowel comes which is udatt therefore thvam is marked as udatt which is not marked by any symbol this is how accent on thvam will get derived from yashmat su similarly when we derive the one slash two form yashmat plus aw this is how it will get derived on the left hand side you will have the derivation of the word and on the right hand side you will have the accent derivation as well so you have yashmat plus aw where is wherein yashmat is marked with the final udatt aw is anodatt aw gets substituted by am am is anodatt yashmat gets substituted by uvar which has got two vowels both of them are anodatt because they come in place of an anodatt ad is marked with udatt then there is a sandhi and because of ekadesha udatt ena udattaha this is an udatt vowel so we have uvad plus am then this d gets substituted by a which is marked as anodatt so a consonant which is substituted by a vowel which is an anodatt primarily because this is already marked as an udatt but now there is a sandhi v and aw udatt and anodatt and the resultant form is a sandhi aw this will be udatt because of ekadesha udatt ena udattaha and then once again this udatt and this anodatt there sandhi is marked once again as udatt because of ekadesha udatt ena udattaha so uvar will have this particular accent at the end this is how uvar will be derived and this is how the accent on uvar will be derived next we go to 1 3 which is uyam so here we have yashk mad plus jas jas is anodatt on in which place am is the substitute comes in and am is also anodatt now u here comes in place of yashkma as a substitute u here both vowels are anodatt ad has got a udatt now there is a sandhi between this a and this a in u here and a in ad in place of both of them this a in ad remains which is anodatt so you have u yad with final a udatt now this da gets deleted so we have u here plus am finally this a in u here and a in am they have a sandhi uvar upa sandhi and so this is ekadesha sandhi so ekadesha udatt ena udattaha so this remains udatt this is how uyam will get the udatt form similarly we have yashk mad plus am and here also we get an important case where this yashk mad plus am yashk mad gets substituted by thvar which is anodatt and so then there is sandhi thvar ad ekadesha sandhi so thvar becomes udatt this da becomes da gets substituted by a which is an anodatt and so thvar a we get an udatt vowel thvar which is udatt and then there is this sandhi of this thvar with a and that is also ekadesha so it will get udatt so thvar has an udatt vowel similarly yuvar so you have the similar steps in derivation where uvar is substituted in place of yashk mad and then there is ekadesha so this uvar becomes udatt da gets substituted by a which is an anodatt and so it gets ekadesha with a so it gets udatt and once again there is an ekadesha of a and a which is udatt because of ekadesha udatt ena udattah this is how we will derive yuvar similarly now we go to yashk mad plus shas to derive 2 3 so we have yashk mad plus shas and then this initial vowel gets substituted by a and then this da gets substituted by a which is anodatt so then there is ekadesha so you have yashk mad then this gets deleted and you get the form yashk mad similarly 3 1 yashk mad plus ta and this is obviously anodatt because of sup and then yashk mad gets substituted by tv which is anodatt and ad which is udatt so there is ekadesha which makes it udatt this a is anodatt it remains anodatt this da gets substituted by a and finally we get tvaya which is initially udatt then we have yuvar bhyam derived in this fashion yashk mad plus bhyam yashk mad gets substituted by yuvar which is anodatt a is udatt then we have yuvad where final a is udatt then we have the substituted by a which is anodatt and so this udatt and this anodatt have a sandhi so we get a as udatt bhyam is anodatt this anodatt comes immediately after anodatt therefore it gets a swarita so you have yuvad bhyam with a as udatt yu anodatt bhyam a as swarita similarly yashk mad is very simple in this case yashk mad da becomes anodatt a and then it gets sandhi yashk mad a is udatt bhis is anodatt obviously so yashk mad bhi is middle accented similarly in tvbhyam we have yashk mad plus bhyam pratyaya is all anodatt tvbhyam is the substituted in place of yashk mad which is anodatt and so then there is a kadesha with a so this a gets udatt da is deleted and so we get tvbhyam with final udatt followed by a then there is a kadesha so we get the tvbhyam with final a udatt where tvbhyam ayaungai comes into play and this anodatt is then converted into an udatt similarly yuvad bhyam same as before now we have four three yashk mad plus bhis where bhis is substituted by bhyam so bhyam is also anodatt now this da gets deleted so we get yashk mad and bhyam with middle vowel accented udatt yashk mad bhyam in five one we have nasi replaced by at and so yashk mad gets replaced by tvb which is anodatt then there is a kadesha as usual so tvad plus at da is deleted and then there is once again a kadesha a kadesha udatt so we have tvad accented yuvad bhyam as before yashk mad bhyam as before six one you have yashk mad plus nasi and so now we have tvbhyam plus adu now here we have tvam mamau nasi coming into play and therefore this tvbhyam which was derived as before that gets transformed into tvad with initial accent same was the case with tvbhyam where tvbhyam aiyaung ai comes into play and this anodatt is then converted into an udatt tvad then yuvayoh and here you have the same procedure you are substituting yashk mad or the returning its accent and then there is a kadesha yuvad has an accent da is substituted by yu and so os is anodatt so yuvayoh is middle accented then we have yashk makam and we have yashk mad plus aam and aam is substituted by akam both these vowels are anodatt now and so we get this da deleted yashk makam is middle accented in tvayi you have similar process yashk mad as yashk ma getting substituted by tvar which is anodatt a is udatt then this da getting substituted by yu and so tvayi retains the initial vowel as accented and yuvayoh the same procedure as before yashk masu also more or less same procedure where this da gets substituted by a which is an anodatt vowel and then there is a kadesha therefore this a becomes udatt so yashk masu has middle vowel accented here are some observations a substitute of bigger size inherits the accent properties of smaller substituent a vowel substitute in place of a consonant is anodatt in this case as there is already an udatt in the pratipadika even if adh which is an udatt is deleted other accent rules come into play and the same accent is achievable there are some grammarians which delete the adh and not the da just even then same accent is derivable by some other dynamic accent rules to summarize the accent on the pada forms of the first and second person pronouns can be derived thus in detail in the similar fashion forms of all words can be derived accent rules go hand in hand with word derivation rules multiple interpretations of the wordings in the rules are accommodated in the accent derivation rules as well this is how we can derive accents of others and then using some using such dynamic rules we derive the accent on the sentences we will study the details of such accents and accents on compounds when we do the advanced course of paninian grammar now before we close let us have the mangala charana composed by yours truly at the beginning of shabda sutra and this is the and I repeat and today's five sutras taken from eight three and also eight four first of all eight three they are and I repeat the and eight four and and and I repeat the you for your attention this is the last sutra of the ashtadhyayi uh uh with this we close this course on the introduction of paninian grammar at the end I would like to thank all of you for your patient hearing I would also like to acknowledge the debt I am in of my gurus whom I mentioned in the mangala charana the debt of my parents whose blessings have taken me thus far and the support I have received from all my students and family without which I couldn't complete this course I thank you all and thank all these from the bottom of my heart thank you so much and a special thanks to NPTEL and all Ravi, Vijay, Devendra, and Tushar thank you and Bharati madame