 Fodaf', Tartofano, mae hefyd yn gorffodion ar y cyd-dynion yndod ein cyf Jeju Rydym yn ddim yn dweud y ystyried clwnnwyr. Yn y ffilix yount, mae'r bwysigonu Llywodraeth Cymru wedi bod argyrchu o bobl eich bobl wedi mynd i ysgrifetogaeth i gyd yn ffordd o gwylo'r cwylo yng Nghymru. Mae'r cyfysigad o bobl hefyd yn ei cofod o'r Ysgrifetogaeth Cymru i fynd oes eu gwneud. Felly, Miky Robertson, a gynny'n holl, y penedig, y cohort, her dayjob yw y Secretary for the Environment, i. ychydig y Cifriedd y Minister for the Environment, ac ydylau i'r bwysig i'r byw ddod oes o'r effeith. Yn cyfwilio ymlaen i'r plannu ar gyfer Newidd. Efallai yn y llyfr yn y cyfnod, mae gennym i'r plannu ar gyfer Newidd, ac mae gennym i'n gwell ddweud roedd y greu hefyd yn cael ei ddweud ymlaen i gael ymddangod o'r cyfnod a'r Mae'r ddaeth yn ymlaen i gael y bydd y bydd. Felly, yma'r bysgwyr, ac fel y Félix yn ddod yn gweithio'r llythau yn y ddau'r bysgwyr, yw'r llythau'r bysgwyr a'r llythau ac mae'r bwysig o'r llythau. Mae'n gwaith o'r ddweudio'r ddweudio. Mae'n gweithio 10 mlynedd yn y Q&A. Felly, dweudwch o'r dyfodol. Mae'n ddweudio yn y Q&A. Yn ymlaen i gynnwysiaid Félix i'n ddweudio'n ddweudio'r bydd y bydd y bydd y bydd y bydd, a mae'n gweithio'r bydd y bydd, dwi'n ddweudio'r bydd. Mae'n chael. 5 mlynedd yn y ddweudio. Mae'n ceisio'r bydd y bydd y bydd y bydd? Dyna yw'r ffordd, mae'r ffordd yn ymlaen rwy'r newydd, ythyn ni'n sefyll Cymru. Mae'n tyfnio'n defnyddio'n cael ei ddweudio'n fwyaf, mae'n bwysig i amlwg, bwysig i'r mynd i'r cyflwyno'r industry'n dwy'r cyflwyno'n gweithio a dyna ym ni'n fwyaf Mae'r cyfweld yw'r cyfweld, fel yw'r cyfrannu sydd yn gyfathor a'r cyfrannu isio amgylcheddol yn gwybodol, yn y cefnod o'i, felly mae'n cyfrannu chael a'r cyfrannu cyfrannu, felly yn 1950, wedi'u cyfrannu ym Mhwylwyr II, mae'r clywedd ar y gwai cyfrannu amser, ac yw'r cyfrannu cyfrannu yw'r cyfrannu a'r cyfrannu cyfrannu yn y cwrinwyr wedi'u ddau. Felly, we've pushed our activities into a new regime, which we call the Anthropocene. This is in opposite to the Holocene which, for the last 12,000 years, saw the rise of civilization and agriculture, in which we might be calling the long summer or the state of grace for humanity. We're starting to push outside of this state. I won't spend too much time on this, but these are the potential tipping elements. So these features or phenomena could change, could tip over to a different regime, and this could again become one of the fragile points of our planet. So these tipping elements can switch quite easily, and we're starting to see some of this. You can see this scenario here, and the Paris range is what has been targeted by the Paris agreement, but you can see that coral reef, alpine glaciers, Arctic summer sea ice, greenlands, and the West Antarctic ice sheet are vulnerable even if we achieve the Paris targets. So we have to do our homework, and this has to be quite heavily done. So this weird image here shows a dynamic scape, different attractors, these different basins of stability, and we are all living. Imagine the planet is part of one of these basins, and if we shake the system, well, we have this resilience, this kind of wall that keeps us into these attractors, these basins of stability, these states. But there are also critical thresholds that we should not, if the system becomes too heavily impacted, we can cross over. And this is what is at risk. We might cross to a critical threshold, a tipping point to a different regime. And so this other graphic shows that in a very geeky way. So in 1950, we were at this place, and then we've been warming the planet. And now we are at risk of going to a different basin of attraction, which we call the Hot House Earth, which could be a state of warming for millennium to come. So we have to stop before this planetary threshold, which looks also like a shield. And so we have to stabilize the system. And this is by cutting emission as soon as possible. And not just investing in innovation, but to start right away to cut by behavior change, efficiency, and so on. So there are different aspects or dimensions of the Earth system that are these kind of pillars of stability and resilience. And scientists in Stockholm have identified nine of them. And we call them the planetary boundaries. We should be respecting these pillars to remain on a safe and stable planet. And so this is the framework, the planetary boundaries, is about these nine quadrants. You have a safe space where we can keep developing within these safe limits. Then there's the risk zone in yellow and the high uncertainty or danger zone in red. And so we've identified all those boundaries. So novel entities is pollution, ozone is well known, aerosol, ocean acidification, so you can read. Biosphere and climate chains are the two core boundaries, we could say. And this is the current state. So the biodiversity erosion we've crossed this threshold. This is the sixth extinction or we're nearing the state of mass extinction. And the biogeochemical flows are also heavily impacted. So nitrogen and phosphorus is messing up with the natural cycles. Ouch. And this is through time. So you can see that in 1990, the ozone hole was a big thing, but the Montreal Protocol, we've managed, and this is a great success. We've managed to bring back this boundary within the safe zone. And so we have to do that for all boundaries at global scale, but also at city scale, nation scale, and also household scale. So, and yeah, I've done my job. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Over to you, Vicky, a big hand for Vicky, please. Thank you. Good. So I'll come back to the start where we started this morning. Actually, the planetary boundaries framework is just a tool. And we talk a bit more about that this afternoon. But what we're about really is coming back to old ways of knowing, which effectively trying to, from the edge, change the way that we think about nature and its place in the hierarchy. So it really is actually trying to make a system change to our economic model. That's what lies behind the intent. Planetary boundaries is just one of many tools. One of the other tools we want to explore is our own indigenous knowledge and how that comes to environmental well-being. But it's just, you know, there are different ways of coming into this. And as I think somebody said this morning, trying many different ways of doing it. But that's the intent. And the end trying to look at system change of valuing nature at the top of the hierarchy, not just as another stakeholder, but actually our responsibility back to nature and then making economic decisions that put nature first. So this is a tool to try and use international best practice, new ways of thinking about the way that our ecosystems actually connect to the world. So rather than New Zealand in our lovely way, I think that we all find here, one of the things I've been really shocked in my own role is just the state of our environment in New Zealand. And I think it's really important that we think about that and respect to the rest of the world. New Zealanders have a really strong identity to our land and we have a grief around our state where we're at. So we need new ways of having this conversation, is my view. And I'm willing to try any number of ways of doing that. But the way that going on business as usual is not going to get us there for New Zealand. And I've said that before in this forum. So we are exploring, and Felix and I are fellows together, trying to work a way of exploring something that will work for here. And we are pretty determined to do that in whatever way it works. The only other thing I would say is we really invite your interest and we have set up an email account that people can connect into. Not everybody will be part of the project, not everybody will be able to engage, but really want to invite your connection because the more people we have that are friends of this, the better. And just keep in mind it's for that bigger purpose, not necessarily just because of the framework of planetary boundaries. Cheers. Thank you. I'll just add a little bit more context if I can of all the nations in the world, we have the highest stock of natural resources, natural capital per capita of any country except petroleum exporters. Well, you know where they're going. So that is the huge target of this land. And as Vicki said, we are degrading, depleting and stressing that in very fundamental ways. Very interestingly, I'm a business journalist. I take note that the business sector here is coming together with government. It's a very big public-private collaboration, sector collaboration. And they've created Alterio Circle, which is focused on bringing natural capital into all the decisions we make. And so we start to get a much healthier form of capitalism where we start at that point. And so the planetary boundaries work is all very much a part of that. The little graphic that Felix showed at the end where, this is the rearrangement thanks to the Stockholm Resilience Centre, who are the drivers of the planetary boundary work, of those sustainable development goals, the 17 of them, in the most important hierarchy of all, starting with the four at the bottom, the biosphere. And if we look at New Zealand's scores on those, they are really poor, particularly life underwater and life on the land. And then on top of that, there are the societal ones. And you can see we have some orange ones, which are okay, some red ones, which are not, yellows, a little better than orange. You can see the direction of travel there for each of those. And then on top of that, naturally, would sit the economy, nestled in society, and then society nestled in the biosphere. And again, we have some good things and some bad things in there. We've got huge work to do, but one of the things that worries me the most is the 17th goal in the Sustainable Development Goals is actually about collaboration. That's the peak one there. We are, for a small country, surprisingly nowhere near good enough yet at that collaboration. And of course, a very important part of our COPAPA in EHF is to build that collaboration at a global scale. So, we've got six minutes and 35 seconds and counting down left. I would love to ask these two people wonderful questions, but we'll save that for the workshop this afternoon. But you will have great questions, and there's nobody standing at that microphone. That's a very lonely microphone. Does anybody want to rush to it? Tuw, tuw Ii. Tuw Ii, tuw Ii. Gioro. Tiwro. I see you on our sheet there that we had a panel in physical view. What do you mean by that? What is the intention of the indigenous knowledge that you wish to extract and from which you wish and from who? Thank you. Thank you, Pagada. So, I think where we've landed on that is this particular project around planetary boundaries is not the appropriate one to think about indigenous knowledge and we need to take a step back. We had a workshop last week, it was pretty clear that the Māori Iwi in the room including Te Ate Awa didn't like the planetary boundaries framework and we are taking a step back and thinking about a wider conversation about how do you bring Motaranga Māori and indigenous knowledge through into environmental reporting and our environmental work program more generally and not make it part of this process which feels like being shoved into a western science process. So we have explored that, there is interest in commitment to exploring, basically the intent behind that is to say there are Māori measures that we are using in New Zealand, we use it in our own environment to reporting right now that should have the same hierarchy as western science, that was the intent but we need to think about that more broadly than this project, so that's the intention. My response today is that we do not disagree with the beauty of planetary boundaries, it is the processes and procedures that are being put in place to put them together. So I leave that on the floor. Thank you. If I just may add to that, it's very exciting in the 11 national sciences challenges to see how profoundly that's shifting with Motaranga Māori, where there is this extraordinary merging and collaboration by scientists, I see it in the one that I'm particularly involved in in our land and water and it's immensely exciting to see some Pachia scientists really reorient their thinking, there is great work coming out of this and so that journey that Pekara and Vicky have just identified there is a fundamentally important one, not just for us here in Aotearoa but to help inform the rest of the world and I have huge confidence that we are going to get there on that. Thanks. A question, thank you. Kia ora, folks. I just wanted to bounce off of all of you, I wanted to check in on how you see us in New Zealand and in the wider world working with integrated landscapes. I'm curious, given that integrated landscape approach, rather than trying to bite off tiny pieces of the overall puzzle, when there's essentially when you have a complex landscape with a lot of stakeholders involved, how essentially you can get everyone to the same table to find cohesive solutions across really large areas. That's worked in places like the Kivu province on the DRC, in the Kailash sacred landscape dealing with areas of the Himalayas, this is being used by UNEP and WWF and so on. I'm curious where you see the place of that integrated approach working in New Zealand. You go first. That's happening very naturally because a lot of our environmental legislation is around water catchments, so it's taking whole river systems. What we're seeing within that, particularly for example down in Canterbury, is local communities working in their zones within that catchment. Then there are some wonderful landscape scale restoration projects at work, in particularly reconnecting Northland, which is moving beyond just pockets of work but trying to imagine that recovery of all of Northland. Again, these are terribly early days and I would long argue that we need a next generation of environmental legislation here. The RMA is fine but it wasn't designed for this kind of work and that's a big discussion that's now underway led by the Environment, Defence Society and others. This is very much on our minds here in Aotearoa, New Zealand that we have to work at that very large and deeply integrated scale. I didn't mean to co-op the answer. One minute and 15 seconds for a quick question and a short answer. We'll now keep quiet. Talking about that legislation, I'm from Ponganoe with Iwi of Ponganoe who have fought an intergenerational fight to make the river a legal person, which considers it as a whole entity from its source to its policy. Is that the kind of legislation that you are talking about? That's very much on the table because what we're seeing in the Turoiras and the Fonganoe River and the Waikato River where there is personhood now and therefore there is legal standing and legal representation for those natural treasures, those natural systems. Yes, I would not like to predict whether we're going to get there but we are one of the pioneers in the world in that sense and it comes very much from a Maori view of life and its sources and it's notable that it's Iwi on the Fonganoe River, it's Tuhoi in the Oroiras that are bringing this to life. So that would be a big thing for us to fight for. We need to stop at that point. A huge thank you for Felix and his astonishing knowledge and great graphics skills and to Vicky who has the hardest job of all because she's in the Government and trying to change the Government at the same time. Do come along to her session 3.30-4.30 this afternoon. Kia ora tata, thank you.