 तो मेरेवाप जो से न बवमेवे आ एक भाग है पैधे थो तो बाब एक अरी दो मेरेवाप आइ जो मेरेवाप आया न सब रही आदे, कि सगो मवेच जाए मैं. पानी की नी, अपने अपने बाग़े वो प्रुग तर्ँब दरन गरते दहा हो मैं जरी आमे बे रूषी काने लगा थी दे, तो सन्या वाले दें अमनो मिलना मैंच् खिला गरते, संदेगोग क्या संदेगोग, हमलोगो रोद किराष कर दे नहीं होता है जिस भी मिलगर के अजर पानी नहीं है, और पडी तक्लीग अब भी पानी की नहीं है, आपन एद जीच की तक्लीग है कि आपने जब अचा दादा, तो उसको देर लगरे तादा, अब नोपडी जीजी जीगाडी है, अब अपने मुच्षर काडा गरते दे, अगर अगर देखा दान्याबार, अगर आद मी भीमारी भी हो जाता बा, तो उसको उन्या दे एतनी गाडी नहीं मिलगे दे, के हम विस्पो होट्टल तक्पोँचादे. चहर जो है, यह शहर पूडि आज पडोस के दापनी निलाखव्या कुवान लेता है, और 3,855 million liter per day णीए लिटेख, एप विस्पमान करता है, तो अदर में डोग संक्या कि साथ में जो देखा जाए, देड करोड के अबादी है, उस्वमें रहंगा जाए, तो 200 लिटर से भी ज़ादा, जब की अपना राष्ची अ मानक है, 135 लिटर लगर वेख्ती को प्रती दिन मिलना चली. तो ये तो 200 लिटर से ज़ादा पाने देली की, शम्दा रखने वाला शाहन है, उसके वास इतना पानी है. उसके बाव जुड ये क्यु नहीं देपार है मानी? तो उसकर ख्लेर विजन ये है, कि इस ने पहर्ती ये राजनीती है, ये राजनीती ही भिस्किम में राजनीती राजनीती है. और इसले आज भी मुभेई शहाहर में, 20 लाक लोग जो है, तो है उनको पानिस दखर आगे है, कि आपको नहीं देखे पानी? पानी इतना तगीट के हमें विजन ता दा, चार गेलन, एक साएकि लेजन, जो साएकिज चलाने वाले लिगती, उसके उपल लटका है के लेखे आते है, या पर मटी बच्छर से उसके अंगर, और थीचर जब हो जाती बारिस में, तो साएकिग को दखा मान लेजन, तो इसा लगता था कि आमनर के जो आआत है, जो आमनर यो आप रेदी है आज, वो साएकिज नुसे निकल ज़ाए, अमनुथ खोचे थो रही है, अमने के आपनी आगे लिए पृचकरना बड़ेखा, तो जगे ती कि तो सब भडुम मेटिं करते थे, तो उपनिया खवस्टियो कणडर होना थए, खयाद़ येज़ने अप्यर्ड्स्टिच्छन सगयाच़ा लगाच़ा आंस्टिचुथे है क्योगा साढदि हैदे आज़े भी साच प्यके है क्योगा? तो मैं क्या देट़न भी ऑदाता ता डोगो ओगो को या रोग की आदी मिटी खे आप टादा? तो मैं उलोगो समजा ता दब पानी हमारी तो उलोगो सुड्दा जो है ना, तो ये हम को लेने कि लिए न वोगो लगना पड़े कों, वोई चीस को लगना पड़ता है, तो हमें तागत अपनी वस्ती भी लोगो भी दिखाना पड़े कि लिए, जब वस्ती लोग तागत दि� तो वो ज़ोग के परिसात देखे है, तो उसान जाते ये लिए नु, वस्ती वो सबल तो पानी कैसे हैगा वस्ती कि अदना, वहांपे तो खटर्म जो है ना, वो लगी हूँ ये जो हमारी तुडल समच है, ये पुडल समच हमारे पौलिसी मेखर्स में और हमारे पौटिष वहांपे लोगों को पाने के अभकाई से दूडल कर देखे औ़ कि आप प नाइटी आइ कि बाड में आइ लहों, तो वहाँ पाने नहीं कि लेगा आप तो हड़ाथ कि बाड में आए हों, तो बी आप को पाने नहीं आपख वूल मर्छन聖 में money Kaneg Nay Mulega, Adha ek spani आपख आप वगर अब आप ओर वो आप आप आप side naap ahead lop耶 these which we had ourselves we made clear in policy that we discriminate with them whatever the point we got in many chapters we laughed among the majority at what the path of water before us we are only nigal people how can we find water you are aroma of people तो आपक। तनन्चली लग़ा तनक। उसके बाड में आप आंको खयते हों तो आप आप आमको चुनके दे दो आम अगली बार पनी लेखे आए जि तो ये वोड़ बाईं कर की उंका इस तमार कर डाद उंको। इंगुला मान से वाश़्ा में आप टैक्त। यह यहांके पोल्टिक्स का ज़़ूरत है, और वो ज़़ूरत की वजध से हैं, यह पोल्टिक्स अब एक प्लुजन की वजध से हैं, आज मुंभाई में, विस लाग भुर्ड़ों के पास मानें। तो तो बाव अब बेट्ट्टिक्स की तोब आज में तो वो समझार नहीं तो रोगता है, तो बो चीज ख़ाम करीजा है, और इसी दगा से आज एक प्सान गो लड़ा जीए, और जिते भी एंजीो हैं, दिते भी सरिशा हैं, सब को एक पलेट खरम बाव रहा आचीए. और जब एक पलेट भरम बाव नहींगे, तो ही हमनो को उजीए मिड़ते हैं, मैंगर क्या हैं कि हम भी कभी कभी रिटने ताम भी तर वड़े आते हैं, और उब भटने लिए के एक साच में सब मिलके आजाएगें, तो हम कुषना को जीए ताद्ट्टिक्स कर में, तो जी� बटनेहीं दे अै, और लिए मी आ हम के आच़़ी नहींगे डब या व्या घट ouais आप गिया और तोदसो का हéro सके, चाहनious में, और नाध helemaal गदे गेnormाय को लागारकचा, दे ली theoretically मैं, अगडिम स्डीन खलोएं. सी घातढी अगतटें सेरसब़ी का वोडतेमगें आग्दिन आग्दे करगा alk une ind वोडतेमगें वोडतेington, अगतडी करगा Cena अगतिक मुऊए मैरिकोSA अगत्टें सेरजा मेरिक को tecnेнит लगमे हएsea अखद् डिवे fulfill अफ अद्दंगा और वो भी बाज़ व्या वो العड़ाय है। और वो उस्वावे जा। अप दें देगी रोंगें के मेंग लिए है। इस आप देगी देगी बाव भाव सच्यी थ्ब तो तो धो सट्ब यागे और ृाँँछ बाध ये वो वो बीगते हों कर免 है। अगए, तो जो, तो तो बघन के लगागर कंना प्रे से नहींगद कर नहींगे और मेंगद यहद away For being honest, I'm still recovering from that video about India reminding us how basic it can be to have to struggle and fight for your right for access to good quality ॐ ॐ ॐ ॐ ॐ ॐ ॐ ॐ ॐ ॐ ॐ ॐ ॐ ॐ ॐ ॐ ॐ to supply their water needs. Thats in part because groundwater has already been over-abstracted also contaminated by mining. Yes this is really a sign of boiler crisis could prevent it. The minimum by separation from the service storage basis, they've added 96 million shade bald to just prevent either a pension from us basins and to be serving the city of Los Angeles. I think these are signs global change global warming will only aggravate the crisis that we are in. So question then is groundwood a solution? .ании�� of the whole system on the world that is all connected, so it can't be. It's not the reservoir like oil is that you can just tap and discover it's all connected. that's something that we had to keep in mind friends. घ 역시् म्लित्रे खॉध, आद्यावारी कॉई Fish, ofun associated also with the despleasing ज्वाँग औरागा expert啦生 Green pierws leg Maen but has not being accessible yet on this conditions part of the world UN og papers as such for air in Africa for example tog Green smaller can be the solution very important to consider whether that is renewable Green water or whether its fossil, you know, we don't want to get into the situation that we develop a lot. Water demand and then later on find out that we cannot sustain that we're looking जडस्वेइ त्होग्वाद्व्याव, एक लगा स्ऑाईवोदर वो स़ मेंगे चासाने आच्छलाईरव। ज़दी रीचाछा पार बागा से च्शारी नी वीड़या से रूवि जीवें की वो एक यह चाह thats right. तिर मेंटिद आ� Tool ஐं मैंज्प इत यह शाच आदर आप दीजी अगों आखुईक हो साच चचाचचाचाचाचाचाचचंचच poisoning and now in the position that we have to deal with that So yes we have a groundwater crisis. ever grad crisis reason studies左右 al-fresh pound water availability shrinking uh... we know issues where we were looking for ground water and them and ground water quality turned out to be abit of the problem well at drying up of twenty percent globally that's massive we have a global groundwater crisis and um... अंाग़ या तो आद मार्रग इन्चाऽाशन चसानeking of closet to home here in the Netherlands, we have our own history discovering groundwater and mismanaging this is the June areas in Amsterdam and in the 1850s water up to the 1850s water was just taken from the canals and you can imagine there was a lot of microbial contamination is there June water was much better quality so start pumping during waterreso Nigeria but we didn't touch this dirt. And done that. Kana. And then, as those channels dried up, the pumping started from deeper Dune water. But the demand was higher then the dunes were able to provide. और अईका के लुगान मेंगे तोस्बषाच ये जाएज़ है, की आप जाएज़े़े कि नहीं। आप प्चवायचानग वोगान वम जाएज़ेची अनोगे घर्या हो तोग्वाब कोई है या� frustrated. और थी एinku अग notewszy की वाशक्� shine шक ज़ोन आयी वार्आ उपने और थोब वैछ वार्ँ न्पतCalm is a स arsenhie baix-ठोषन Krishna मी उस को और ढ़़ा शॉए शीं ॉया Americas और जो manages to तयां बछें सहो देि Может इलंकरिश देिया को astronomis आई पुअगे करिष मु toute ईस Somewhere अली duty oblig Stephen traders his v Zus it was important to play it cities 2020 is great and demand you have mis Symax mis-makkan attending temporal you have the water were not at your right time yeah you have water but not a great quality or another one someone else Allied solutions for these kinds of conditions  acompaको, । । । । । । । । । । । । । । । । । । । । । । । । । । । । । after recharge is one of the ways to build akra storage, । । । for example, of course we know treatment, । । । । but there is a very wide range of different kind of treatment technologies । । । । can be sufficient to just infiltrate water into an aquifer, । । । । । like in the dune area, ए Aware ה� região of energy... पेटजेंत do some energy transition to take a lot of energy十-zing Uhh लगमने यह सक्वाबते हैं थूरा गहगगागे मेश्वर्तारे। मनिरी पायद था वार तर कळागता औरी बल कि औरॉचिए पायद वरें। एक था जे अगे वो दोगाो वारकावागे मेश्वर्तारे वार रहागा। ये जब उस सके सुन्तथा गड़ागागा। as a pipe straight down if there's groundwater available and that's not being accessed. So just a couple of examples from the research at KWR and working with students. So this is in Abu Dhabi, an area where you have 100 mm per year natural recharge. But there's millions of people living there. So what is there the source for water? It's the desalination of water from the coast. But the demand varies and sometimes the water intake cannot happen because of algae blooms. And of course in this region they also consider the possibilities of hostile breaks for example. So many types of recharge you see it on the left hand side, infiltrating water into the desert area, desalinated water to have a storage for a couple of months to be available. Another example, 10 times more precipitation in Gisborne, New Zealand. You see a very green area but just to illustrate the demand is so high there because they are producing citrus, kiwis, all these kind of things. Really high demand and this aquifer on this flood plain is salinizing. So what we're doing here is introducing river water into that aquifer and actually the river water quality is better than the water that's naturally present there. So recharging desalinated water in Abu Dhabi, recharging river water in New Zealand, infiltrating river water in the dunes in the Netherlands, what are we doing? Basically we're making the visible invisible. We're turning water that we can see and putting it on the ground and that can improve the quality that allows us to store the water. So really I think we should try and see the beauty of invisibility. And that's a bit complicated but I think that's what we should just accept and cherish. I think the biggest component of invisibility is the awareness part. I mean I don't have, you all know about groundwater but do your parents, do your friends know about groundwater and what it means to us and how interconnected the different components of the water cycle are because I think it would be a mistake for us as groundwater professionals to think, ah great finally we have our shining moment of groundwater in the spotlight. Now it's our turn. I think we should highlight the interaction, the connectedness with the other components with rivers, lakes, how our rain water turns into groundwater etc. What's the nice thing also about this graph? This water cycle is 100% solar powered. Let's try to stick close to the natural processes. And let's work our best in also conveying that message of groundwater being a part of a natural solar powered circular systems. These are some of the buzzwords that people can relate to. Drinking water, yeah drinking water. Why not call it aerated groundwater? I mean in the Netherlands 60% comes straight from groundwater. The rest mostly is dune infiltration or river bank infiltration. It's all been there. It's been in the subsurface, it's been in the underground. It carries the signature of groundwater. So drinking water is aerated groundwater. Or drinking water is drinkable groundwater. I think this is a way, kind of half joking, I think this is kind of a way to get in the ears, in the minds of people not familiar with groundwater. Ah drinkable groundwater. So it's really a challenge and I dug a little bit deeper and this is just to give you some thoughts and ideas and hopefully inspire good discussions also with the coming presentations that go into more depth. It's really not the invisible ability has not to do with the size of the groundwater availability. I mean there's so much groundwater even with these depletions that are going on. But if we look at this graph, I started looking at the image at the report and I was happy to notice some wind turbines in the back because water energy nexus is very important. We need to transition to sustainable water and sustainable energy. Looking at these rivers there in the city, how can you really make it personal? And then I started thinking, oh wow, so at least in Holland. Globally it's 50% but in Holland it's almost 100%. Water has been in touch with the subservice. So the drinking water is drinkable groundwater and if our bodies on average contain 60% of water, now wait a minute, our blood consists of 95% of water, it carries the signature of groundwater. So go out there and spread the message. Groundwater is in our veins and I know it's in all your veins metaphorically but literally it's in everybody's veins and I think we need to get that message across. Thank you very much. So thank you very much for this nice opening of today. I think you already introduced us to the importance of groundwater and how it can be problems with it and how it's important for solutions as well. We will also discuss the importance of the groundwater theme. So I want to ask Lisa Betz to join us here. Lisa Betz is the director of the International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre, since generally. She's a hydrogeologist and has 26 years of worldwide experience as a consultant, project manager, researcher and R&D centre director in diverse contexts. So different regions of the world, different sectors and different fields of intervention. Good afternoon. Thank you very much for the invitation. Thank you very much to the organizers and to the participants to be here. So I will start by a question for you. There is a lot of students. I am new in the Netherlands. So I went to the bathroom of IHE and took a glass of water and I was wondering if this water is groundwater. Do you know? Who knows? I have done some homework. I found that in Delft, the company that is supplying water, drinking water and water in general, is awesome. This company takes water from a peatland area called Greenhur. And from, as the male said, from Riverbank infiltration. This is interesting because the company said it is a surface groundwater company. So he was wondering surface groundwater. But it's because the groundwater at the end is just infiltrated through the Riverbank and before being groundwater, it is surface water, it is rain water. And it will become again ground surface water after. So now you know this is groundwater from Riverbank infiltration. So that's just a way to show that we have to to look for information, to be aware about what impact is every day. So I will share with you. Now I will go to ground level and I will share with you this picture from the picture being taken in the north of Chile at Takama Desert, and when I arrived there in 2011, 2012, all farmers and the people that were living in this was this and depending on groundwater because in arid areas all life depends on groundwater. There is no surface water. There is no rain even here. We are really worried because levels were declining. They were saying that it was the fault of a mining company but which was located very far, 100 km away and that we were not able to know. So yeah, I was very surprised because I said okay, so we are sending robots to Mars and we don't know, we are not able to understand what is happening there in a shallow aquifer some few meters under our feet and the same in many places of the world. Ten years later we generated a lot of information in this place and at the end not so much a change for the people. They are still declining groundwater level, salinization etc. So this is really much more complex. You can have access, information is at the core of the problem, data and this is what iGRAC is working on but once you have the information the scientific, validated information how you get it to the people that need this information to take decision is a strong challenge. And I think that this is where I think we are maybe all almost all scientific people or at least we come from a scientific background and this is where I think we have to be creative. There is many challenges around groundwater because of course because of its hidden characteristic and this is not only a matter of we have today all the technology and the methodologies most of all the methodologies to understand what is happening at the ground there. This is not a matter of of course we can always improve the methodologies that we are using but we have it we can do so where is the problem of course financing is a very important issue but how we can really transmit this scientific information to the people who will use it to improve groundwater management this is a question unfortunately I don't have the answer and I hope that in the year to come we are able to give more and more and so maybe some speakers later can give some insight some experience on how we can really improve the situation on the ground but now I will jump to the okay I will jump because my speech now was to talk about the importance of the groundwater here so nays says that we have to work on awareness we have to work on spreading the word and explaining there is a huge need on that and we have to be creative on the way we are doing that but also there is a lot of happening at global level so this is what now I will just show you with this there will be a lot of event important event this year the first one is the World Water Forum in Dakar where Eddy is now and after Dakar so we are in 2022 there is a lot of other events in Japan in Tajikistan there is a high level international conference in June and then between July and December we have the World Water Week in Stockholm we have high level political forums and we have a very important event at the end of the year which is the groundwater summit which will happen in Paris and why all that sometimes of course there is a lot of disconnection between the ground level and the picture before and this global level in this global level all the issues are discussed like for example in Dakar now challenges with the people that can take decisions on water and groundwater but of course we hope for the participation of as much practitioners, scientists as possible so the outcomes of all those events individual events will be used to make a statement and will be bring to the groundwater summit in December in Paris on groundwater and this messages or this message will be bring next year in 2023 to the UN water conference in New York this conference will be the half we are in the decade the water decade 2018-2028 and this UN water conference will assess where we are regarding the objectives set up for this decade at midterm which is next year so the challenge is to bring groundwater to this UN water conference and basically it's in my opinion to the objective challenge is to ensure that we are able to mainstream groundwater in all other water issues meaning that if we speak about integrated water management groundwater is included or if we speak about water financing we include groundwater and all other water policy all water policy should have a groundwater policy and before I was speaking about Chile this is again a challenge because the groundwater was added to the water policy but at the end so groundwater is managed like surface water but it's not the same it cannot be managed in the same way and there is a lot of examples like that so this is the the objective of the groundwater year is of course to raise awareness to all of us know when we are bringing groundwater and we know what are the processes that are happening we understand them but also at the same time at global level so we can ensure that groundwater is included in all the water challenges that we are facing basically this is my message for you today and I wish you a very nice groundwater day before we are moving to the next presentation I will I want to thank for the video that we watched before it even starts it is a company the films was made by Encontractor and Jayan Parashkar and it is about the salary for the long journey to access the right of water and also to the right to life guaranteed by the constitution of India and to the film they take a glimpse into the life of Mumbai's urban poor the political and systemic into the life of systemic injustice they face when they are trying to access water and sanitation as well as the ongoing efforts obviously the same collective to reform this system and also before the discussion we will also watch another movie it is called now the next presenter is Albert Tanhoff from NICC Albert Tanhoff is a groundwater management expert formerly working with the Akshaya Water and Pfizer to the World Bank with the focus on groundwater in the farm of Africa with the NICC we make timelines timelines are overview of what happened on a certain object of time and we do it in a wide range of fields of topics but water is the most important one and we have already completed 10 and one of them is on groundwater so that is the reason why I am here today to share with you some insights we had in preparing this timeline together so timeline is this series of bullets and if you you can also download them from the NICC website and under each bullet there is a story and it is a story with explains the topic and it refers directly to PDFs videos and other background material so the groundwater timeline is built up the first five bullets are just to explain and discuss typical topics on groundwater and the last five bullets are examples cases with emerging topics on groundwater which emerged in the five decades which were covered from 1970 to 2020 so now let me first go and speak to the same to the cycle which really was presented by Niels groundwater has a special relationship with time and that is why I show this this is a high logic cycle and a drop is called groundwater once it infiltrated from the surface into the subsoil and then water drop can either follow one or two days or one year for it before it comes back to the system through springs or discharge through surface water but other drops stay there for centuries on my linear so a lot of water drops in the soil have no idea on what happens on the ground this whole climate change and all those things are just not known to them because they are there for such a long time so there is so we have to to know that there is so much water deep down on groundwater which is there for a long time and which we can use I come to that later but there is another timeline in groundwater and that has to do with the management and typically there are four steps if you going to use groundwater first you have to know where it is the assessment is to get it out of the subsoil so that is the development or the exploitation and then that needs to go together with management to make sure that it is a long term thing that it is not going to be spoiled in the short time and management can only be practiced if you have monitoring data so assessment, development, management and monitoring are the three core elements of successful groundwater use but the reality it goes more like in this slide the assessment that is the domain of the hybrid geologists they find a good aquifer say here you can drill a well of 100 meters and get your water so people start drilling and one well is very successful and the second one also and it can go up to 50 or 100 wells and it seems that the resource is infinite compared to the abstraction but without management because management is not at another point in that phase so there is no thinking of management but at a certain point of time there will be a call for action either levels drop water quality deteriorates or land subsides so there is point where there is action needed and then management becomes a big need to resolve those conflicts so that's where management comes in but it's too late so managed development is then needed but it will not solve most of the problems which could have been provided if management could be in place from the beginning monitoring of course is related to that monitoring is needed to do your management otherwise you are not aware of the type of measures and impacts of it and now the impacts of this are very well known especially from the past the example of Sana where the water level dropped more than 140 meters because of the land subsides in the Yogyng valley in California which started already early in the last century but in the last 50 years it dropped again another 9 meters or 3 meters and of course the well known example in Punjab the green revolution in India where 1.5 million wells were drilled without any management except for the distance between the wells but there were no further management rules and now 30-40 years later it has become a disaster the water levels dropped the water is polluted and the rule of water supply systems in the same area the small the rule of water by schemes are also affected by arsenic and many other pollutants so now there is mentioning of management but it's actually too late there are too many of those wells and it will be very difficult to make a turn in providing safe water for everybody but it has a large impact on the population on the economy now those same 4 steps assessment developer and management are also kind of framework for see what are the main changes in the groundwater and development over the last 50 years if you look to assessment it starts in the 70s it was very locally it was a geneticist who went to the field of information of existing wells and that developed now over the time with all kind of new tools and information sources geophysics, isotopes, therias you can name it up to the global data sets remote sensing data sets it will be presented later and the same actually for monitoring it also started very locally with hand-held tools of even paper files and it also developed automatic motoring computer applications dps etc also to real-time data models which are available today for the development it is interesting to see that in the 70s more or less the groundwater was local a local resource tapped by shallow wells, dug well springs and over the years groundwater was tapped deeper and deeper so till deeper drilling started in the 80s up to 400 meters drilling is now often also in apricot countries and recently the first wells up to 600 meters were drilled in Ethiopia and in Tanzania so it goes deeper and deeper as long as the quality of the water allows for it but in the same time the linkage with surface water also we see it for a long time already that riverbank importration consumed the views and more recently the last 10-15 years also it is a very clear development a very promising one to make groundwater more effective and more in reach of the people on the management it was also a very local localized solution a conflict resolution in the 70s now with all the insights and with the not only models but also the insights through IWRM and Groundwater Government has become a much kind of complete system to guide the development but still it often comes too late to become effective enough now in the timeline we have of those four we have kind of case studies which are presented in the five bullets at the end and you can just see them if you open the timeline through NICC now to conclude with I think Groundwater has become more visible than it was in the past especially this more and more recognition that Groundwater has this specific advantages that it's available beneath it it's a decentralized resource so it's the source for safe water, for rural and small open water supply it's our largest reservoir that's seen in the first slide so it's still a lot of water there which we can use which we can develop if we develop the right technology and the management tools with it and the mark is already mentioned the mark is the most important one of course epifers are not only Groundwater in epifers but epifers itself can be used to store water to blitz triperiods and it's also still an untapped resource because we don't use the brekkies Groundwater resources which are still untapped, largely untapped and the deeper epifers which are mentioned already and of course the natural protection of groundwater against pollution and evaporation there's more and more recognition that groundwater is more than only a source of water for drinking water supply but it's other increasingly important characteristics a stable temperature as a source of renewable energy environmental function to provide base flow to wetlands and the natural treatment of epifers for natural remediation so I think groundwater has good potential and we have to make more promotion of these kind of characteristics of groundwater to make it accepted and more recognized by the broader audience and I think on top of everything is this men's factory for recharge because that has the last potential I'm working now in Somalia and in Ethiopia for the World Bank I see that this is the solution you can drill more deep wells in Somalia you can try to find more locations for shallow wells but catching up the water in the bodies with this type of systems to store the water when there is runoff and use it during the dry season is it's a fantastic way of supplying water in dry remote areas and I think you could see the World Bank has now the first large project in Somalia where they built 30 or 40 of these systems in Puntland and also in other parts of East Africa you see a lot of attention and a lot of investments in this men's equity charge and I'm happy that here in the Netherlands a lot of organizations including Acacia but also the NGOs and small firms have contributed a lot to that in the last 15 years describing cases publishing books and promoting it wherever they are in the dry parts of this world so I think this makes groundwater a solution it's not an invisible resource this for many users on the ground men's equity charge there's structures that you can see the sand dams are not underground they are visible and people see that thanks to these dams in which they often contributed in building them they see that even at the end of the dry season there is still water which was not there in the past and the dams are only one there are many other technologies but I think this is something we can really kind of promote as a solution in groundwater rather than an invisible resource which you can only tap if you have the knowledge or you have the tools to know where it is and to know how to get it to get it at the surface I will skip this one this will come later I think with the next presentation but this remote sensing both on the design side of the mapping side but also on the monitoring and the management are I think tools which are extremely powerful and easy to access and I think both this remote sensing for mapping datasets for groundwater mapping and the water productivity for managing and monitoring the the water productivity in dry areas are extremely effective tools so we should really continue to invest in them and make them more accessible but at the end all those technologies will only be effective if they are embedded in the non-technical environment and if they are linked to legal and managerial capacities if they are linked to the communities who are to work and to use them if they are payable if they are linked to the correct economic and financial capacities and also institutional capacities to manage them at the different levels so investment in knowledge and investment in tools is extremely important but always we have to make sure that they fit into the broader picture of groundwater governance thank you thank you very much Albert for your presentation it was very interesting to also hear a bit about the historical developments of the things we are talking about now so for the next presentation we are going to go a bit more to the present and future because I want to invite Rue to join the stage Rue is a hydro geologist works at Deltaris and also at Uttas University one day a week and he will give us a presentation about groundwater in the Netherlands thank you both for introducing me thanks for also being here interesting seeing nice young people at the back and also in front are part of this whole story of groundwater I want to focus on groundwater in the Netherlands key to resilient and sustainable future I have some topics here we are already behind time so I try to stick for 15 minutes but I don't do less otherwise I cannot make it and on top of that I thought also now more knowledge doesn't mean we will smarter use this water so if you have more knowledge you maybe extract more so before knowing more maybe we should also think about schemes or governance that we smarter use this water and we talked about more but maybe we don't need that are there alternatives maybe saving water water saving activities maybe using brackish water later maybe using solar system crops so also for the part of water saving I think we can do a lot instead of only knowing more of the resources and getting more out I think also we should directly think about using less that's a good to start here anyway the arrows news we had some overlap together also I am in the task which is independent research institute on the soil water infrastructure independent not for profit we want to bridge research applied research to application we want to go for integrated knowledge and innovation we feel the water and soil and we have basically a few missions we want to help others clients stakeholders governance governmental institutes also companies into future delta sustainable delta safe delta infrastructure so we want to share our knowledge from the Netherlands also with our colleagues to the universities towards other people I really like the concept of there to share because we need the sharing because we need to contribute to the society and share this knowledge we have in certain projects also especially in the international setting I come to that later now we work together with other people other institutes or close water balance also in the Netherlands though you think we are a water rich country we still have a lot of scarcity especially in the summertime you can see here water shortages the dry season in international settings I would say not the summertime or in times for the dry season and we have some challenges we want to use a sub-service as solution for water supply now we come to that later that's difficult because there are many stakeholders many functions we want to also increase the present groundwater resources because we think this is a precious resource and we want to use it for the future for future generations so apart from getting more out make our economy working properly working getting a lot of food production we are very good with food production good water quality we still want to preserve water for the future but there is more trouble of course and on this side you can see many people ask water from us now you see the list drinking water agriculture peat areas etc etc so there is a lot of demands on top of that we have a coastal area just a small area in the world it's only a small stamp compared to big countries but we have also a lot of saline groundwater that's because of the history in the past sea level was higher there was no dam no sand dune area so we were flooded all the time we have a lot of salt in the subsurface so it's not fresh water resource you can extract it's also mixed with salt water and that is bad because if you mix only 1 liter salt with 170 liter fresh water you can already start to taste it you can already see that certain crops are already vulnerable to this water content so that's really a tricky system and on top of that I mentioned some concepts I only want to take out this one when you extract too much in a saline area you can have upconing and the difficult thing over there is if you extract normal volumes you can very rapidly have upconing in this extraction well you think that certainly the consideration is too high and you stop but really before it takes the system of salt water getting down that can take maybe 10 times more time so upconing is maybe 5 years and it takes maybe 50 years before the salt water is going down so you can destroy it easily let's say make the system fresh again takes maybe 10 times more time that's important to remember when you talk about groundwater in the coastal zone on top of that in the Netherlands and also people in the Netherlands we see that there are a lot of kind of stresses it's sometimes too wet sometimes it's possible prone to flooding it's possible prone to dry periods sometimes it's very dry and it can be too wet it can be too sanalized so in the Netherlands you see all the colors all those legendas too small for you now maybe you can check later so there are many possible problems too wet, too dry, too salty, too low and all those issues also trouble our system on top of that of course in the future system with sea level rise with substance as I said maybe changing policy but also humans activities are very important for instance from extraction processing basically it all matters to us and all effects the groundwater issue and last as an introduction I say that if you are checking out the future of the Netherlands in case of extreme sea level rise now I think in 2100 we think about 80 centimeters only maybe it can go up higher we don't know yet, IPCC said maybe it can go up to 2 meters maybe 3 meters which is extreme high but it might be possible maybe we have to think about other solutions they were very low lying maybe we have to think about closing the Netherlands maybe open up the Netherlands you see all the effects of that sketches maybe we have to go seaward maybe we have to just retreat and that all will affect the groundwater system so these concepts as I write down here they are not yet understood and understand and we didn't check out what would be the effect of all those higher level effects of how we cope with extreme sea level rise on our groundwater system so it is still research that we have to check out anyway from my point of view groundwater plays an important role you can see the list 1 to 4 ecosystem services it is important for as a solution as already explained for the transition in many things in water transition, in energy in food and in nature we all need this groundwater source as a solution to solve this transition to make this transition happen and last part of course the sustainable development goals the 17 goals the green deal in Europe the natural system as they all are into trouble and if you don't have groundwater around you will not solve easily those problems and here I just mentioned a few deltares to get their work in many other institutes like KWR in universities that we work on and also very important that governance is always part of the game so we can invent technical solutions but we cannot implement properly if you don't have the governance directly with these kind of projects I have now a few examples now this is an example Nils already taught that's overlap of course Nils and we already 65 yes 65 years ago really started up with one of the first in Europe maybe in the whole of the world the first aqua storage and recovery system the many sector for each other that was happening in the time and as the water works I think and it really worked pretty well why was it needed, it was needed because people extracted too much and they were sold upconing in those wells as I already explained to you second one is now the project will work based on old stuff basically stuff already 65 years ago we now basically kind of reinvent using the subservice as a solution for water storage and we call it here the COSTA concept which is also part with KWR you don't see any corner news but behind there you are KWR and Agales of course it's here in the sheet and it's about large scale use of the subservice for robust water supply and water management system and we see this concept that applicable around many areas water scarcity and water silenization issues and basically what we want and that's on top of the news set in this corner we want water for different kind of end users we have different kind of demands let's say sometimes fresh water, maybe practice water at the right volume the right quality the right place, the right moment for reasonable costs and that is difficult not enough, maybe quality is not good enough and we try to mix that up to make that match is very difficult and with insert and research programs Aga Connect supported by the Dutch government NWO so basically scientific funding we try to try to make up this kind of system that we try to match in this context water for the right end users now these are examples of COSTAR it's in the special this one the news did mention it but it's in the NEEA area we work with PhDs on really implementing monitor doing really this and that's not in fresh water but it's now in practice waters included here we want to extract practice water we want to purify it disanalization and then bring this prime water to the sea level and in that setting it is feasible to increase the volume while still extracting large amount of water for drinking water supply another kind of innovation I would say in the Netherlands I just checked around about 20 years ago I saw the first time this concept in the avidlates also old stuff and it's coming from the oil industry and they did this survey and we said this is not possible you cannot detect with a helicopter or an airplane you cannot detect the salinity in the subservice so we were very skeptical 20 years ago and we then suddenly saw it possible we checked it out in a European project and suddenly we saw it is possible to have this airborne survey and then we can map the three dimensional groundwater salinity and now recently we also know that you can map the clay layers they are important for storing water of course if you don't have clay layers it affects the infiltration capacity and we did it in Zeeland 7 years ago 1.4 million euros and now we do the national scale based on some funding from local area local partners and also with partners from the national Dutch government and we see that this is a very nice innovation coming from old industry oil gas already invented 20 years ago but now with new ideas new finishing touch ideas now we can really use this knowledge for groundwater resource management maybe for better aquasort and recovery system maybe also implement where we can do practice groundwater extraction and lastly we can use this knowledge to infiltrate or implement it in the models to have better models for future predictions so this kind of project is made in total let's say 5 million for all the millions and I think if we go to Egypt 1.5 million for the Nail Delta it looks like a lot of money but it's not compared to normal data collection and certainly you have this result already within 1 year last thing from a Dutch point of view this is our national model national water model natural hydro-tugal model only in Denmark also small country we have these kind of models and we have these models because we want to understand how different kind of drivers will affect our water management so these models are created already 15 years ago because it's a lot of money some people very skeptical about it didn't believe it they say this is wrong, it's not good enough it's not fast enough, that's still difficult by the way but we continue to do this for the national government and now similarly these kind of tools are used for water management groundwater management so these tools are supporting decision making, supporting policy making and that is nice because we can now have scientifically based knowledge implementing in water management and policy and that is scientifically based off and that I think like a lot and we just started by the way because now we have recollected that we can much faster model we can use parallel computing supercomputers and we can much more easily do more simulations and that helps us better understand how this is the works and how uncertain the results are for internal setting let's finish what I say now is just the Netherlands but of course and I work in Egypt also Bangladesh a bit in Vietnam basically the problems are the same what we have is a problem maybe a small problem, it's much bigger in Bangladesh and I would like to share this kind of knowledge we have and we also want to learn from other countries to have a better mutual idea of what is the problem and how can we solve it and groundwater is there for part of it as I said earlier it's not small stuff because more than 200 million people living in these three different kind of deltas they are into trouble from water management or water supply point of view in the Mekong delta they told me the farmers say if I don't have water next year because it was large if I don't once again have water enough I have to stop my project if I have to go to the city I know for Egypt over there if the water quality stays so bad they cannot sell the crops in good price anymore so that kind of trouble they are in daily and that means that if they continue on that they have to stop them for that and to finish the reflections partly whatever I said now groundwater system is under increasing stress I think it's key for the transition in water food energy and nature it can be an equal service for the future and it's important for that I think before really to implement a sustainable resilient pathways of solutions we need more knowledge about how it really works that the airborne survey may be modelling the data the modelling and the monitoring and that's important to implement to get the idea of how it works and how it will react to solutions and then I would like to share our knowledge with other areas around the world and also I want to collect knowledge that we have a mutual knowledge level good enough to support people in making the right decisions and the last framing idea I have here yeah, breakage groundwater is a new fresh I think opportunities over there are a lot and we should go into that more okay thank you now we will move to a more specific topic about remote sensing in the management of groundwater resources I want to invite Marlu to the stage to tell us more policy and associate professor at IHE Delft currently coordinating the world accounting group using remote sensing and she also coordinates the IHE Delft activities of the FAO like VAPOR project which covers Africa and the Middle East thank you very much yeah, I have been asked to talk a little bit about remote sensing and how that can be useful for groundwater and groundwater assessments Gu already showed a very nice example of how something looking from the top you can you can still get a lot of nice information to help you better understand the groundwater resources and to support that so this is an introduction about some innovations in remote sensing so the innovation really relates to the remote sensing and we see more and more products becoming available that monitor the different components of the water cycle and you can think about precipitation, you can think about IHE Delft transpiration you think about storage strains change and the GRACE product actually measures the gravity of the earth and the only changes that you find in water sources and volcanoes is the change in water storage and of course the water storage you've got the service water storage and the groundwater storage but it provides a lot of information around the changes in the availability of water resources it also there are products that provide information around soil moisture that information is often related to top soil but there are also estimates on providing more information about deeper up the root zone estimates so these are some of the elements that can be measured from remote sensing products we see also over the last decades the quality of the different products is improving the spatial resolution of the products is improving and also the temporal resolution so it's unfortunately still not at the same level as the ground observation where you have sometimes daily data but it is providing a lot of information especially at the spatial scale and we also see there's a lot of stories about the availability of data and the quality of the data and I always see it as a complementary resource rather than something that replaces the available data that we're observing so you should see it as a complementary water source what we also see is that more and more of the data sources are open access available so there's processing of the remote sensing data from remote sensing observations and they become already prepackaged made available so the the slide or the image that you see here is the WAPER database that is hosted by FOWL where IHE is also a partner in implementing the project and you see that the remote sensors are observing different components it's then processed into different products and then it's then available of charge for everybody who wants to access it so and this is just one of the resources there are many other sources that are available I would like to share a little bit information about some of the work that we're doing in one of the countries and that is Jordan some background information is the second water scarce country in the world there's a lot of issues around the sharing of the water resources there are a lot of trans boundary basins that are executing water uses within the basin but also between the countries we've got declining water levels in the Dead Sea which is the endpoint of the Jordan river basin so you can see that there's a lot of over usage in the river and there's also a low efficiency of the water resources so as a result a lot of people and a lot of sectors have resulted into using groundwater and as a result groundwater is now being over abstracted and there's a lot of what they call illegal use of groundwater especially in certain areas agriculture has developed more wells and they're using water that is not licensed by the government so as a result you see here the map of Jordan some studies that the ministry has done with BGR that you see that there's a lot of draw down so the red colors are the magnitude of draw down of the groundwater resources and you see in many areas where they have data and the other areas they don't have the data that the water table is going down substantially and in some cases and you see here some of the areas and some of the monitoring wells whereby the groundwater is declining rapidly and in some cases even up to 10 meters a year so that's substantial so what is then the impact of these draw downs we see in this particular graph you see the contour lines and they've changed the contour lines so even the flow direction of the groundwater has changed which also results in some area that the groundwater direction flow is changing that some cell line water is coming into the area so there's some salinity of wells because they are also because of the draw down they are tapping now into more saline aquifers there's a wetland that is a bit on the east side of Jordan which used to be a natural wetland where the groundwater was really at the surface and now the groundwater is about 100 meters deep in some of these places and they are actually pumping groundwater into the wetland to maintain it because it also is a touristic situation or a touristic location so it's quite significant what is happening and what you see on the other slide this is like a cross section of the Jordan so you've got the highlands and the Jordan valley and because the water table and the highlands is going down a lot of the springs that are coming out in the Jordan valley are also drying up as a result well then how do we manage these resources they're basically to make your unknown information in this basin to make it and to manage the water resources adequately and you see in the map the number of wells that is abstracting groundwater and on the left hand side you also see the magnitude of the wells and some of them are government they have a license they are maybe for groundwater resources for large cities but there are also a lot of the purple dots I've got a lot of private wells that are unmonitored and they don't really know how much water they are abstracting from the groundwater so one of the unknown is really what is the safe field how much can you extract from these groundwater sources without affecting and lowering the water table even more and ideally you will even want to get to a point where you actually can recover the groundwater resources and then at the same time you also want to know how much is actually being abstracted currently and could you maybe penalize some of the users in those areas so how can we use remote sensing and the vapor data to provide more and better estimates on these topics so what we are doing at IHE we are working so this is and maybe the students that are here you can also be in one of my slides maybe next year we are working with one of the students here where we are developing a dynamic soil water balance model whereby we are using this kind of open databases and open data sources to estimate groundwater recharge so one of the and this is linked also to the water accounting work that we are doing in the team here at IHE one of the advantages of the work that we are doing and using the actual ET is that we have an algorithm to estimate also the irrigation application rather than having that as an unknown input we are currently running the model at the monthly time set we also would like to increase the time set to get better the intensity of the rainfall on how that affects the recharge and we are also looking and working with the ministry to validate it against observed groundwater levels one of the reasons why we are doing this currently Jordan is also using only the annual values of rainfall to estimate the groundwater recharge and only based on the rainfall so we hope that by this we get more provides more spatial distributed estimates on groundwater recharge in Jordan then the second one is estimating how much water is being used in from agriculture in abstraction and we also see that the vapor data could actually provide some information around that we again use this soil water balance model that actually splits and checks whether or not the evaporation is as a result of the rainfall that fell on that pixel or if there is more evaporation then you can expect from the rainfall and we attribute that to irrigation or water application or deep groundwater abstraction and we call that blue ET so that's one thing that we can estimate and we think that that blue ET is very much related to the withdrawals from the wells from the abstracted water another estimate is just estimating effective rainfall and subtracting that from the vapor evapotranspiration unfortunately the database in Jordan is currently covered by 100 meter resolution and actually a lot of the fields and the farms in Jordan are not well identified with that resolution data but there are some algorithms that you can reproduce the data and you see here some images of the actual evaporation map using 130 meter resolution Landsat data and in the graph you see that we compared whether the file compares the abstraction that were estimated using the remote sensing with the actual abstractions from the farms and there is actually a very good correlation between the two so it shows that there is a good possibility to really identify where is the water being used and how much is being abstracted from the data and there is a nice clip also and if you follow twitter you can look it up and the link is actually by the folks on some of the work that Fawr has done in this base and in this area in Jordan on how to use the vapor data to estimate and provide information around this concept and then finally most of the images that I presented came from some of the resources there is a project website of the vapor database the portal there is also a link to the portal you can contact Fawr if you have questions and if you are really interested you can also follow a training course and in the next couple of years we will be developing more training opportunities and applications and use of the database thank you thank you very much for your interesting presentation and to see what you can do with all the technology and the data so next I want to invite Simón to give us a presentation Simón is a hydrologist working at Acacia Water so yeah I will give you the report ok so good afternoon everyone also those joining online hope you stick on for a while so thanks once again for the opportunity to also present some of the well user cases or examples from the field in ground water management we have heard a lot of the challenges already and indeed what we see in the field that ground water is often seen as an infinite resource which we can tap unlimited but yeah unfortunately that is not the case because if we use it non-sustainable yeah we will face dry wells water shortages we see conflicts over water arising in the field we see that an increasing amount of fossil reserves get depleted yeah and in the end this will result in low economic returns for those using the water and actually what we see is that ground water plays a crucial role in water availability and therefore yeah that is a reason to appreciate it very well and to exploit it wisely so to dive a bit into the challenges we see into the field one of the yeah most pressing things is that the general overview of what resources are available that overview is lacking so in areas there is little knowledge on how much water is actually available for use whether this is replenished on an annual basis or not and if we then look at ground water development and the tapping of new resources we see often that the capacity to do this either to decide where water is available on which depth it is available but also the capacity on how to manage it properly how to determine a safe yield also as Malus was already mentioning that those principles basic principles and basic knowledge on the ground is lacking and that for example if if we work together with implementers or practitioners well drilling companies we also see that guidelines or protocols to develop wells yeah are either of insufficient quality or are not maintained or valued as such leading to wells being placed at the wrong location or the success rate with which ground water wells are drilled is very low and also what Elizabeth was mentioning in acknowledging ground water as a precious resource we see that the financing behind it to appreciate it as such is also lacking behind so if we want to capacitate on ground water development on the sustainable use of it then also the financing component should yeah be increased on that to also appreciate it as such and to preserve it for also the future generations so I will now give you some of the examples of practical examples which you apply into the field in opening up basically the invisibility of ground water and one of the things we do is what we call ground water mapping and that is actually to inform what I just explained this well drilling process to basically inform on which locations are best to start a drilling to increase the drilling rate success and also have a kind of effect based view on what actually is available so the pictures you see here on the slide are from Ethiopia where we both practice now some shallow ground water mapping as well as the deep ground water mapping and to give one clear example of a project which we are currently in is a hydrogeological mapping for climate resilient wash which is funded by the FCDO the British Development Agency and this is a project we currently conduct for the Ministry of Water and Energy in Ethiopia and we basically follow a four step approach in which we first combine datas available on hydrogeology geology recharge and combine that in a sort of an overlay analysis by which we get the ground water potential map and by also estimating the the water demand by combining population numbers and attach a certain water demand on it we get a water demand map and if we combine those two we actually see those areas which should be targeted where more water has to become available but also which are high potential for ground water development and those target maps we use to inform the field work so as the presentation is named on the ground this really implies that field work is necessary to either validate those locations by hydrogeological assessments by geophysics and in the end to combine this with expert judgment to define the exact locations where the success rate for a drilling exercise will be highest and we see also the positive effect for this approach indeed the success rate becomes higher and it also opts for having this pre-assessment before actually going into the field one of the other things which the other presenter also stressed the importance of is actually ensuring that ground water also becomes replenished recharge and one of the recent activities we did is mapping the recharge potential the rainwater harvesting potential for the Sahel region actually to show on which locations with which practical interventions you can recharge the shallow ground water so that it yeah that this resource becomes available on a seasonal basis and you also avoid the use of deeper ground water layers which cannot be replenished easily one of the other things that is important to map is what is actually a risk for developing ground water in certain areas and this is a demand by donors by NGOs, by local governments but also by investors trying to get feet on the ground in a certain area so one of the things that we also developed is a kind of ground water impact scan which shows you the risk in a certain area with respect to the ground water quality ground water quantity and tells you whether a certain area is in high risk for either ground water shortages or bad water quality and tells you some of the strategies you can apply to either overcome this or to avoid any further risks to occur and one of the ways we also try to do in making the invisible visible is to visualize trends on ground water development and Marlos was already telling a bit on this that there are widely available and open source databases that you can use to get an insight in the ground water availability so thanks for your attention and last but not least we have a student from AGDL to tell the story about the modern Pakistan Mahashek Mahashek as sub-difficient officer in Punjab Aviation Department Pakistan is currently a student of hydraulic engineering I want to invite Mahashek to tell us about this story more good afternoon I am Mahashek and I will be talking about ground water situation in Pakistan historical overview and challenges Pakistan is basically an agriculture country and where agriculture contributes about 20% of the total GDP of the country whereas the ground water contributes about 76% of the total education done in the country Pakistan is currently the 4th largest user of ground water in the world so the contribution of surface water to irrigation is only 24% whereas 53% is the use of surface water and ground water 23% is solely done by ground water so I will go through the historical overview 1960 only small scale abstraction of ground water was done in 1960 Indus water treaty was signed between India and Pakistan after that large scale extension of canal was carried out and there was a problem of water logging in selenity and a project known as selenity control and reclamation project was launched in 1960 after that number several tubers were installed 17,000 tubers in the scheme and the number increased tremendously especially in the drought period during 1996-2001 in which the number of tubers increased to about 59% due to reduction in surface water up to 26% so currently an average decline of 0.92m per year is observed in the country there are some facts and figures so in 1960 the number of tubers were about 30,000 whereas in 2018 the number of tubers has been increased to about 1.36 million the contribution of ground water to irrigation was about 8% in 1960 and currently the contribution of ground water to irrigation is about 75% the water availability per capita was about 6000m2 in 1960 and currently it's 1070m2 per capita so here are few factors contributing to ground water depletion obviously population growth and increasing water demand is one of the factor peripheral growth due to urbanization because impermeable land has been increased and the reduction in groundwater has been observed so depletion is also contributing to ground water depletion here are some of the few facts and figures regarding the water extensive crops such as wheat, sugar cane and rice in 1960 the production of wheat, sugar cane and rice was quite low as compared to 2017 figures we can see the production of rice has been increased to about 8 times in 1960 and about 80% of the irrigation water used for irrigation in Pakistan is used for irrigating wheat, sugar cane, rice and cotton here are few of the major challenges faced in Pakistan obviously the most important one is depletion of ground water which is declining at the rate of 0.92m per year climate change is also causing is also a major challenge as it is increasing the demand water demand due to excessive pumping deterioration in groundwater quality has been observed and also there was very little management of groundwater resources in the way start and some practices are now there but it is way too less to manage groundwater this is just a graph showing the trend increase in the number of tube wells over the years so it can be seen from 97000 in 1970 it is like 1.36 million in 2017-18 here is a trend of groundwater depletion in the most populous region of the province of the country which is Punjab so in Punjab it can be seen that more than 50% of the cultivated land has groundwater depth below 6m having a quick overview of the groundwater depletion in Balochistan province the decline of 2-3m per year has been observed and in Lahore city which is the capital of the province of Punjab 0.92m per year decline is observed here is the effect of climate change on water demand it can be seen that the water demand is expected to be increased tremendously keeping in view the climate change scenario here is a comparison of water quality in 2007 and 2014 the pink areas are showing the unfit water for irrigation and drinking purposes it can be seen that the pink area the unfit water quantity of unfit water has been increased tremendously in 2000 14 as compared to the figures in 2007 so 21% of the province of Punjab soil is selenized and 43% in Punjab soil has been selenized there are a few efforts done by the government of the Pakistan for better groundwater management such as the licensing system was introduced to restrict the installation of tube wells over the province after that Punjab irrigation and drainage act was also established in 1977 which defined groundwater rights so there is an institution working known as Pakistan consul of research and water resources which is working for a groundwater recharge at different locations in the country by groundwater mapping also the projects of rainwater harvesting have been done by PCRWR Pakistan consul of research in groundwater resources to different projects are in continuation currently all important policy documents such as the national water policy the national climate change policy the national food policy emphasize on groundwater restoration there are also interesting projects launched by the government of Pakistan one is the recharge Pakistan which is currently based on adoption of ecosystem based strategies in the country to have better climate resilience and better food and water security one very interesting project is 10 billion tree tsunami forestation project 10 billion tree tsunami forestation project in which 10 billion trees are expected to be planted for better vegetation cover and climate climate resilience so are we too late for groundwater management may be but there is always a way forward so I will discuss some of them so better implementation of the licensing system should be done as the licensing system is there for restricting the use of groundwater but it is not very well implemented different projects on rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharge are already in progress it is on very small scale more emphasis should be given on these projects so currently the trend in irrigation sector of Pakistan is using the flood irrigation so we should shift from flood irrigation to drip irrigation and spring irrigation system so irrigation practices such as alternate wet and dry irrigation should be adopted so the efficiency of irrigation system can also be improved by reducing the water losses such as seepage losses and convince losses indirectly by either lining of the canals reuse of water should be optimized so one of the important way forward is changing crop patterns so basically as I already discussed that water is 80% of the water is used for irrigating wheat, rice, sugarcane and cottage in Pakistan so these are very water-extensive crops we can move from water-extensive crop to less water-consuming crops as well also crop patterns can be changed, different studies can be done to change crop patterns such a way to optimize the yield and minimize the shortage of water and as we already done in our master studies as we are using ribosome software so I could tell you that changing crop patterns can have a huge impact on yield of crops and reducing the shortage of water so this is all from my side thank you very much for presenting to us the case of Pakistan so we have had a lot of speakers giving us their presentations about many different topics related to groundwater and we now have about 10 minutes for your questions so I would like to invite the speakers to this stage and the audience to think of any questions they want to ask to the speakers today so who has any questions for one of the speakers for all of you so I have a question about the low acceleration framework which is being developed by UN we had to say for integrated water management there is a lack of innovation governance test building, finance and there is one more I am trying to find out is there for groundwater a specific point in this accelerator that is of importance or it does a different country or are they all of importance innovation test building governance, finance data more important when you have seen the last presentation the solution is not one, it is all so we need N data N, N, N, N it is all that makes it difficult for this kind of this kind of approaches different kinds of end users to make that happen so the next level my point of view will be by combining different kind of topics as you mentioned by combining it into then you can make steps instead of only focusing on three or four, two of the things you mentioned I give what I think yes, so I think that is also key in what we see the work of Akshia so what you also see taking ground in the last years is taking a holistic approach to this indeed by integrating yes, different disciplines and that is yes, key in managing the groundwater and the water source resources as well yes, we see before the levels of groundwater in other management what I see in this meeting is on the level of knowledge the assessment and the management the monitoring all sides developing very very fast especially with these remote sensing tools etc the development of groundwater its private sector is very active so it can make money out of drilling wells so building the water systems around the wells etc so it all comes back to the management and that is also what I am preparing the presentation I came to this meeting it is all about the management what we do in the management the topics you mentioned the level of knowledge in certain countries it is different it is the strength of the legislation the power of the government so I think in each in the countries where I work I see everywhere that it is those issues on the management the non technical side the non knowledge side it is different in each country where you have to take all your efforts to make that stronger and then the technology and the knowledge will follow very easily and it is now far ahead of it and that is definitely the most difficult part of the whole creation and that is why it is forgotten and it is in the last 40 years in groundwater development I don't see a solution rather than capacity development of individuals and they can find their way in the system to come up in the right position so capacity development for me is number one and I think IHA is a perfect location to make this commitment any other questions yes I see some people here I used to work in an international setting I worked for the Ministry of Infrastructure and Water and I would like to know from you who can cheer me up because I have become a little bit pessimistic about this situation the solution of declining tables is also very much linked to the agriculture which has got a big boost from accessing groundwater but it is a huge political economy as well you cannot just say to farmers who stop doing that you will create revolutions at the same time the solutions which are presented on management manage aquifer recharge at least in the Netherlands we are realizing and I think all over the world the low levels of PFOA and all those other forever chemicals the effects that they have on our drinking water there are a lot of doubts whether that is just that is the way forward and so I am becoming a little bit pessimistic on what are the ways out of this situation we cannot access it siloed at the same time if you integrate everything you will stall forever everything so please cheer me up maybe I still the idea from your side you need to understand what the issue is and we need to see the urgency of the problem before people take action and then I think your side really showed that you get this uncontrolled utilization of the groundwater but once you find out and realize that it is an issue people start taking action and making hopefully the right decisions to start managing it more properly so I think the fact that people are more realizing that it is an issue it actually calls for this change and a call for action to manage them more sustainably than we have been doing in the past but I am sorry I stole your I am sorry I stole your I am sorry I stole your yeah maybe I don't need but I agree with that it is awareness, pretty awareness but that is a good example of good management as you see examples of management for Richard many years ago it was not there it is really a boost it was not there 15 years ago no Richard small skill system now we have farmers in Akasha do many things in Spara that we see many examples that it works and also the delta program they suddenly recognize that small skill solutions are part of a bigger solution and it was not there in the beginning they only thought in big systems big water supply systems and also with the new generation especially in IG we create here in IG the new directors the new persons in charge and my problem would be that it takes too long it should be faster it should be fast in charge of really knowing the awareness and getting into better solutions more questions yeah of course how about you how about you Jean Khalid Ali master student here at IG actually in this presentation it was mentioned that ground water can be part of solution and can be part of problem what do you mean by part of problem water crisis so we have water so how can be part of problem thank you so i think we all know how we should that we have created ourselves in a time spot in a corner so the question becomes how to deal with that so it's too simple to think how we have a water problem that was my point with the introduction we have a water problem and ground water is a solution ground water has been a long time already part of the problem and you create with the supply you create demand and you can't just abandon ship for people to be deciding to live in their fields to live in their homes that's massive so ground water is already part of the problem and that's sufficient answer for you to ask question myself because it's related to this point so not being on the stage I can ask questions and my question really is I see parallels with the energy transition and we know we decided we need for sustainable future we need to say goodbye to fossil is it why is it ethical to be developing fossil ground water creating a demand that we know is more resustainable what you know this issue because many articles possibly it's only a small part of the total volume so I think if you want to in the same place if you need this fossil because it's the only ground water it's probably deep down so it's an expensive solution so there will not be many places where the fossil ground water is your actually first choice because there are no alternatives then I think then it's a socio-economic decision it's the government the management have to take are we going to take it now because in 10 years we have another solution we can decelerate our wreckage water from so it's a political socio-economic political decision of the government and the spot we cannot if the guy buys it political is short term of an investment in particle they take the decisions some types of fossil is here Norway they do it smart they do the oil extraction and the production they put it on the bank and safeguard this budget for later, for future it should be like that but I don't think it will happen always but I think it could be for 10, 15 years possibility I'm not in favor of that because it's mining but if you can do that in 10, 15 years and you can safeguard this budget and you can create economical development bring the level of people to higher status more health more happiness basically and then safeguard part of this budget you earn for later developments that is maybe intermediate possibility for people living now I'm not against it I don't think it's always possible it's often not possible but that could be possible possibility for me maybe also in Africa but it's not political correct say that I would say many people complain about this approach I'm sorry but we're running out of time so I suggest we continue the discussion later I have one question for her and what do you think as a solution for the things you put over there can we finish with that as a young person who has ideas of the future do you really believe in your approach yeah ground border recharge system is the most important need emphasis I think that's the way out before closing the session we will watch one other video start with this from IG students okay this is the title is this video is challenges to access water and sanitation in their camp located in northern Syria and bordered by Turkey this video is about something from the water and sanitation routine of a family it begins with the father who works as a water contractor to deliver water to the refugees and his family then the mother answers questions about the conditions and sanitation for service in the camp now we can watch the video this video is made by with them at one of the IG students and also it can be watched in the dog if you want to watch the game yet the home of the 20 families like the ones of Khalid are water proof he has mother wife and six kids who are forced to leave their rooms and buildings in villages and cities and move around if they get real cars as north as possible 7 years ago in the artist's project of Azear city those of the parliament are with Turkey they try to serve power we are called the Baaboo we are the leaders we are the leaders we are the leaders we are the leaders we are the leaders in the water we are the leaders we are the leaders नहीhoneा में हाँ धव about at Oil roses, में नहीं हाँ improvement नहीं नहीं नहीं हाँ कैं कुसारी वन लिट्यान loco integrrelrelrelrelrelrelre नहीं है mythology नहीं हैँ मुईत नहींनुकोर नहीं जब में शो, अब बरख, मुईत recognised that नहीं नहीं कुसारि creepy वोकडर न पयता Heute। according to recent reports published by Loon & Ashelerd on UNICEF in 2021 6.2 million internally forced displaced civilians are training to live with the simplest means available and take care of their families इंविऱ्िन वि� Investional situation is currently at stake despite the limited awareness and media coverage information. Moreover, there might be a family like them in the outstreet of many cities and countries where people are forced to live and live in precarious conditions. Wouldn't you care about them? तुछके रपाई, आम निवी लिई नहीं ज्एं आप जोग के ज़ोगने नुएर्मार्च्ए। ौथ, तो बवेँा Yo, we have the pictures, we still have videos. ौ येते बग्रए देबने चाभ ते दीगे। Because there is too much to discuss or to conclude. ृक्रा सेंग से रेडी सह ता डिविँग का तीए ती इसी। । Because the drinks are already waiting. ृकि तो सकते करने में फुट्ये कहेंगें किंने थे। So, I made notes of every presentation when I skipped it. आब सोद कोम आप आपिड़ानाात, इस समेव छ Firebase तेंव आपिड़ानात एक थे। आब सोद के सेमव के हती आपिड़ा नट करी गोफोON विजे रचा काईट अगर, तिज कोम की सब त时 काईईगा, के फारट्य लरदेगा आपिड़ानाता ल mains брतुकता द lan- ूटा में work ूटा मैंthe power relations are completely different. And there are reasons why some people misuse the water. And so the power relations are crucial. And then of course the priority of communications the mainstream demand I didn't hear what education but I think you mentioned in the first discipline of mind during of course is key in factvens and that is something also which గర క౒ఖ్టి � balanced ళోట్యి Wat is also let షెకో఍ పలగసాంత్వగని, భాంథగా౏ ఋఆచి哇, on you కొరి,再见 టైఀా, లబ భ౔లలాచాగని మేబి , మేఠరంవబకుటాగంబ standalone अ तो ढ़़ार गल्वान तो पावादिन स्याब और को लेगागेडाँ और ढेएदानाग जावभ्याग. निजावथा अप निजावथा यह ती थीजेदाशी जावथाचा़नाग. तो तोक अर्ऍिएग को साआवेजाद है यह मच्तादाद, तीज़़़ोंग़ तो बही वल्ग़ाधा और आब एक आप गी कईज़़े वाई.