 aspect of the today's session and the collaboration with Beyond Law. I would request Adilakshmi ma'am to make a formal request on behalf of all those who are watching us live on the Facebook, YouTube and on this platform. That one should wear masks, contain social distancing and remain at home. Over to you ma'am. Thank you, Vikas. It's such a nice day today that we are getting connected again and that too on the Beyond Law CLC platform we are getting such a voluminous knowledge and today all the faculties are giving us such an in-depth knowledge and all the topics they are selecting and Vikas and team is doing a wonderful job and today my dear brother Mukund and he is a very simple, humble, smiling person and he has with him more than two decades of experience predominantly on the high quotes like practice on the civil jurisdiction and he is an expert in the property loss and transfer of property when he takes the session. It is so nice to hear and very easy to understand. Even after long, long years of practice, sometimes we get to have some doubts on the definitions. Of course as lawyers and jurors, we have to interpret the statutes in our own perspective many a times. That's how we have one version from one side, the other version from one other side and the honorable judicial officers have to decide. But when Mr. Mukund says about each and every, literally it will be like a spoon feeding each and every definition, it is really there will not be anyone who is going to question is the definition has some other interpretation. That's the way he takes the session too and he has been connected with Legal Legal Zalight platform more than a year and today he has joined us again and we had our own session being postponed to accommodate this particular session so that we have knowledge partners. Not that partnership is not that you don't clash with people, acquire the knowledge, travel together. Today many of the like lex webinars of Srinivasa Raghavan sir also usually partners with Vikas beyond the CLC. So today North and South connect and it happened only because of COVID-19 situation. Even though we are having a safe distancing, we are very closely connected in this way, in this platform. I welcome Mukund sir and all the participants and of course my dear members from the Legal Legal Zalight team have joined in a huge number. Thank you Vikas, thank you everyone for inviting me in this platform. Now I join as a student to listen to Mr. Mukund. Thank you all, thank you. Namaste all of you and a very warm and pleasant good evening. This subject is actually not to everyone but repeatedly hearing it gives us some insight, a better picture of knowing the same thing better. Now the subject concern we are going to go in is important definitions in transfer of property act. My session is divided into two segments as how the entire act is divided into two main broad categories. I wish to take the first category in one angle and in the second category which deals with the main ingredients of the act that is the purpose of the act in the second segment. Now as we all know the transfer of property act contains two parts. One is general principles. The other one is specific transfers. The general principles are built in chapter 1 and 2 of the act. Within sections 1 to 53 A, the second segment of the act goes into the finer details of the transfer. We all know sale, mortgage, lease, exchange, gift, everything. These are all special transfers. These aspects are built in the act under chapters 3 to 8 between sections 54 to 137. So the ambit of our discussion today would be under both the chapters. We will collude some of the sections and understand what is mentioned in those sections which are all very important and it will have bearing effect on every section. It will have an entire coverage over the entire act of all the 137 sections. Chapter 1 and chapter 2 that is general principles. Chapter 1 deals with preliminaries and chapter 2 deals with transfer by act of parties. It is the main purpose of the act is transfer interviewers. It is only by transfer by act of parties. All the 53 A sections deals with this. The other thing specific transfers that is with respect to specific things. They are dealt under section 54 to 137. That is sale is dealt under section 54 to 57. Modgate that is in chapter 4 deals with 58 to 103. Then next is lease. It is dealt under section 105 to 117. Next is exchange chapter 6. It is covered between section 118 to 121. The next one is chapter 7 gift which are dealt under sections 122 to 129 and another one is optional. So, the framework of this act is dealt under 8 chapters of which we are going to see the first two chapters differently and the specific chapters in the other sector. Now, what is that transfer before going into or dwelling into the sections? Let me have the opportunity to deal with some of the factors. We will have a broad outline of what is transfer. So, that all these sections we will also now discuss as to how these sections have a direct impact on various sections dealt under the act. Let us see what is transfer under this act. The point of word it is inter-viewers that is between living persons. The act operates only between that is the transfer under this act happens only between two living persons be it a mobile property or an immobile property. In case of mobile property we relate to sale of goods act in case of immobile property we relate to transfer of property act. Some of the sections in the transfer of property act are equally applicable to movable properties. So, the act does not say or does not exclude that only sale of goods act will apply for movables. Now, what is the distinction between transfer inter-viewers and transfer that is by inheritance or succession? In the first two chapters it only deals about inter-viewers transfers and of course, in all the other chapters also. I will just point out the distinction. In inter-viewers that is transfer by living person the act applies. The act does not applies to apply to testamentary succession or interstate succession. It would not apply to testamentary succession or interstate succession. What is a testamentary succession? Testimentary succession is a succession taken by a testament that is a bill a back-to-back bill. Interstate succession would mean a succession by inheritance a person who is having the property dies. Then the entire rights including the liabilities attached to the property evolves on the person that is their sons and daughters or mother or father or whomever it is according to the succession act, respective succession act. So, the chief characteristic is under the act is we should always see whether the transfers be it a sale or a mortgage or a lease or exchange or whatever it is are between two living persons. If one person is living and one person is not living then the act will not apply. So, what is the main object of the act? The object of the act is to regulate the transaction between these two living persons that is the object of the act. Naturally the contract act will apply. The various provisions under the act are guided by the principles of justice, equity and good conscience. So, the act has a limited scope that is it applies to the transfers only as specified under this act and all other transfers coming under the different situations are not dealt by it. Example, certain transfers by operation of law that is not dealt by this act example. A sale deed executed by court bringing the property in auction and thereafter by sale. The person that is the owner is not voluntarily executing the sale on the default to pay some money the property is brought for sale by court and auction. So, it is an act by the court it is an operation of law. So, we cannot search any sections under the transfer of property act to relate it to any sale by court. So, this act will not apply. Now, we will slowly travel into the subject of the lecture. The subject of the lecture would be to collude some of the important definitions under the act as it has been said earlier. This act predominantly deals with immovable properties. Now, it will be very essential for us to see what does it mean by immovable property. Section 3 is the interpretation clause provided under the act. It contains various terms which are most essential to apply in different circumstances. The first one would be immovable property. The other one would be what is an instrument. Then the act deals with the section deals with attestation, registration, attached to the earth, actionable claim and the notice. So, section 3 contains various aspects of interpretation which we have to deal it one after the other. Now, what is immovable property? This section 3 interpretation clause says immovable property is a property which does not include standing timber, growing crop or grass. It eliminates three items alone. Standing timber, growing crop or grass. All other are immovable property. What would be standing timber? It is like a tree. It is a tree. Growing crops, vegetables, all grasses, fodder which are used for fodder. These are all not immovable properties. But to understand the section better, it would be essential for us to relate this section immovable property to the general clauses act under the registration act. We have in section 3.26. It defines about immovable property. 3.26. It says immovable property includes is an inclusive definition. Immovable property includes land, benefitting out of land and things attached to earth are permanently forcent to things attached to earth. So, it says four things. One is land, benefitting out of land or things attached to earth are permanently forcent to things attached to earth. What does this mean? Land we all know the open surface of the earth. It will include also the soil, inner surface of the earth. Land includes inner surface of the earth. Then what does it mean by benefitting out of land? Benefit arising out of land would mean the rinse that we get it from the agricultural revenue. It is a benefit arising out of that land. We must now see the character of the standing crops there. If there is a lease for five years, naturally it will become a lease for immovable property. If it is to be cut immediately, if a crop is grown and had to be cut within a year, then it would be treated as a movable property and not as a movable property. So, what is the thing? Now, next thing is things attached to earth. What is the thing attached to earth? It contains three components. One is things rooted in earth. It is rooted in earth that is trees, shrubs are all rooted in it. It has its roots attached to the earth. The next component is things embedded in earth. It is man made. Things embedded in earth. We create a foundation, a wall, a building. Sometimes it includes minerals also. It is embedded in earth. It is not available in the open surface. So, things embedded in earth. Then, another thing is things fastened for permanent beneficial enjoyment of anything attached or anything embedded to earth. What does it mean? Things fastened for permanent beneficial enjoyment. Things fastened for permanent beneficial enjoyment. What does it mean? We buy a building, a flat, a furniture is attached, fixtures till the property is sold to the same picture is going to hang fans. All these things are fastened to, fastened for the permanent beneficial enjoyment of the property. All these things will come to include immovable property under the general class aside. Now, we will take a look of what is immovable property under the registration act. Section 2, Subjection 6 deals this immovable property. Same thing. It says it includes land, building, territory elements right of way, etcetera, etcetera, etcetera. Arising out of that is the benefit arising out of land. Things attached to earth, but not standing timber, growing crop or grass. Again, they come back to Section 3 interpretation clause of the transfer of property act. So, under the registration act, all these things are mentioned at the same time they exclude standing timber, growing crop or grass. What will happen to machinery is embedded? One factor to be seen. See, missionaries can be detached. Missionaries can be detached, but if it is fixed as a permanent structure, if it is attached for the entire business permanently, you cannot detach it each and every time then it has to be treated as an immovable property. Duncan Industries case. Duncan Industry Limited versus State of Uttar Pradesh. Duncan Industries Limited versus State of Uttar Pradesh. That is AIR 2000 Supreme Court. AIR 2000 Supreme Court. 3 double 5. 3 double 5. Even fisheries, right fisheries, if it is more than one year, this is to be treated as immovable property and it warrants registration. Bihar Eastern Ganglic Cooperation Society Limited. Bihar Eastern Ganglic Cooperation Society Limited versus Sipahi Singh. AIR 1977 Supreme Court 2149. So, the concept of the trees being excluded from the definition of removal property came from the first case that is Marshall versus Green. If the trees can be cut and taken away immediately, it has to be treated as movable property. So, there is a fine distinction as to how to treat certain things that is even fisheries. Fisheries are in the pond. Any lease given for a shorter period assumes a different character and for a longer period assumes a different character. So, the fine element of some of the differences we have to see to detach and to ascertain what is movable property and what is immovable property. For a simple term, we can say immovable properties are mortgage securities attached to land, right to fisheries, coal mines. All these things are immovable properties. For movable property is what we can say, we can say crops, interest in partnership firms or all movable properties. So, with this brief look of the section, what is immovable property? We can go to the term instrument. Instrument here under the act would only mean non-testamentary instrument because the very purpose of the act is to regulate the rights of the parties inter-viewers. So, there is no question of applicability of the act for testamentary instruments. Fact apply only for those instruments which are non-testamentary instruments. So, any occurrence of the word instrument would only mean and to deem non-testamentary instruments under the act and not a testamentary instrument. Now, we will go to the next section at a step. Before going into the fine ingredients of the section, it would be necessary for us to understand what is at a step. It is nothing but witnessing, witness. We are witnessing a fact, whether that has happened or not. Witness to a situation and how on attestation another element is it should be signed. When it is signed, then it becomes attestation. So, what does it section 3 say? Attest means to sign. Attest means to sign and witness the fact of execution. Attest means to sign and witness the fact of execution of what? Of a document. Execution of a document by whom? By the executant. So, whoever is executing it, a witness signs it, then it would mean attestation. So, under the bad reading of that, we could come to some conclusion that he must have to see something and sign in acknowledgement of what he has seen. The further expansion of the definition is more interesting to note. The act says attestation must be done by two parties, that is there must be two witnesses or more. So, the minimum should be to be it a sale. Sale, of course, does not require attestation. Mortgage, gift, lease more than one year, all these things, exchange will be related to sale. So, all these things require attestation. Whenever it is provided under the act that a document should be registered and attested, then it has to be complied with. What should this attestor do? He must have to see the executant sign, that is one aspect. The characteristics of attestation is very important. What does he do? One is he must have to see the executant sign or see the executant fixing a mark. He just makes a mark in it, that is sufficient to go for attestation and the executant must have to see him. This section is directly in relation with section 63C of the Indian Succession Act. That will be very helpful because these two run parallelly. In case of testamentary instrument, then section the meaning of the attestation in that act would apply, which is almost similar and almost the same. Now, these two persons need not be signing at a time, that is they need not be present at a time. They have to just receive the acknowledgement of the executant. Suppose if the witness goes, even before the witness goes, the person, that is the executant has signed the document. Then in that circumstances, the attestor must have to get the acknowledgement of the executant. Then it is anxiety, anxiety, science, then that is a sufficient attestation. So, one aspect that we have to see for attestation is that the person must be competent to attest. That is he should be a major, he should be of sound mind and he can be an illiterate, that is not a bar. And one other thing is that the sub-register cannot be an attestor because he is doing an administrative duty there. So, he cannot vote safe to the document. Of course, circumstances if it weren't, he can be brought as witnesses if the attestors, the available attestors were not alive and in different circumstances they are not found or which we can relate to section 69 and 70 of the evidence act. Now, what does it mean by, now we will go to the next section, register. Registered means registration in any part of India under the registration. That is all, it is a very, very simple definition. If we read it along with section 4 of the act, it will be more useful. Section 4 says two things. One, it simply says the contract act will apply under the registration act. So, registered means if there is any seal of the registrar on the rear side of the first page of the document or anywhere else in the document, then it means registered and it should be, one should be very conscious that whether it has been registered in India, only then the term will have meaning of it. Or if it is done abroad, it has to be adjudicated in India. Of course, it is consequential act. Now, what is this notice? The section also says about actionable claims. I will just touch upon this. Actionable claim is nothing but a claim to any debt. See, if suppose somebody has to pay his money and we have got a decree or some other security, instead of the person concerned himself going and asking, he can give that decree, it is a movable object, he can give it. So, as to make the other one to collect the payment on behalf of him or for himself, we can sell it. So, one thing we have to see is, actionable claim does not include mortgage. It excludes it, does not include a hypothetical of movable property or any beneficial interest created in the movable property. All these things are excluded. And the person concerned must not be in possession. That is not in possession of the claimant. This actionable claim can be conditional or it can be continued. So, let us now go into the term notice. What would notice mean? Notice would mean something is making somebody know something. It is notice. It is to make something known of what a man might have been ignorant of. If you did not say something to that person, then he may not be knowing it or he may not be aware of it. So, to make that person aware of it, a notice is an issue. It is nothing but a knowledge of a fact. Notice means a knowledge of a fact. How this notice can be given? Actually giving notice that is directly or that can be deemed notice. This interpretation class that is notice contains three explanations in different circumstances. But before going to these three explanations, it will be essential for us to see what are the ambits of this notice. Notice is giving or making somebody know that is actually giving notice directly. Or if the person who had, if the person had made some enquiries, he would have known it. If he deliberately wishes not to know it, then it is a deemed notice. If he will fully avoids to know it, then it is a deemed notice under this section. See, Francis happened. He does not make any enquiry. Then he will take a defense that he is a born of ID but yes or not. He knows the existing incomparances. If he would have searched it, then he would have got the notice. So, what this section says is simply giving notice, actually giving notice. And notice would also amount to an act which a person makes enquiry, he would have known it. Or if he will fully fails to make that enquiry, then it is a deemed notice. If he had made sufficient search, then it is a notice. Then if he is grossly negligent, if he is not negligent, then he would have known it, then also it is a notice. This contains three explanations, whether registration would amount to notice, whether possession would amount to notice or any notice given to age it, is it a notice? Explanation 1, 2, 3. The first explanation deals about registration as notice. Often we encounter a situation where sale is being done by registrations and reflection, re-encumberment, certificate. So, naturally a registration happens. If a person before Parthes he fails to see the registration documents, then it would amount to notice. Then it will also, he must have to check for the property or part of the property or a share or interest in the property. Anyone can sell a full property or a part of the property or a person can even sell a share in the property, partitions, co-owners selling a share in the property. Then if you would have made some deliberate search, then it will amount to. This particular explanation says deemed notice. Any registration of document if it figures in the books, in the registration books, then it amounts to a deemed notice of the Parthes. Deamed notice of the Parthes when it is registered. Suppose, for example, if the property is situated elsewhere, that is a portion of the property is situated elsewhere and that registrar sends a notice to the registrar in the place where this property is situated. Then the moment it is put in the memorandum or registered in the book and from that date onwards it will be a deemed notice. So, person cannot feel ignorance of it. And one exception is that it should be correctly entered as per section 55 of the registration act. If there is a false entry or if the entry has not been made properly or there is some mistake in that, then it would not amount to deemed notice. So, that is not possible. The second deeming provision under the explanation is person and possession. Possession is also a deemed notice. If a person has made a reasonable search or reasonable investigation or reasonable inquiry on visiting the property, if he has not visited the property, he would not have seen as to who is in possession of the property. If he would have visited, he would have seen that there is somebody apart from the owner is in the property. So, that will also amount to deemed notice. If he has not visited the possession and another deemed provision is notice to agent. Notice to agent is notice to person. Contract law will apply. Provided the agent does not conceal a fact and it is an issue of fact. It will vary from facts and circumstances of each case. So, now with this we have dealt some of the important interpretation clauses in chapter one and two. Most of these clauses have come only in chapter one itself. Now, chapter two. One definition in chapter two and another one we will go to the main sections, main ingredients of the act. What is transfer? Transfer, transfer is nothing but as we all know it is something is going from one person to another person, transfer. What the action, what the section says? Transfer is a process, transfer is a process of giving something from one to another. Transfer is a process of giving something one, something from one to another. This is transfer from one person to another. That is intervivos. That is only between living persons. So, this is transfer. This transfer can be fully or partially or conditionally or absolutely. So, any type of transfer is possible. These conditions are enumerated in such an 10 to 34 of the transfer of property. Some of that can be transferred. In give to that is a condition that after my death you can take it or I will retain, I will collect the money even though I have given the right now that is right to property now. The transfer has affected now in presently even then I will collect the money. So, these are all certain conditions which can be attached to the document. So, this is the term condition. Now, what are all the ingredients? See that the section says conveying the property from one to another. It does not say transferring the property transfer of property is a process of conveying the property from one to another. Conveying is a very, very large term to one person to another person or to himself or to himself. What does it mean by or to himself? Can a person salute himself? Obviously, cannot. But he can transfer, he can convey the property to himself if he is a trustee. The character of these two persons differs. One is an actual owner. The another person that is the person who receives the property, the transferee takes the property in the capacity of a trustee. Not as a person, it takes in the capacity of a trustee and not as a person. See it says transfer means an act by which a living person conveys property in present or in future to one or more other living persons or to himself. This is an introduction by way of amendment or to himself and to one or more other living persons and transfer property is to perform such an act. So, he can either sell it to other person or convey the property to himself in a different capacity. In AIR 1961 Supreme Court, AIR 1961 Supreme Court 1023. Pulasidas, AIR 1961 Supreme Court 1023. Pulasidas was a society commissioner. This is living persons. Living person, the second limb of the definition would include companies, association of individuals, etc. So, a wider meaning is given under section 5. One thing you have to be seen is that the transfer interview was alone as possible and not between two different persons that is one from a living person to another non-living person that is not possible. In one situation, it may arise section 13. A transfer is given to an unborn person that is possible but through a living person, section 13, through a living person that is possible. But one essential element is that the transfer that is that the property cannot be left in abeyance that is the rule that is there must be somebody to hold that property. So, if a transfer is made under section 13 to an unborn person then it should be done through a living person, a person must be living to hold that property else it will become void, the condition itself becomes void. Certain other things cannot be called to transfers. Example partition, it cannot be called as a transfer, surrender, an auction sale, relinquishment, a family arrangement, a backwet cannot be called a transfer. So, it should be only between parties and within the meaning under section 5 of the anecdote. Now, let us go into the third chapter. We will patch upon the main ingredients of the essentials falling under the transfer of property that is sale, mod gauge, lease, gift, exchange, etc. Now, what is sale? Sale is transfer of ownership. In all these five items that is sale, mod gauge, lease, exchange, gift one thing is very essential is that should be transfer of something that that should be a transfer. But in all these things the transfer of what is the important thing that is transfer of ownership, transfer of interest, transfer of enjoyment, all these things we will look into and how the term can be coined. That is in case of sale it can be transfer of ownership only. Ownership is a very, very large term which includes right, title and interest in the property. Everything once a person sells the property the entire thing goes out of him. The right goes to the other person. Whatever the interest he has in the property goes to the other person from the moment of sale, from the moment of execution of the sale. What would be the consideration? The consideration is the price. Whether it can be a price given now itself or a promised price to be given later. That is the definition says transfer, sale is a transfer of ownership in exchange of price paid or promised or partly paid or partly promised. So, assuming an example, a person if a property value is 10 lakhs, a person partly pays 2 lakhs, he has to pay 8 lakhs, gets the sale deed executed. The remaining 8 lakhs he has to pay. Once the sale deed is executed and registered, then it has to be traded only as a sale. All consequential demands had to be taken later. That is the vendor has the right to recover the money in which he can do it later. So, even then it used to be called a sale. Now, this section says an exclusion, contract of sale. What is a contract of sale in sale? Right title passes to the other person. It is an executed contract. A contract with this has been executed and the contractors go over fully. The right absolutely, the ownership absolutely transfers. But in case of a contract of sale, it is only a contract, it is to be executed with the conditions named there, mentioned there. All these conditions had to be fulfilled. What does it mean if a person executes a contract of sale? Then it would mean that the sale will happen in future. In case of sale, the sale has happened at that time itself on the date of registration. But in contract of sale, the actual sale is executed later in future. But it has to be made on certain terms. Example, sale agreement, it will have some for many terms. That is to vacate the property. If the disease is there, it has to be vacated. If there is a mortgage, then it has to clear. All these things are certain terms. He has to claim the property, measure the property. All these are the terms. This will not create any interest in the property. Mere agreement of sale does not create any interest in the property because interest is created in mortgage. So, just for the academic purposes, I would cite a case law. Dharmanayaka versus Ramanayaka. 2008, 14 SCC, 2008, 14 SCC, 517, 517, 2008, 14 SCC, 517. It says, agreement of sale is an executory contract wherein which a person has the right to enforce the contract. It only creates an enforceable right between the parties. Absolute right is not given. Sale and sale agreement are two different concepts. Agreement of sale by itself does not create an interest, but it creates an enforceable right by the party. So, in case of sale deed, it should be registered. In case of an agreement of sale, it need not be. It is a contract, mere contract, subject to state laws. Now, there is an amendment, earlier there is an amendment that agreement of sale to be registered, but a corresponding amendment was not brought under section 49 of the registration act. And therefore, some of the high courts have held that even if the sale agreement is not registered, that will not bar filing of the suit. No, just a note of this case law would be essential, I believe. AIR-1969 Supreme Court, AIR-1969 Supreme Court, 1316, 1316, Raghunath versus K. Tarnath, which simply says that registration of sale deed is cumbersome. Registration of sale deed is cumbersome. If a property is registered, right, sale deed. Suppose a person sells a mortgage property. Can he sell a mortgage property? Can he convey ownership on the mortgage property? Is it possible? Yes, it is possible, because he is selling the entire ownership subject to the right of redemption by the purchase. 1999, 3SCC, 1999, 3SCC, 573, 1999, 3SCC, 573. Vidyadhar versus Monika Rao, Vidyadhar versus Monika Rao, a property can be sold. The purchase has the right of redemption. One another aspect we have to keep in mind is that the sale cannot be unilaterally cancelled. Suppose if the seller, without even receiving the money, has sold the property, registered the property, he is no questioning the sale. Immediately, for non-payment of the balance, 8 lakhs in that example, can he go and cancel the sale deed? Which cannot be done, because it is an executed contract. He cannot go unilaterally cancelled. The only remedy available to him is to go for a cancellation sale, go for a cancellation sale, or for recovery of money. Now, 2010, 15SCC, 2010, 15SCC, 207, cancellation of registered sale cannot be made unilaterally. 2010, 15SCC, 207, Tottaganga Lakshmi versus Government of Andhra Pradesh, Tottaganga Lakshmi versus Government of Andhra Pradesh. Can we purchase the property in somebody's name? Bilami transaction. Act does not bar. Property can be purchased in somebody's name, but it will have the effect, the other act will have the effect right on its own. Now, 2006, 7SCC, 756, 2006, 7SCC, 756, Jain Narayan, Parasaram Puriya versus Pushpa Devi Sarf. Now, sale can be done by himself or through agent as how we have seen in section 5 of the transfer of a day. Person by himself or by the authorised person can transfer the property. These are all certain essential ingredients of sale. Due to paucity of time, I will just jump into the other aspect of the subject of discussion. Let me go into the next point, mortgage. Now, what is the distinction between sale and mortgage? Sale is transfer of ownership, whereas mortgage is transfer of interest in the property. So, what is mortgage? Section 58 of the Act, it defines mortgage is a transfer of interest in specific immobile property for securing payment of money that is loan liability, paid or to be paid, the existing or future debt or performance of engagement, giving raise to a pecuniary liability. So, what is mortgage? Mortgage is transfer of interest in sale a person transfers the entire ownership and gives the parts of the property also, but in mortgage the person does not parts of the ownership, he retains position, except the use of rectory mortgage, he retains the position and the parts with the interest alone. In case of any default by the mortgage R, that is the mortgage R is the person who transfers the interest. If that mortgage R fails to honour repayment of money within the time specified, then the mortgage is entered to the excess rate to sell the property, which means recover the money by sale of the property. So, mortgage should be for a specific immobile property, that is what this act is, transfer of interest in specific immobile property for securing a debt, securing repayment, securing payment of money. If these ingredients are available, then it will amount to mortgage. So, what happens? An interest is being transferred, though not a ownership, an interest is being transferred, he gives the he gives the entire interest in his property to somebody to exercise his option. There are of course, everyone knows there are different types of mortgage. We have to see the character of the mortgage to distinguish each of those items. The simple mortgage, we will touch upon these things, these aspects and go to the next approach. Simple mortgage. In simple mortgage, the mortgage R, France was the interest alone. France was the interest alone. He gives the right to sell, but that is not part of the property, it retains possession. The simple mortgage must be registered. In case of a conditional sale, in case of a mortgage by conditional sale, he sells the property with a condition embodied in the document saying that he would pay the money on payment of that money, he must have to sell that property back to them or the mortgage will be void and whatever it is, I will just deal it one after the other quickly. In use of a CRIMA mortgage, the possession is granted to the other person. So, one aspect we have to see, mortgage is not a guarantee, it is a security, if that point is clear, then all other aspects of mortgage is not a guarantee. It is a security for repayment of money in case of default of being paid. Now, it slightly differs with lien. Mortgage is different, lien is different. Lien is a right confirmed by law. It is not a contract. In case of mortgage, it becomes a contract. The person who has the lien excises the right to retain the property, that is, he can retain the possession of the property. In mortgage, it is always by a contract. I will just check upon various aspects of mortgage so that you will be able to cover it quickly. So, in simple mortgage, there is no delivery of the property. In case of mortgage by conditional sale, three things have to be seen. One is on condition, see he ostensibly sells. The aspect to be seen is that the mortgage are ostensibly sells it. That is not, it is not a true sale, but it is an ostensible sale, a namesake sale. A namesake sale only on conditions mentioned in the document. And if the conditions are not satisfied, if the conditions are not embodied in the document, the whole transaction cannot be taken as a mortgage. Now, let us move into use of factory mortgage, where the possession is delivered with the right to receive the rent. The possession is delivered. Now, the English mortgage is akin to the mortgage by conditional sale. It is akin to mortgage by conditional sale. Only one aspect is I think is that the mortgage are sells the property. The mortgage are transfers the property absolutely unlike condition of unlike mortgage by conditional, he sells the property absolutely with a rider, with a rider that is with a condition that the mortgage you must have to retransfer it. The mortgage you must have to retransfer it. If suppose the mortgage has not paid the money within that particular time, within the due date, as for English mortgage the sale becomes absolute and the sale takes place. So, the mortgage becomes the absolute one. Of course, mortgage by deposit of title piece section 50 ETF. Here the possession is retained, the document alone is delivered, the possession is not delivered, possession of the property is not delivered. The document alone is delivered. But what should be the essential ingredient in this mortgage by deposit of title pieces that should be a debt and that should be deposit of title deed and that should be an intention to create a mortgage. Intention is more essential, intention to create a mortgage. AIR 1965 Supreme Court, AIR 1965 Supreme Court, 430 AIR 1965 Supreme Court, 430 KJ Nathana versus SV Murthy Rao, KJ Nathana versus SV Murthy Rao. Section 58G of the Act also says about one another mortgage is anomalous mortgage. If it does not fit under any of the categories like simple mortgage mortgage by conditional sale, English mortgage, so on, so on, so on. Then all these things will fit into anomalous. There are, that is, what does it mean? It is not, it is not, that is, the mortgage is not specific with respect to only those cases. There are several types of mortgages and occasion and repeatedly quoted mortgages have been specifically defined under the Act. If there are any other type of mortgage, that will be called as anomalous mortgage. Something different from the normal mortgages. It is a deviation from the common rule. Whatever type of mortgage is created, slightly deviating from those categories, it will fit into anomalous mortgage. So, these are all the six types of mortgages and these are all not exhaustive. They are all different types of forms as they call it in different states in their local language. Now, the term definition of mortgage contains one another term, one another thing which naturally we do not recollect, that is, in normal course of business. That is, it says mortgage will include performance of engagement, giving raise to pecuniary liability. What does it mean? Mortgage is a creation of the transfer of interest, fine. It also says performance of engagement, giving raise to pecuniary liability. In olden days, defendant borrows, that is, the mortgager borrows some materials. Example, Paddy, he executes a bond that he would return Paddy itself. In that case, that he has to perform what he has taken, what he has committed to, performance of engagement, giving raise to a pecuniary liability. Either he must have to return Paddy itself and with interest. What is the interest in the form of Paddy? Suppose two bags of Paddy, he has to return it with two and a half bags of Paddy like that. In case of default, then the bond will be executed. That is, the bond will come into force. That will be a bond like any other mortgages and the bond will come into force. Then the mortgage can sell the hypothecated property. This is the mortgage may be the different term that is performance of engagement, giving raise to pecuniary liability. Now, of course, the rights of mortgagers and mortgager, we need not deal with it. We will slowly go into the other definition, lease. What is a lease? In sale, we saw transfer of ownership. In mortgage, we saw transfer of interest. In lease, we are going to see transfer of enjoyment. That is, the ownership is not transferred. The interest in that property is not transferred. Only the enjoyment in the property is transferred. A person paces the property, leases it out. That is, gives it for rent. When he gives it for rent, obviously, he is not in possession of the property to enjoy the property. Somebody is actually enjoying the property. For somebody's enjoyment, he pays some money and that money is paid periodically. This is lease. So, lease is a term defined as a transfer of a right to enjoy the property for a certain period of time and this lease may be expressed or implied. It should be for a consideration of a price paid or promised or money or a share of a crop, service or other things of value. So, it either naturally everything in because of the change in times, we have equated all the consideration in terms of money. So, barter systems have gone. So, consideration can be in the form of money or in any other thing, maybe a share of crop, etc, etc, depending upon the understanding between the party. But one another, one fact has to be concerned in leases that there should be a term period. It can be in perpetuity and there should be a term period and a right of enjoyment alone is transfer. The person who executes the lead that is a transfers is a transferor. The person who takes the property in lease on lease is the transfer. And the price paid for as a consideration is premium, we call it a premium and the money, share, services or any other thing of value, money, share, service or any other thing of value is called rent. One factor that we can see is even though lease deed is made by a contract, lease is not a mere contract alone. Lease is not a mere contract alone. It is a transfer of right to enjoy the property. It is a transfer. Leasee has every right to enjoy the property in a manner he wishes, not detrimental to the property or not detrimental to the property. 1995, 1 year CC, 1995, 1 year CC, 560, 1995, 1 year CC, 560, Yutika Munlich versus Mahendra Vaibhav, Yutika Munlich versus Mahendra Vaibhav. Another one factor is that the person who gives a lease need not be a owner. He can take the consent of the owner. He can receive the rent. He will be called a Lazar. The Lazar term does not include the owner exclusively. Any other person can be the Lazar. He must have to show that he has the right to receive the premium or right to receive the rent. That is 2004, 10, SEC, 2004, 10, SEC, 6, 3, 7, 2004, 10, SEC, 6, 3, 7, Nisha Rani, Nisha Rani versus Puran Chan, Nisha Rani versus Puran Chan. Now, let us march into one aspect I would say a term composite lease and integrated lease. That is composite lease is a lease given for mixed purposes. Generally, an apartment will let out for residential purposes. A commercial property is allowed for non-residential purposes. What would be a composite lease? If it includes both, then it is a composite lease. Giving a lease for both residential and for non-residential purposes, it is composite lease. The option is given to the tenant to use it in a manner he wants. He can either use it as a residential property or as a non-residential for a non-residential purpose. The option is given to him, a choice is given to him and there may not be any demarcation of the property. See, you use this portion as a residential portion for residential purpose and this portion for non-residential purpose. So, there may not be any demarcation in such cases, then it is a composite lease. But in an integrated lease, same dual purpose, but the premise is divided. It is an earmark. There is a residential portion as earmark and a non-residential portion is earmark. Now, one citation may be the interested parties can see the citation later. 2002, 6 SCC, 678. 2002, 6 SCC, 678. Nilesh versus Silversikantar. Nilesh versus Sikantar. Because of the paucity of time, I will just move into the other aspect. We have almost come to a close. The other factor is exchange. It is nothing but same. The exchange. How? The second para of the definition makes it very, very clear. Exchange happens when two persons mutually transfer ownership. Here again, ownership is transferred. When two persons mutually transfer ownership of one thing for ownership of another thing or one thing for ownership of another thing, then it is exchange. But neither component must be money alone. You cannot pay money, take this property. He cannot pay money and take your property. That is not exchange. That is a pure saying. Yes, in exchange between, exchange two things for another thing, exchange a thing for another thing, an additional component may be money. If there are two equal things, then two properties, you can exchange one for another thing. If one property values more and another property values less, then the property is exchanged. And obviously, to cover up the restored portion, the restored portion, money is given. Then that is possible. Pure money cannot be a medium of exchange alone. That is not possible. So, exchange means to park with something, that is to give or transfer an equivalent for ownership of the other. It cannot be, we cannot equate it. So, partition cannot be treated as exchange. So, one co-owner releasing the property cannot be, you take the share, I take that share. That cannot be, that can be only termed as an understanding between these two co-owners. That we cannot fit into the term exchange. One factor is that it should not be money component alone. Now, the second portion of the section, 118 says, same section as, same provision, that is the ingredients of section 54 for the term sale would apply. So, it would be treated as sale. Whatever applies to sale, it will apply to exchange also. Now, if there is a defect in exchange, then the person suffers must be reasonably compensated. Only one aspect is, possession must not have been parted by the person. See, both of them, both of the people exchange and one automatically sells the property, immediately sells the property. If he loses possession, then section 119 will operate. He cannot, he can cover up the defect only by monetary compensation and not by the property itself. So, that is not possible. A quick look of AIR 1994, Supreme Court 1653. AIR 1994, Supreme Court 1653. Zakturam versus Hakam Singh. Zakturam versus Hakam Singh will be of some use to you. All other rights will apply. That is section 25, rights of the buyer and seller will apply. Now, let us go into section 122 gift. The last link of our discussion, I would take 5 or 10 minutes alone, Mr. Vikas, so that I can come to the conclusion of the program. Gift. Gift is nothing but a voluntary transfer. It should be voluntary transfer of any mobile or removal property that is existing property without consideration. In sale, in mortgage, there are some mode of exchanges to compensate the other party, but in gift, consideration is not there. In sale, there is a consideration, without consideration, by one person to another person. The person who gives is known as the donor and the person who takes that gift is the donor. Now, an important factor in the definition act, we think this we all know. One gives and the other one accepts, that is one. Donor gives, the donor accepts, but when the gift will be valid, it should be given and it should be accepted. Now, the acceptance to be complete must have been accepted during the lifetime of the donor. A father gives the property to the son or to any other person in the family. The son says, no, no, father, I don't want the property now, I will take it after five years. Right, fine, good. Before that five years period, father dies. Thereafter, can he say, no, no, no, I am ready to accept it? That is not possible. That is the term here. Acceptance when to be made, it should be made during the lifetime of the donor. He must have that. He may make it very express that he is accepting the gift and while still the donor is capable of giving the property, assuming another situation where after five years, he wants to accept the gift. But in the third year, he becomes insane or he loses his balance of mind. He is not capable of thinking. He is not able to comprehend certain things. Then in such a case, he is not capable of giving the property. Though he said that he wanted to give the property, till the moment the gift is accepted, it can be revoked because acceptance completes the gift. And before acceptance, if the person who accepts the gift has not given the consent, then it can be reversed. And the person should be still capable of giving the property, else the gift fails. And another case or situation also, the gift becomes invalid is that if the donor dies before acceptance, then also the gift is becomes invalid. So, the donor dies before acceptance, then also the gift becomes invalid. Now, one aspect that we have to take into consideration for gift is that should be a donative intention to give to the property. Must have the gift, must be with voluntarily, that is what they say voluntarily. It means that only donative intention that he wanted to gift. Of course, other principles of the contract would apply like fraud, misrepresentation, whatever it is that all these things are all fact situations that has to be dealt with in the fact and situations of the circumstances of the each case. And it must comply with the section 23 of the contract. And that is you cannot give the gift for an unlawful purposes, immoral purposes opposed to public quality. Those type of gifts are all invalid. Of course, if the gift had to be registered under section 123 of the act and if it is a owner's gift, then the donor who takes the gift must have to accept it fully. One aspect I will just make it clear and then I will conclude it. So, in case of a gift, if the donor gives the property, several properties in one single instrument and one of the property contains some burden that is a liability, then the doni had to accept the gift absolutely or rejected absolutely. He cannot say he will accept the gift with respect to those items of properties which does not bear any liability. If the gift is made under different instruments, then the doni has the option of accepting certain gift or rejecting certain gift. That aspect has to be seen. So, we have dealt the important provisions under the Transfer of Property Act wherein we have divided the act into two segments, one in general principles and another in specific transfers. In general principles, we saw many items coming under section 3 of the act that is notice what is immobile property, what are all the deeming provisions that is possessions, whether the registration would amount to possession and registration aspects under the explanations of the term notice and various other aspects, attestations etc. In the second limb of our discussion, we went into the various aspects of the main concepts of the act that is for the purpose of the act was only for sale, mortgage, gift exchange and lease. So, with this I wish to conclude my session and wish to give back to Mr. Vikas for this tagging with the nice note of giving me the opportunity to spare some time and to educate myself on these aspects. Thank you Mr. Vikas for all the opportunity, thank you. Just wish that they could have sharpened their skills in the manner in which you have done. Every day we learn. Oh, I'm not ruling that out but to sharpen the skills to your level also people would be too happy but they say that you have to continuously sharpen your skills otherwise you're just a company with a stagnant water. One of them says can you suggest the best commentary for the transfer of property act? Excuse me again, can you tell it to me? Can you suggest a good commentary on the transfer of property act? There are so many Vikas, often I don't have the book. We have just share it on the WhatsApp. I will post it. And I would also request if you could compile the citation so that we can share it on the WhatsApp. I will do it. This is by Gayathri, could you explain the difference between a gift and a settlement? Both are the same term. The settlement is a concept dealt with in the registration act. Settlement is made between family members so as to attract some exemption in a stamp duty. Gift can be made to anyone. If the ingredients are satisfied, gift can be made. In so far a settlement can be made only between family members that is the fine distinction between the two. Rest all the ingredients in the concept of gift match with the ingredients in the concept of settlement. Could you explain right of redemption once again? See right of redemption is a right to the mortgage available to the mortgage. Whenever there is a mortgage that is a person takes the loan then he is given the right to repay the loan. The moment a mortgage is created, the very same moment the right of redemption also is created. The law says there cannot be a clog on redemption that is the lender, I would say the creditor, he cannot create any circumstances to prevent the borrower in repaying the money. The borrower has absolute right to repay the money whenever it falls due. That is the right of redemption. That is the reading. You get back your property by paying the money when as soon as it falls due. That is the absolute right that there cannot be any hitches or any sort of activity by the creditor to prevent you from redeeming the property. That is getting back the property. Yes sir. What is clog redemption? Yes clog, that is what I said. Clog is a way to prevent the borrower from repaying the money. It is a cloud. It is a mist. It has been created by the creditor that is by the lender. So that is clog. Some mist-type things, he is making some type of situation to prevent redeeming the property. That is clog. There cannot be a clog on redemption. That is section 16. Yes sir. Different between a gift and a redemption deed. Gift and redemption deed. See gift is a totally a different concept. In gift a person voluntarily gives away his property. He does not have anything to retain or expects anything from the other person who is taking the gift. But redemption is you are paying back to secure your own property. A mortgage and a redemption of mortgage. You are redeeming it. You have given the interest to somebody, a right to somebody to exercise in case of default. You are securing back that right. That is redemption. So two different concepts. Gift is a different concept and mortgage is a different concept. And redeeming the mortgage. Yes sir. Relinquishment deed. Relinquishment deed. See as we saw earlier, relinquishment deed. Where we will relinquish, if we have something we will relinquish. Isn't it? We say I do not want. That is we are excising the right, not to be excise any more right in that property. I am relinquishing it. I am waiving it. I am giving it out to yourself. What is relinquishment if two or three persons having a right in the property equal right or a different right. One person relinquishes that right. He says openly that he will not excise any right in the property. He gives away. He waives it. That is relinquishment. Yes. This is on YouTube. I kindly request you to differentiate between Lee and an anomalous mortgage by providing one illustration so that I could understand him. Yes. I will tell the distinction so that we will be able to understand. In a mortgage, before mortgage what happens? There is a loan. In simple terms we will discuss. If there is a loan, you take a loan. The bank is giving the loan. So what we do? We are giving the bank a property, a security as a means of security. See by the agreement we say, see if I do not repay the money, you excise the option of bringing the property for sale. We are giving him a security. We are putting the bank to a secure place, compensating with something till the borrower repays the money. Now what is a lien? Lien is a right given by law to excise. If you have something in possession and if you are entitled for a money out of it and the person does not gives it, then he can retain your property. That is lien. That is a right available under law is lien. A right created under mortgage, created under contract is mortgage. That is with respect to mortgage property. So these are all the differences. Yes sir. Oh one illustration she asked. I am sorry I forgot it. See you are giving a vehicle for service to a nearby shop. The mechanic services it and use it. You have to pay service charge. You are not giving the vehicle a security. You are giving the vehicle for a purpose. Now a service has been done. You are not paying the money. Till you pay that money he can retain that possession of it. He can retain the possession of it. That is lien. In mortgage you are creating a contract saying that if I do not pay you sell it. That is mortgage. Yes sir. That next question sir. How do you distinguish 13 and 14? What 13 and what 14 sir? I did not get it. You will elaborate it. Meanwhile what are actionable claims and assignment of interest? Yes sir. Actionable claims in simple terms it is for movable properties like shares, debentures, decrease. That is the thing you are not in possession of it. You are giving the right to other person to exercise a right on that degree. It should be by a written instrument. Assignment. Assigning means giving a task or sharing the responsibility to execute the right available to this person. It can be coupled with some consideration or giving the right merely to execute a job. That is I am assigning the right to you to sue. I am assigning the right to you to collect this money. All these rights can be given by way of assignments. Yes sir. Why it is called a gift? Can you repeat it Mr. Vikas? He says that in a gift deed, how can there be any condition because a gift should be unconditioned. Okay. Interesting thing. See we have to now go back to section five of the transfer of property act. What we have learned under section five of the transfer of property act it says a property can be conveyed absolutely, partly, conditionally, contingently etc. In a gift, the difference between a sale and a gift is in sale, the person who transfers the property gets something in return as a consideration, normally a price rate. In gift, he transfers the property without any consideration. That is the thing. Now, in gift what happens? He can always attack a condition. See section 13, unborn person. That is what I told in the lecture course itself. That is any transfer including the transfer under gift can be made with a condition. That is you can use the property or I can use the property till my demise. Of course, I give the property to your noble self that is called in present time. It is like a will but not a will. In a will, the will comes into operation after the death of the person. But in a gift, it comes into operation immediately. If the transfer is made immediately, the owner of the property can include a condition. See for this you can go into conditions available under section 10 to 34 of the transfer property. What conditions are valid? What conditions are not valid? All these conditions not that is all certain conditions which are void alone cannot operate. Conditions which are valid, the valid condition that is I will stay in the property, I will collect the money in the property. But of course, after my death, you enjoy the property. Till such time, I will enjoy the property, I will give the right note self. That is you will become the owner of the property. But I will hold something. Those conditions are even available for sale. Even in case of sale, when we read the conditions prescribed under section 10 to 24, even a seller can impose a condition. See, I will sell the property now. But for two years, I will be in possession of the property. I will collect whatever it is. Such type of conditions are valid and even if these conditions are valid. How can one enforce the recovery of the debt in a mortgage by deposit of title deed? Can the property be directly sold or court order is required? Court order is required. That is recovery of the money through court. What is the difference between an unborn person and rule against perpetuity? Yes, that I will take. It is a big concept. But nice unborn person. That is, I will just give a distinction in a simple term. Transfer to unborn person. What does it mean? The person is not born at all. But if you are fixing a condition as how the condition, a question about condition was raised in the previous question. That the owner or the transferor fixes a condition, says, mentions a condition that the property will go to my grandson and so on. So, this is a transfer to unborn person. But one qualifying class is it should go through a living person because there cannot be transferred from a living person to a non-living person. There should be a living only between two living persons. This condition is valid. This is coming under section 13. This type of transfer is valid, provided an interest should be created through a living person. That is transfer to unborn person. Perpetuity. Perpetuity. See, there cannot be a transfer saying that you cannot sell the property at all. There cannot be such a type of condition at all. When we minutely go into that section 14, some of the conditions are valid. That is, till you attain the age of majority, once you attain the age of majority, you take it. The person will be living. And your son, till the majority, you can add or keep on adding it. But the extension can be given only till 18 plus 3 years. That is perpetuity. You cannot tie down the property forever. That is not possible. Yes, sir. What is the difference between a charge and interest over a property? Yes. Again, charge is by operation of law. In a mortgage, you create an interest that is transfer of interest by contract. In case of charge that I wanted to deal it separately in a section, a charge is created by operation of law. That is, you take a degree, then you excise the right on this property, but not directly. There should be a creation of a charge. Like how you create a mortgage by contract, you create a charge through court process. By some judicial process, you create a charge. See, maintenance is a charge. Maintenance does not automatically create a charge. You get a degree for maintenance as a charge degree. Then you put the charge degree into foreshore. So, only after creation of a charge through court, that can be enforced. But mortgage creation of interest that can be directly enforced. Yes, sir. Last two questions. How does one enforce a recovery of the debt in a mortgage by default? Whether one of the business partners executes settlement deed and transfers certain movable property in favour of other business partners in order to settle his or her case against the other business partners? What is the take on that? Yes. We have to now see the character of that property. If that property is employed into the firm, then the movable property will be treated as a movable property under section 14 of the partnership act. In such a case, the settlement is not required. His mere retirement is sufficient. He can, a retiring partner, he can, his right is only to take the money and not the property. There is a Supreme Court judgment. I cannot relate it. I will just tell it. You give, I do not get it now. It is either I will share it, sir. I will share it. There is a Supreme Court in the old judgment where the retiring partners have the right for money. So, it may not necessarily go by settlement of respective individual's property. Yes. Sharath, during the course of the lecture, you have given an example that gift can be with the condition that the property gifted is to be enjoyed by the donee after only the death of the donna. Wouldn't this amount to a testament and wouldn't such a transfer be taken out of the scope of the DPA? Yes. Okay. Thank you for this question because I can clarify that point there. All that we have to see is that one concept differs between the gift and testament is whether the transfer is in-presenting, that is possession alone can be postponed, but the transfer should be now, it is in-presenting. But in will or in a bequath or in a testament, the ownership itself is postponed, the ownership is not given, only after the demise the ownership goes. But in a gift, their interest immediately transfers. If the interest is immediately transferred, deferring possession, then it is a gift. In case of will, both occurs later. Testament put me in a lighter way and can be said to be just like an LIC policy. What you said is right. It is more an LIC policy. They say in a lighter way in that a person said that this you will get, this you will get. So he said that then what is the fun of the LIC if I cannot get anything during my life thing? Yes, it should be unless it is gifted. The question will keep on pouring. So once we are going to take sessions on the other aspects of TPA, we will take most of it basically like that day you were saying we will take some subjects. I said no, first let's get the concepts clear, then we can do. I will ask Adilakshmi ma'am to say a proposal of thanks and then we can end for the session. And before we are parting tomorrow, the session would be normally what we are taking on conversation skills and source skills, especially for the online meetings as well as I think you can say what is during or even the quotas. It is by Mr. Vivek Atre, a former IS officer. He's a mentor and a TEDx speaker. So kindly do join us tomorrow at 4 p.m. and stay safe, stay blessed. Meanwhile, Adilakshmi ma'am. Thank you so much Vikas. On behalf of Beyond Law CLC and Leakey Leakey Zalai, it was indeed a pleasure to hear to Mr. Mukunth. Time and again I've been gearing to this topic and every time he makes it perfect 10 and today it was really excellent and even the participants list was increasing and it was an excellent session and I think Vikas will not let Mukunth do sessions for Legal Eagle Salite. So Mukunth will be tied with Beyond Law CLC. So already he has requested for topics. So Legal Eagle Salite and Beyond Law CLC has to go and tie up to bring in Mr. Mukunth. Thank you so much. It was really excellent and thank you participants for coming in and joining in the session and also the questions posted by every one of you has tickled our mind and thought provoking ones. Thank you everyone. Thank you Vikas for bringing in Legal Eagle Salite team time and again. Thank you all. Thank you very much. I can only say that we have asked Mukunth to give the time of knowledge to us. Yeah, we should thank both of you and the participants even. Yeah, so every participant on behalf of all the participants who are watching us live on the YouTube, Facebook and on this platform. Thank you to Mr. Mukunth and Legal Eagle Salite team for joining us for this endeavor of us to continue to learn the college during these testing times. Meanwhile, keep on wearing your masks, maintain social distancing and do not go out of the house until our list is required and also do get your vaccination done on time to save yourself and your near and years. Otherwise, all these propositions which we have learned today can come into motion immediately. Thank you everyone. Thank you.