 name is Neelam Rana. I'm doing or almost finished PhD and the professor, Nair Anand. My work was on public policy and sanitation in urban cities. And I tried to look into role of different actors, stakeholders, and discourses in making or influencing policy and sanitation. So today, I'll be talking to you about municipal solid waste management. It's an overview. So we are not going to go into much details about municipal solid waste management. It is just an overview so that the next exercise or the next session that we're gonna talk about, which is about planning solid waste management in small towns, you have certain understanding of solid waste management. What is the value chain? What are the actors? What are the technological options if one has to plan for the solid waste management? This is the outline of current presentation. I'll be talking about different components of municipal solid waste management. What is the status in trend? Government structure to manage municipal solid waste. Challenges in managing solid waste. What are the different technological options that are available and that are suitable for Indian conditions and policy and regulatory framework? So we will begin with first exercise. I want each of the groups to just reflect upon what are the different components of municipal solid waste in your city or in your town? Okay, and second exercise that I want you to do is what are the different steps of municipal solid waste management? So this might come either you must have already read about it when you were studying or it might come from your experience when you see what is happening in the city. Okay, so these are the two questions I want you to reflect upon in the next. So what I can gather from the presentation, individual presentation that more or less all of you have some level of understanding of what does municipal solid waste mean and what are the different components and what is the value chain and as in how it happens segregation, collection, transportation and some level of processing, plastic processing, paper processing. So all of you have spoken about these specific components. So I'm gonna take you through definitions which are by the book, so to say. So solid waste, when we talk about municipal solid waste, it includes solid or sandy solid, dry and wet waste which can be divided into biodegradable and non biodegradable waste. So dry waste is your non biodegradable waste and wet waste is biodegradable waste which comes from your kitchen or anything from that area. It includes waste generated under the local authority or urban local body within the city limits. So why we call it municipal solid waste management because it comes under the municipality or urban local body. Urban local body is supposed to manage under the constitution of India. Urban local bodies are supposed to manage your city waste and it includes domestic commercial institutional waste as you can see, different kind of waste is there. Municipality is also responsible to manage silt which is removed from the streets or silt which is removed from the Nala or the rains. It is also responsible for managing horticulture, agriculture and daily waste. What it excludes is biomedical waste, radioactive waste, e-waste, battery waste and industrial waste. This is a typical municipal solid waste management chain. As you can see the first point is unsegregated solid waste collection. This is a very simple waste solid waste management chain where the waste is not being segregated at the source. Okay, so this is called kind of centralized mechanism where the waste is not segregated at household or at the source level. There is a segregation by either by the waste pickers or rat pickers and there will be some storage, big storage or transverse station and then there will be some recovery happening by mostly by informal sector or maybe some waste entrepreneurs will be there. And ultimately most of the waste goes to landfills like Balsapa Landfill site which is there in Delhi. When you look from nearby, when you go nearby it feels like as if there is a natural mountain over there or natural hill over there. It doesn't look like a dumping site anymore. It's so big, so huge. These are the functional elements of solid waste management in India which most of you have covered. Waste generation, waste handling, waste collection. So this is just the again listing of the same elements. I'm gonna provide you a status of principle solid waste management in Indian cities. As you can see, there is a huge gap between what is generated, what is the per capita generation and how much is collected. I'm pretty sure these numbers are wrong. Actually 60 to 80% they are saying that it is collected. I'm pretty sure these numbers are much lower in most of the cities in India. And when it comes to processing and treatment only 22% of the total solid waste management, solid waste that is generated at a city level is being treated or being recovered for useful materials. If you go by some projections, our Indian cities will kind of have huge dumps to deal with waste to deal with which is 165 million tons by 2031. If there is huge potential that we can, which goes untapped because we are not able to recover lot of material from this solid waste. Like if we can kind of manage, we can manage to have a power of 439 watts, million watts for this thing from the waste. 1.3 cubic meter of bio gas can be generated to process municipal solid waste. And 5.4 million metric tons of compost annually can be produced. So these are the things which goes untapped because most of our waste goes to the landfill, which is the centralized system of managing our waste. These are the trends in solid waste generation in India. You can see that these are increasing. It wise, solid waste generation collection treatment in different states in India. As you can see UP being one of the biggest states, there is no capacity of collection and quantity being treated. While the smaller state, they are still doing well when it comes to collection and treatment. Which is what type of solid waste is produced by your household? Do you find any differences in composition of solid waste from different cities? Is there any difference in composition of solid waste in different class of household? Do you find any differences when solid waste comes from different class of household, like high income, low income, middle income? And is there any difference in composition of solid waste from different cities? You have, each group has different cities. Composition, by composition I mean again, like biodegradable, non-biodegradable. So is there any change, any differences in the composition of solid waste being generated across cities? And what kind of waste is generated mostly? The percentage is higher, which kind of waste at your household level?