 Welcome to Civil Speedia, the current affairs digital library powered by Shankar IAS Academy. As part of today's discussion, we will look at three topics on terms of prelim. Dharad are in Tribe and Issues and Poshan Abiyan, in other words, National Nutrition Mission and National Finance Reporting Agency and as part of Main's Learning Top, we will discuss Iran Revolution in short way. First let us discuss the people or the population of this Dharad Aryan tribes, these, the people belonging to this Dharad Aryan tribe or do live in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, particularly in the regions of Leh, Ladakh and Kargil. The meaning of the word Dharad is those people who live on the hillsides, the locations such as Dha, Hanu, Bhima, Darchik and Darcon villages in Lah, Leh and Kargil. These locations together called as Aryan valley and the most of their occupation primarily involves goat rearing, sheep rearing for milk and meat and very recently the one of the pressing issue for this particular tribal population is that their population is dwindling or shrinking and if you have a close look, their present population is just around 4000 and very recently this Indra Gandhi National Centre for Arts in New Delhi has organized this Aryan Utsav or in other words this Dharad Aryan Festival in for more than 4-5 days particularly wherein we could get a charter of demands from around 35 artists who came from this Jammu and Kashmir to attend the festival, they have stated various their demands, they have told their region have only 3 high schools and their population have been facing various threats due to modernization, migration and religious conversion and other issues as well and therefore their traditions and culture are at threat. These are about this Dharad Aryan tribes, what we have to keep in mind is, Ministry there are certain newspapers which have stated that the Dharad Aryan tribes are involved or among the list of scheduled tribes but the Ministry of Tribal Affairs have clarified on February 7th through Press Information Bureau that the Dharad Aryan tribes are not in the list for scheduled tribes and therefore as of now they do not enjoy any constitutional or legal protection for scheduled tribes and they are also not part of also part of the list in the particular vulnerable tribal groups which are notified by the Ministry of Home Affairs. As of now there are 75 tribal population who come under this particularly vulnerable tribal groups, we will next look on the criteria for the determination of particularly vulnerable tribal groups. First, a pre-agriculture level of technology and also another criteria is the stagnant or declining population and third one is that extremely low literacy and a subsistence level of economy. This Dharad Aryan tribes, they are practicing endogamy to keep their gene pool intact and these are some of the main points related to this Dharad Aryan tribes and there is a scheme in central government known as development of particularly vulnerable tribal groups and this scheme is implemented by or it has come under Ministry of Tribal Affairs whereas the notification of particularly vulnerable tribal groups come under the parlance of Ministry of Home Affairs. This we have to keep in mind with this we come to the end of this topic. Next we will discuss about Poshan Abhyan or in other words national nutrition mission. Launched on International Women's Day in the year 2018, the scheme is also called as Prime Minister's overarching scheme for holistic nourishment. It aims to improve nutritional outcomes of children, adolescent girls, pregnant women and lactating women, mothers. We should know that it is a flagship program of Ministry of Women and Child Development. However, it is implemented by several ministries, national ministries and also various departments coming under the state government. Several ministries are involved and the nodal ministry for this whole Poshan Abhyan or the National Nutrition Mission is the Ministry of Women and Child Development and the vision is to ensure attainment of malnutrition free India by the 75th year of Indian independence that is 2022. Next we look into the objectives of the Poshan Abhyan. It focuses on standing under nutrition, low birth weight and reducing the prevalence of anemia among young children and also among women and adolescent girls. Stunting in children, here the age of children is 0 to 6 years and also under nutrition for the same age group of children and low birth weight. It shall be reduced by 6% in 3 years. These 3 years start from 2017-18, 18-19 and 19-20. Every year there shall be a reduction of 2% age and similarly for anemia for young children from 6 to 59 months and for women and adolescent girls in the age group totally from 15 to 49 years it shall be reduced by 9% overall in 3 years and per annum there shall be 3% reduction and particularly it focuses on one another information on stunting. The mission aims to achieve reduction in stunting from 38.4% according to NFHS 4 survey to 25% by the year 2022. Even by the given speed of reduction this is difficult to attain. However the project aims to achieve 25% reduction of stunting to 25% by the year 2022 and the monitoring and evaluation in addition to ministry of women and child development will be carried out by Nithya Yog through its technical support unit and this is about national nutrition mission and mission to improve the nutritional outcomes of women, children, lactating and pregnant women. With this we come to end of this topic. Next we will discuss about national financial reporting authority. It is a statutory body coming under section 132 of the Companies Act of 2013 where in the act has laid down various qualifications, eligibility and some of the powers and functions of this national reporting national financial reporting authority. The need was felt because particularly after the Satyam scam of 2009 committee on finance submitted its 21st report wherein it has recommended such an authority and some of the important reasons why it has to be established is that hitherto or before the creation of this national financial reporting authority it was institute of chartered accountants of India. The institute was responsible for regulation of auditing or regulation of the profession of chartered accountants in India. However one significant drawback in that institute is that it consists of a council wherein the council consists of 32 elected members and only 8 members dominated by the central government and in order to monitor this or to regulate this profession of chartered accountants if you select 32 people by election then obviously there will be vested interest involved and therefore in order to create an authority similar to this which is independent enough to scrutinize those who carry out this profession and also to keep in power with the international best practices for auditing and accounting such an authority was necessary and also having such an authority will help reducing audit frauds or accounting frauds and particularly after the Punjab national banks scam and it was highly relevant and having such mechanisms at the national level will also give improve the foreign direct investments and more domestic investments to the country and thus per the economic growth of the nation overall. And recently in the month of November 2018 through by way of notification the government has given a set of rules called as national financial reporting authority rules 2018 wherein it has given lot of functions in addition to those given under the under the section 132 of companies at 2013. Some of the functions of this NFRA are to maintain the details of particulars of the auditors in the companies those companies which come under the which come under the purview of this national financial reporting authority the companies which come under these authority were given in rule 3 of the of the NFRA rules 2018. For example any company which has listed its security on the national stock exchange or any stock exchange in India or abroad and there have been classifications of large unlisted companies based on paid up capital for example in terms of paid up capital it is around if the if the company is paid up capital is 500 crore or more it will come into the purview of this authority and these these terms are it has been discussed in rule 3 of the rules and also to recommend the standards for particularly for auditing and accounting standards for approval by the central government once approved by the central government it has the authority to monitor and enforce compliance of these auditing and accounting standards and also to oversee the quality of service of professional professionals associated with ensuring compliance and suggest measures for improvement of these quality of service related to auditing and accounting and to promote awareness related to the compliance of these standards and to cooperate with national and international bodies for particularly related to auditing and accounting and this authority is also having the power to investigate not just as referred by the central government but also on its own by by means of so motto it can investigate so motto or by the cases referred by the central government coming to this NFRA the audit of this authority will be carried out by the CAG all right comptroller and auditor general of india with this we come to the end of this discussion about national financial reporting authority next we will discuss about this iran revolution all right on 11 february 1979 the iran revolution which particularly started in there 1977 culminated in particularly in february 1979 when they saw our overthrow or resignation of muhammad resha Shah pahlevi they then monarch till february 1979 in iran all right it was stated that various causes related to the for for the revolution of iran particularly the islamic revolution of iran where like domestic tyranny autocratic rule of the monarch and foreign domination the monarch was said to be pro-western or pro-european all right and these this stature of the monarch particularly resha Shah pahlevi who ruled as a monarch in iran since 1941 till 1979 all right he was pro-western it was not to the willingness of those clergyman and other citizens of iran they considered it as loss of sovereignty or an attack on sovereignty on iran and also he was accused of corruption and there were growing inequality between the rich and the poor and various other reasons abuse of power were were stated against this monarch of muhammad resha Shah pahlevi and therefore in the year 1977 several sections of society several sections include religious clergymen those people who are who are supporting secular front and even others such as students were participated however at the end of the revolution it is the clergymen or the religious leaders who gained superiority over all of the groups and subdued them and finally they held a referendum in the in the among the citizens of iran and thus established the islamic state of iran all right this happened in the year 1979 and this religious uprising or this religious opposition way back started in the year 1963 when the monarch introduced white revolution scheme of the government but the religious leaders criticized that this is the white revolution scheme announced by the monarch is against the sovereignty of the state of iran and it is in a way supporting the imperial powers and thereby they getting iran subdued under them for their various interests for example iran is a country known for oil resource all right which may act against the interest of the public in iran and this is about iran revolution however this success of the iran revolution led to establishment of islamic state of iran because in the year in the in the 20th century many nations were created based on formed or there were overthrowing of previous governments etc based on philosophies like communist philosophy like capitalist philosophy on democracy etc but it was iran who was the first state created on the basis of theocracy particularly on the ideals of shia shia philosophy all right and this actually gave signals to various countries which were then ruled by autocratic in an autocratic manner of government or in an authoritarian manner of government so that there is a possibility for a people to revolt and that could lead to overthrowing of a government and they could establish a new constitution on their own and rule themselves all right even the if you if you if you go to the organizers of the tunisian revolution they will say that they've got they also got their inspiration where rooted back in the success of iran revolution and it is also one of the reason why several autocratic or authoritarian form of governments still have a strong control over the some of the post that are democratically elected say for example pakistan the army of pakistan is having a large control over the the democratic post that are in the in the government democratic services that is because if if it loses control the people may revolt and the nations the the concentration of powers could be diversified and this could lead into a formation of a new government which are not to the likes of the present pakistan government or for example similar similarly situated authoritarian governments and during the after the iran revolution particularly during that time around 52 diplomats were held as hostages the till 1979 the united states was pro iran but after 1977 the united states took its stand totally against the interest of the public of iran or the then government of iran which performed after 1979 and and even in the year 2015 based on the push given by the united states of america and some of the european states that iran is having enriching lot of uranium for purposes such as war or creating tensions among the regional powers and therefore the iran was forced or in a way forced cost to agree to a 2015 joint comprehensive plan of action a nuclear deal wherein even authorities will be allowed for you know extensive inspection of the various locations however in 2018 united states of america has pulled out of this deal saying and increasing the sanctions over iran saying that the iran is not cooperating or iran is having having it is not allowing the even authorities to visit as it was pleased by the various authorities and the revolutions these revolution is as well as i already told could inspire various thoughts because particularly for example tunisian revolution all right and coming to the cultural politics if you look into the iran constitution the supreme leader is not democratically elected by the people of iran the supreme leader of iran is a religious leader and he was selected by an assembly of experts all right and the one who is democratically elected is the president of iran all right and he is the he is only next to the supreme leader in iran by article 113 of the iran constitution it clearly states that after the supreme leader comes the president of the country the supreme leader enjoys life term life term to be the leader it means till the death of the leader he will be the supreme leader of the country so far only two persons have the have been the supreme leader from 1979 to 1989 imam kumayini was the supreme leader and from nineteen from 1979 to 1989 and from 1989 till now it was ali kamini he was the supreme leader at present uh rauhani was the president of iran all right and this uh supreme leader is supported by a guardian council which consists of six clergymen appointed by the leader himself and six jurists these names are recommended by the chief judicial authority to the parliament of iran the power name of the parliament of iran is national consultative assembly and they select and by vote they are elected by vote these six jurists and these the supreme leader along with this guardian guardian council decides who to stand in an election all right for be it for president be it for members of national consultative assembly and for various other portfolios president actually is it has been alleged that the president of iran is just having you know as a acting as a rubber as a stamp and it is overall it is controlled by the supreme leader of iran various portfolios for example is the commander in chief for the armed forces a foreign portfolio domestic policies foreign policies most of the the powers are almost concentrated in the hands of the supreme leader and it was also stated that the present youths who are who are emerging in iran are looking at their fellow global citizens who are enjoying various rights fundamental rights and various rights at institute under the united universal declaration of human rights enjoyed in various other countries and similar voice could not be expressed in their country say for example freedom of speech and expression the nation is an islamic state and they cannot even utter any any even several words or choices of reforms were restricted by the government and particularly for women there have been several restrictions if you'll closely look into the political appointment say for example supreme leader or president or those 12 members who are part of guardianship council guardian council and those members of national consultative assembly most of the time the women are not allowed to stand in even stand in an election so far no woman has become a supreme leader or you know the president of iran this is the present day present state of iran and there are also experts who who who say that there is another political change based on another revolution in iran which will happen and it is certain that it will happen but it we could not decide only the time this is also a statement given by various experts and with these things we'll come to the end of our discussion on on this iran revolution 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