 preterm premature rupture of membranes, PPIOM, which is associated with vaginal dysbiosis, is responsible for up to one-third of all preterm births. Vaginal and neonatal microbiota analysis by 16S RNA gene sequencing after PPIOM may form the basis of individualized risk assessment for consecutive EONS. This article was authored by Luis Gustavo Dos Angeles Borges, Jana Pastushik, Yvonne Hyman, and others.