 Innovation, in commerce and management, innovation, and opposite of innovation, can occur when products and processes that have been tested and confirmed to be best in class are standardized to ensure that they are not innovated further. Companies that have followed innovation as a strategy to improve organizational performance include General Electric, Ford Motor Company and American Airlines. One of the earliest usages of the term came in 1981, when John Kimberly referred to removal of innovation from an organization. In 1996 a Sandy provided the modern definition of innovation as the philosophy of not innovating. In other words, ensuring that best in class entities are not innovated further, since then innovation has become a notable part in various practices from management to medicine.