 Thank you for coming just by way of a very brief introduction in the low-carb circles I'm kind of the last man last original man standing there were Several people espousing a low-carb diet 20 years ago. I'm one of them most were correlating it with a high protein diet And I'm glad to see that I've convinced people that's not the case or that shouldn't be the case. I was also the first person to connect leptin to diet and health and then mTOR I've fought against Cholesterol being a villain for 20 years and it might be new to you now, but you'll soon be hearing about Not taking calcium because taking calcium is quite detrimental to health and increases Mortality and does not increase strong bones and I've talked about that on national public radio for 20 years and there's a reason not because I'm a genius but because 20 years ago I recognized that it was much more important to look at the commonalities among life and Treat those commonalities if they were going wrong I Looked at the pathway that we took to life to know What is vital to life and if something was out of whack? Then that needed to be looked at So let's go on a little bit of a journey for just a short while. I don't have very long And so in what 15 minutes or so We're gonna tell you everything you need to know about nutrition the formation of life and medicine About four billion years ago Life formed in the oceans Prevailing view could have come from another planet where the same scenario might have taken place Fatty acids coalesced like bubbles and they formed around amino acids And we had primitive cells that ultimately were able to divide into and learned how to reproduce and at that point Then it was a numbers game Cholesterol at this point was vital right from the start because it helped in the rigidity of cell membranes Otherwise it would break apart too rapidly that tells you one thing that cholesterol cannot be The villain is being made out to be since it is common to every cell on earth You get rid of cholesterol you get rid of life That told me way back that we should not be taking statin cholesterol lowering drugs They cannot be good for you and will increase mortality and that has shown now over and over and over again They failed to tell you that it became a numbers game those organisms that could Reproduce the fastest where those most likely to survive and at that point Glucose was the dominant fuel. It's a very simple molecule and you can burn it without oxygen There was no oxygen in the atmosphere at that point That could not be used as a fuel fatty acids Good thing didn't have to eat its own membrane which delineated it from the world and made kind of kept its separateness But you cannot burn fat without oxygen, but it's very easy to burn glucose with that oxygen That's really important that fat fact. So we know that glucose Was used as a fuel For billions of years Before fat could be used there had to be nutrient sensors That formed that told cells when to start reproducing when fuel was available meaning glucose so when glucose was Dominant and there was a lot of glucose cells said let's go. Let's make hay while it getting good and they would reproduce as fast as possible Those are our ancestors We still have that genetic heritage in us and when that those signals come forth when glucose is very available and Nutrient sensors such as insulin start telling the cells to start reproducing as fast as they can We end up calling it cancer Cancer is a default condition. It has to constantly be kept in check dependent on nutrient availability Cells formed colonies because in unity there is strength There's a physical limit to how big cells can form and so to get bigger there were colonies of cells Okay, that required then Extracellular communication had to be communication among the parts To tell the parts what to do for the common good Forming colonies was really smart For two reasons Because by this point there were plants Single-cell plants that were putting out oxygen oxygen was not the life-giving chemical that it's made out to be right now It was likely the very first weapon of mass destruction It was theorized that it destroyed at least 90% of life on earth It oxidized and the the poor ancient life had no means of anti-oxidation oxygen burns and it Virtually burned up almost all life So cells would huddle together And those that could be more resistant to oxygen were on the outside and those that were more sensitive were on the inside And we got sort of a division of labor Antioxidant systems were built up and especially mitochondria, which was a type of bacteria Learned how to use oxygen to burn food Rather than burn itself symbiosis these took place where a Mother kind of ate a mitochondria and learned that they could cooperate together and Use that mitochondria to generate energy from food While at the same time protect itself from the damage of oxygen and It in turn would supply the mitochondria with food substrates to use That division of labor was really important Because another division of labor came forth there had to be a means of Documenting what was good and what worked and what wasn't So genetic apparatus came along very early in the ballgame at first It was probably some sort of informational protein molecule then it's probably acknowledged that it was RNA later morphed into DNA so we had then a division between the important informational molecules that tell how to make and maintain life called the germ cells or the germ line and the soma the body That took care of the germ cells Okay, we still have that division of labor. It is the most important division of labor that there is why Because that is why we age That is why we die Early on when you were just single-cell bacteria dividing and dividing and dividing a numbers game There really was no death They just kept dividing There's no corpse Maybe occasionally from accident if you stepped on it, but not through disease as such However with the advent of the division of labor between the genome and the soma The soma's purpose now was to protect that genome. It's the temporary caretaker It's supposed to handle that baton and run with it to the next soma Protect it be its shield and take the environmental hits and then pass it on Tired and spent to the next soma to do the same thing in a perpetual relay race and Then get off the track and die This is what nature wants and this is nature's purpose and it is very important to understand that that the soma That you think of yourself as yourself The body is there to protect the genome and all nature cares about is that we can protect that genome Enough to get it to the next generation and allow the project you need to stand on its own two feet and Then nature does not care about us and it allows us to die Because we fulfilled our purpose and have no more purpose So when you hear let's just do what's natural doing what's natural is making a baby Making sure that it can walk and eat and then dying Post reproductive lifespan is irrelevant to nature with that exception so what we're trying to do at least if you're My age and post reproductively and you are trying to live as long and as healthy a life as possible that is not natural We are trying to do what is not natural and the only way that we can accomplish that The only way we can really make headway into the chronic diseases of aging is to learn How nature has endowed us with tricks So as to at least get to reproductive age and it has We know now that there is a common genetic pathway That virtually all life has and especially all animal life And it can be turned on or it can be turned off and it's Regulated by nutrient sensing hormones that correlate nutrient availability With reproduction in the ancient ocean I told you that was one very important fact and that was that glucose was a dominant fuel and these rules were set up when glucose Was a dominant fuel and not fat fat came later Fat didn't come until mitochondria became incorporated in other cells because mitochondria are the only organisms Organs that can burn fat because they can use oxygen So you have insulin that is the major nutrient sensor of glucose You've got million-target of rapamycin which is a metabolic pathway that is a nutrient sensor for protein and you've got leptin which is the nutrient sensor for fat the two main building blocks of life early on that Were required to build any life and nutrients were glucose as a fuel and proteins and so the nutrients that regulate all nutrient sensors that then regulate a genetic pathway of longevity and our insulin and mTOR the nutrients being Glucose and protein Leptin came later and it's probably the most important one in humans But it on And I get arguments with people all the time on various blogs that tell me Though leptin is just regulated by how much fat you have That's false It's regulated by every meal you can double your leptin levels in 12 hours if you eat a high carbohydrate meal And it is those spikes in leptin and spikes in insulin that cause insulin and leptin resistance So that then you have a miscommunication So just like communication was required for life to form when you had multi-celled colonies Miscommunication is the cause of all disease There is no exception to that It is the communication you have to deal with When you're trying to treat somebody Diabetes is not a disease of blood sugar It's a disease of miscommunication of insulin and leptin sugar is just listening to the orders medicine just treats glucose Lowers glucose to hell with insulin and almost always insulin goes up and people die faster That was seen in the Accord study if you want to look that up and they were puzzled How could that be it took more medicine to and they had better glucose control and yet they had a much higher mortality rate That was because they were raising insulin Same thing with leptin We are not Our genes we are The music that our genes play genetic expression Meals regulate genetic expression more than anything who does the meal the breakfast I ate this morning will change at least 8,000 genes. I've got maybe 13,000 The difference between a man and woman is about 200 genes You can take a piano of 84 keys or so and how many different songs can you play? Almost infinite variety you can take your same genes and you can play the music of diabetes Or you can play the music of a long life and healthy life It will be determined by what you eat because what you eat regulates nutrient sensors Insulin mTOR and leptin that regulate a longevity pathway and they went when they were all kept low Which fools your body into believing that you are experiencing a famine it up? regulates repair mechanisms DNA repair intracellular antioxidant systems autophagy which is kind of a Cellular garbage collection heat shock proteins all sorts of things that will allow you To stay healthy and outlive the famine so that you can reproduce at a future more opportune time And we can keep those things going post-reproduction if we keep insulin mTOR and leptin down and the only way to do that is to keep glucose down and To keep protein down Fat is a free fuel It's not really involved in regulating the nutrient sensors That's interesting in other words you can make your body believe that you are experiencing a famine And get all the benefits of fasting get all the benefits of caloric restriction But you don't have to do it Just eat a lot of fat And you get the same benefits and I wrote a paper on that it's published And it is the way to go any questions. I think I have about what two minutes Use the bikes on either side What is your position on fiber and sort of access fiber versus moderate amount? Sure fiber Fiber is either soluble or insoluble Okay, soluble is a fiber that can only be digested by bacteria into short and medium chain fatty acids So it's fine. It's good Pills you up Makes you believe that you've eaten something and you actually are gonna end up eating fat Insoluble fiber is just like eating nothing You know, it just goes in and out of you. It's essentially a non-factor You might say that helps scrub out the intestines a little bit. So it might have a little bit of benefit but for the most part it's a No more than that Another question Dr. Cressa mentioned yesterday in the debate that you had that and the brain The evolution of the brain was from carbohydrates. He's totally wrong on that. They you know A lot of a lot of things that you hear are just I don't know where they get these things It could not have been that way impossible because we know that our brain Consumes a lot of energy a newborn consumes almost 70% of the energy requirements of that body okay, the only way that the The brain even currently can operate properly, but especially could evolve into a larger brain Was to start eating a more nutrient-dense food because you can only Utilize fuel that has energy over and above what you're going to expend to get it So you have to expend a lot of energy to hunt and gather Vegetables you don't have a lot left over and they've shown that our mouth became smaller and our intestines shortened Because our intestines are also an expensive tissue uses a lot of energy So we had to use less energy in our intestines so that we could put more energy Into our brain and the only way to do that is that if we evolved into eating a higher fat diet This is called the expansion the expensive tissue hypothesis. It's widely widely accepted and paleoanthropology and many other papers now have come out in support of that and so that was Wrong and the safe starts debate if I have more time Really boils down to we know that glucose is maintained up until death You can starve yourself and your glucose will maintain. There is no such thing as a glucose deficiency. That's wrong All you can say is they might say Is that it's more Advantages to eat glucose than to have your body make it. That's what they might say. That's all they could correctly Argue, but that's wrong Because you will never know Exactly when and where and how you will need that glucose Your body will make it when it needs it and where it needs it and let your body do its thing It's also when you eat it you have adverse effects that take place such as it will raise your insulin It will raise your leptin You will shut off your maintenance and repair mechanism that pathway We just talked about you want to keep them low and by eating the glucose you can't keep them low So there's an adverse effect from eating it as opposed to the gluconeogenesis furthermore with gluconeogenesis the substrates matter in other words if you are Making the glucose from amino acids that is not good That's why I've always recommended a lower protein diet because I don't want you to burn protein for fuel all food can be used either to Supply the parts that you need or to burn for fuel you want protein to supply the parts You don't want it to burn for fuel to burn protein for fuel You have to deaminate it take off the nitrogen make urea and ammonia which is a poison that your kidneys then have to get rid of So we do not want to use protein as a substrate to make glucose But we don't have to on a high-fat diet You use the fat to make glucose the glycerol you can make glucose the ketones Well, your body preferentially burns ketones and many Studies show that ketones are a much healthier fuel for nerves and your brain and almost every other tissue including your heart Which will pump harder on ketones then it will on glucose So between the ketones between the glucose manufactured from the glycerol between recycled lactate and pyruvate You can supply all of your glucose needs You know they keep saying well glucose is necessary for glycoproteins blah blah blah nobody's arguing that we know the glucose is necessary Okay, but it's not necessary to eat it. In fact, it's very disadvantageous to eat it Your body can make what it wants when it wants and it can make it through a easier mechanism a more efficient Mechanism that is a healthier mechanism i.e. through ketones Okay, thank you Thank you