 As-Salam-Alaikum viewers, welcome to virtual university. In today's lesson, we will be looking at a reading text, which is about primary and secondary memory in a computer. We are going to follow the same pattern as established in the earlier lessons. You are required to listen carefully as I read the text and then together we will do the exercises that follow the reading passage. Now the passage is about primary and secondary memory. The term memory is usually used to refer to the internal storage, refer to the internal storage locations of a computer. It is also called real storage or primary memory and is expressed as quantities of K. For example, computers are advertised as having memories of 16 K or 152 K depending on their storage capacity. Each K is equal to 1,024 bytes and each byte is equal to 8 bits. Primary memory is closely associated with the CPU because it stores programs and data temporarily, thus making them immediately available for processing by the CPU. To facilitate processing, two things are needed, random access and speed. The former means that any part of the memory may be read or accessed equally quickly. This is made possible by the system of addresses in primary memory, where the storage locations are like a series of tiny compartments each having its own address. These addresses are like the addresses of houses in that they do not change because they are always fixed, the control unit knows where to find them at a very high speed. When it finds them, it puts into the compartments whatever must go there and wipes out whatever was stored there. The information present in these compartments is called the contents of the memory. Primary memory is costly and therefore it is used transiently which means that a program or part of it or parts of it is kept in internal storage while the program is being executed. This however is not true for mini and micro applications where the computer performs the same function referred to as a dedicated function all the time. But since computers must process vast quantities of data and programs, a lot of storage space is required. For this reason various secondary memory technologies have been developed. Primary memory devices fall into two categories, sequential devices and a random access devices. Sequential devices permit information to be written onto or read off some storage medium in a fixed sequence only. In order to get at a particular data item it is necessary to pass over all the data preceding it. An example of such a device is the magnetic tape. Its cost is low but access to specified data may take a considerable length of time. On the other hand random access devices are designed to permit direct or almost direct access to specified data. These devices bypass large quantities of irrelevant data and therefore reduce access time considerably. An example of this technology is the magnetic disk which is faster than the magnetic tape and also more expensive. When disks are hooked up to the computer and used as an extension of internal storage in order to increase the capacity of primary memory this is called virtual storage. For example a computer with 256 k bytes of real storage may seem to have 512 k bytes of virtual storage by using disks to provide additional storage. Now take time and read the text I am sure you were reading it while I was reading it aloud. Now to test your reading comprehension 3 statements are given you. Which statement of the 3 best expresses the main idea of the text? After you have done that you must state why you eliminated the other choices. Number 1 there are two types of memory primary and secondary. Is this the main idea of the text? Is this what the text is about? Number 2 primary memory is more important than secondary memory. And number 3 secondary memory devices are unimportant in a computer system. Now out of these three which one is the main expresses the main idea of the text? Simple it is statement number 1 because this is what the whole text is about about primary and secondary memory. The other two the text does not say that primary memory is more important than secondary memory no and neither the third one. So your first choice is the correct one that the text mentions that primary memory is very costly it does not state that it is more important than secondary memory neither does it state that the letter is unimportant in a computer system. So it was statement number 1 that was that states the main idea of the passage. Now number 2 understanding the passage the number of statements are given and indicate whether the statements are really stated in the text or are they not stated in the text. Number 1 the term memory can be expressed in other ways the term memory can be expressed in other ways does the text say this or does it not yes it does it is stated that the term memory can be expressed in other ways. Number 2 computers are often advertised according to their memory capacity does the text say that yes it does that computers are often advertised according to their memory capacity this statement is also stated in the text. Number 3 the CPU can easily access information from internal storage statement number 3 the CPU can easily access information from internal storage is this statement stated or not yes it is the first 3 statements are there very clearly in the text these are all statements that are there. Number 4 mini computers and micro computers have a similar memory capacity does the state does the text say that no not at all so that is not stated. Number 5 the control unit needs to know the location where information is stored or needs to be stored the control unit needs to know the location where information is stored or needs to be stored not at all it is not stated so number 4 and 5 are not stated. Number 6 primary memory is more expensive than secondary memory number 7 there are 2 types of secondary memory device number 8 information stored on magnetic disk can be retrieved faster than if that same information were on tape all 3 6 7 and 8 all 3 statements are there in the text if you refer back you will find that they are there. Number 9 disks and tapes can be stored in a library disks and tapes can be stored in a library now does your text say that no this is not stated and take the last one computers can process information even if complete programs are not put in internal storage. Number 10 computers can process information even if complete programs are not put in internal storage this is also not stated look at the third exercise which is location information you have to skim the text go through it quickly to see where in the text these ideas are expressed now in which paragraph is it stated that speed and random access are important in processing information speed and random access are important in processing information if you scan it is very early in the text is paragraph 2. Number 2 random access devices are more efficient than sequential devices this information you will find in paragraph 4 and the CPU and primary memory work closely together this is in paragraph 2. Number 4 virtual storage increases the memory capacity of a computer virtual storage increases the memory capacity of a computer this is in paragraph 4. Number 5 real storage internal storage and primary memory are all the same this you will find in the very first paragraph statement number 6. Information is stored in memory in compartments with the specific location information is stored in memory in compartments with the specific location this information is to be found in paragraph 2. Number 7 there are 2 classes of secondary memory devices there are 2 classes of secondary memory device and that is in paragraph 4. Number 8 only parts of programs are kept in primary storage while a program is being run through only parts of programs are kept in primary storage while a program is being run through and this information you will find in paragraph 3. Now we will look at exercise 4 contextual reference now look back at the text and find out where the words that are given in bold type occur or where they referred what is it that they refer to this is always a very interesting exercise. Number 1 it is also called and this is in paragraph 1 find this phrase it is also called and what does it refer to what does it refer to it refers to memory. Number 2 depending on their storage capacity and the word is there on whose storage capacity whose storage capacity is being referred to it is in paragraph 1 and it is referring to memories computers. Number 3 thus making them in paragraph 2 you will find this phrase thus making them now what does them refer to it refers to programs and data it is in the plural so it has to be 2 things it must be them it must be programs and data. Number 4 the former means that the former the phrase former the former what does it refer to in paragraph 2 you will find this phrase and it refers to the former it means random access. Number 5 where the storage locations where the storage locations and this is in paragraph 2 what does the word where refer to it refers to primary memory. Number 6 each having its own address each having its own address what does each refer to each refers to compartment each compartment has its own address and number 7 in that they do not change what does they refer to they refers to in paragraph 2 to addresses of houses. Number 8 where to find them them them refers to addresses it is in the plural it is referring to more than one thing so it has to be something in the plural it is addresses. Number 9 whatever must go there whatever must go there t h e r e and there refers to compartments and the last one number 10 all parts of it in paragraph 3 find this phrase all parts of it and what is it referring to it is referring to program. Let us move on to exercise 5 which is a vocabulary exercise by this time you must have realized that all of these passages are on the same pattern and number 5 is always a vocabulary item it tests your it teaches you vocabulary now you refer back to the text and find the synonyms finds find words that are more or less the same in meaning. There is a word in paragraph 1 which is the same in meaning as the word represented when you think of a word can you locate the word which means the same as represented and it is the word expressed. Number 2 erases in paragraph 2 there is a word over there which means the same as erases it might not be a word it could be a phrase and the phrase is wipes out wipes out. Number 3 the phrase carried out is there a word in your text in paragraph 3 which means the same as carried out to carry out something carry out orders you carry out the orders of your superiors and the word is executed. So for before and in paragraph 4 there is a word which means the same as before and that is preceding you have got your prefix preceding that which came earlier on right it is on the preceding page. Number 5 very much the phrase very much in paragraph 4 is there a word in paragraph 4 which you could substitute for very much and it is the word considerably considerably. Now go back to the text again and look for words that are opposite in meaning to the words that I shall read out. Number 1 er number 6 the word latter is there a word in your text which is the opposite in meaning to the word latter, latter means opposite the opposite of latter is former. Number 7 disallow in paragraph 4 find a word which you can which is the opposite in meaning to disallow when you disallow somebody the opposite would be require required. Number 8 unnecessary paragraph same paragraph the word unnecessary and the word that is opposite in meaning is permit. Number 9 the phrase go through, go through, go through its opposite would be bypass when you leave something and go around it bypass go through is when you go straight across it. And number 10 imaginary is there a word in paragraph 4 which is the opposite in meaning to the word imaginary and it is the word real, real is opposite to the word imaginary. Now we will do an exercise in word forms how the form of the word changes and you choose the appropriate form of the words to complete the sentences. And then you can check the differences in meaning the words are number 1 4 words expression expressive express expressed different forms of the word information sent via a computer is faster than using system of airlines or postal services which form of that word of those words would be appropriate over here and it is the word express, express be such as he or she has a computer of a brain means that he or she is a fast thinking person. So those words that are in inverted commas there is a word in the English language which you can use for that and that is expression you have got many expressions tit for tat that is an expression right computer of a brain right that is an expression. And see computers understand commands in the form of 0 and 1 and the word is expressed number 2 again there are 4 words equality equal equally equalize right verbs nouns adjectives sometimes you even have adverbs over there and you have to see which one would be appropriate in which context number a the symbol and the symbol is given you means that two things are not equal are not equal notice the symbol two parallel lines short parallel lines with a line going through them which means that it is not it is in the negative are not equal right be a micro computer does not a mini cube computer in flexibility and the only word would be appropriate word would be equal number see the two computer languages Pascal and PL1 are equally difficult right number 3 again 4 words consideration consider considerable and considerably number a there is a difference between written and spoken English so which words which word would be appropriate can't have consideration consider considerable there is a considerable difference between written and spoken English be it is important to consider the capabilities and limitations of a computer before buying one and see new printers can print results considerably faster than previously right number 4 and it is the word design design designed designation designer and designing a due to the advances in computer technology computer are faced with a more challenging job so it has to be a noun computer designers not designer but designers because the gap is followed by R faced in the plural so due to the advances in computer technology computer designers in the plural are faced with a more challenging job be computers are to process information accurately and quickly computers are you got a clue it is a verb are designed the helping verb is there you have to have the other part of the verb are designed and see computer art architects are constantly trying to improve improve on the the and you know that the word the always accompanies a noun or a pronoun and the noun over here is on the design of computers right and number five you got three words advertisement advertise and advertised right a there are many computer related jobs in the New York Times simple advertised in the past tense advertised number B the computer center will soon for more operators and programmers the computers center will advertise and see career opportunities in computer science and related fields can usually be found in the section of newspapers again use your knowledge of grammar the grammatical knowledge and the word is advertisements because you have got there before that coming before so it has to be the advertisements right now let us do an exercise in which the contents of the text are reviewed and you have to match the words in column A with the words given in column B look at the two lists and quickly match phrases in A with phrases in B column B internal storage internal storage what would it match with what would it match with does it is it does it go with a means any part of memory can be read quickly equally no the information contained in the storage locations all right move on move on our storage locations in internal storage no refers to memory contained in the storage locations that is it number 1 matches with number D right now let us look at number 2 number 2 says real storage real storage means any part of memory can be read quickly and equally B the information contained in the storage locations C D E E hooking up sometime it is F F sometimes called primary memory right now let us go back to number 3 random access means let us look at from the beginning means any part of memory can be read quickly equally and quickly yes number 3 matches with number A and number 4 addresses yes it matches with number C our storage locations let us look at number 5 contents what are contents what does the word contents match with let us go to the beginning contents matches with B the information contained in the storage locations all right let us look at number 6 so we use the elimination process now you which ones are left now sequential access could refer to information must be read from secondary memory devices in a fixed pattern yes it is G and number 7 virtual storage virtual storage would match with yes you are left with E so it is hooking up secondary memory devices on to memory to increase their capacity right let us look at focus review now in this lesson we are going to focus on how writers use examples to explain a point or to illustrate an idea which is given in a text and it is important to differentiate between the idea and the illustration of the idea with examples and writers often say explicitly very clearly which things are examples by using connectives and these connectives are for example such as right now you look at the following table a table is given you and you complete it by referring to the text right the text on primary and secondary memory and you locate the connectives that have been used for illustrations and examples right now in paragraph 1 the table has 3 headings one is items or item to be exemplified in some the items are given you in some you find the example of the marker that has been used the marker meaning example and then you have an actual example are you with me the table has 3 3 parts the first part refers to the item that you have that the writer tries to illustrate then there is a column where the connective where that word is used which is used for an example and then in the third column you have to fill out the actual example as it is given in the text in paragraph 1 the item has been given you the item is quantities of k what is the example marker that is used the marker used is for example and the actual example given is memories of 16 k or 152 k in paragraph 4 you find an example the word an example is there you have to find out what item is being exemplified and you have to give the actual example scan paragraph 4 and you will find that the word the phrase an example refers to sequential devices and the actual example is magnetic tape in the same paragraph you will find an example given you the example is magnetic disk and you have to locate the item and then the example marker and the item is random access devices and the marker is an example notice sometimes it is an example sometimes it is for example and in paragraph 4 still in the same paragraph there is an item given you and the item is virtual storage look for the example marker and the actual example just look for the word for example this time it is for example and for example it is followed by the phrase 256 k of real storage may be seen to have 512 k now I am going to tell you something else and this is about how writers add information there are many reasons why people read but in an academic setting reading is primarily done to get information on a particular subject now it is important for the reader to understand the relationship between the information given and the information which preceded it the information that came earlier now often information is presented in such a way as to suggest a reinforcement a reinforcement of what has been said or to show a similarity of what has been said before now when writers give explanations about something they usually offer examples to support their argument in favor of a particular point now they can do this in two ways they can present the information deductively which means that a rule or a generalization is given first and then examples are given in support of the general statement or principle some writers like to do it this way others prefer to give examples first and then make the generalization this form of presentation is known as inductive so there are two ways of presenting information one is deductive and the other is inductive now when writers use argument to reinforce to support what they have said earlier they use typical markers and you as a reader if you are aware what is the meaning of that marker it will help you in grasping the point that the writer is making for example on your screen you will see this statement in addition to the speed computers are accurate and can do repetitive operations over and over again without becoming tired or bored now in that statement there is one phrase which is a phrase of reinforcement it is reinforcing it is repeating saying again what is it has said earlier and the you can pick out the phrase the reinforcement marker and that is the phrase in addition to the second example microcomputers are cheaper than mainframes as well as being compact and portable now you pick out the reinforcement marker in that statement microcomputers are cheaper than mainframes as well as being compact and portable there is a phrase over there that reinforces what the first half of the sentence says you pick it up pick it out right now the other technique is that of similarity and I will again read out two statements I will give you the example the first one and you look up the example in the second one in the first statement microcomputers can have a storage capacity of up to 32 k likewise mini computers now in that sentence there is a phrase mark there is a marker which denotes which shows similarity and that is the word likewise what is said in the first half of the statement is repeated again and it is the word likewise you read the second statement and you find out for yourself what marker is used there many mini computers are used merely for a fixed application and run only a single program microcomputers operate in much the same way as in the case as is the case in automobile emission control systems and with that we come to the end of today's lesson hope to see you next time Allah Hafiz.