 Welcome to this session. I'm Xu Zhenjiang from Taiwan. My topic today is to introduce a press book or an open textbook that I worked with my students to produce. This book can be found on this website, and it's an interactive textbook designed for elementary and school children, basically school children, aged from 10 to 16. And it's adapted from a novel by a very famous writer in Taiwan. OK, this is the first page of the open textbook. The overview of my report today is to tell you about my motivation of producing this e-book. As I teach in a university with a mission to revitalize Hakka consciousness in Taiwan, Hakka is an ethnic group. And I'll explain more about its status in Taiwan. And also, I participated in a USR project focusing on the service to school children, basically from underprivileged families. The way I produce the e-book has three stages from preparation, then planning, and then go to writing. In the preparation stage, I had to decide which writer to teach. This writer tells stories about Hakka people in Taiwan. And also, I explored some platforms and finally chose press books as the platform. Then I designed the textbook outline based on a student's picture book also adapted from this long novel. And then finally, in the process of writing, I did the editing. I edited the glossary illustration and also the test bank, the test questions. I'm affiliated with the College of Hakka Studies in NYCU, that is National Yangming Jiao Tong University, located in Xinzhu. This university is famous for making a product for the science park next door. And the most famous company in that science park is called TSMC. The science park is considered Taiwan's Golden Hand, which means a hand that lays gold eggs. It's the economic powerhouse in Taiwan. These engineers working in science park past their leisure time, has their city life in Xinzhu City, also in the rural areas in Xinzhu County. Xinzhu City and Xinzhu County are two different administrative units, and Hakka people live in Xinzhu County. So Xinzhu, generally speaking, is called the Hakka Heartland. Hakka people made up just one seventh of Taiwan's population, but constitute the majority in a broad belt of highly country, which reaches from near Taiwan's main international airport at Taoyuan, through the counties of Xinzhu and Miaoli, almost as far as Taizong. In this region's small towns and villages, the Hakka language remains in daily use, among the elders aged above 60, which means that this language is dying. Hakka literally means guessed people, with a negative connotation of strangers. So they are called strangers wherever they move. So similar to Medi in Canada, in terms of marriage between different ethnic groups, Hakka people live in hills and mountains. So they have very close encounters with Taiwan's indigenous people. However, they are also called invisible in terms of their small population. Therefore, they always feel unsafe and inferior. This is a map about the geology of Taiwan. Two thirds of the land are hills and high mountains. So Hakka people are particularly good at living in the hills and high mountains. So this population basically is between the dominant group, which lives on the plains, the green part, and indigenous people who live in high mountains. So where are Hakkas in Taiwan? We can see from an old map and a new map that the red part are where most of them live. Are they indigenous people? Some claim they are. However, from today's point of view, Hakkas move everywhere in Taiwan. So the greener the color shows means the density of this ethnic group. These terms, like native indigenous or son of the land, has very complicated meanings in Taiwan. From the perspective of indigenous people, Taiwan has experienced layers of colonization under the governance of Spain, Holland, Japan, and China during the past 400 years, only until 30 years ago in the process of democratization. Sorry, my mind is not English now because I'm suffering jet lag. The issue of nativeization emerged for the reorientation of national identity. In 1994 and in 1997, the Constitution revised several articles about the name rectification of the Aboriginals. Since then, the cultural policy has been changed from Chinese to multicultural or from politicians point of view, from Chinese to Taiwanese. So indigenous means from a New Zealand scholar's research, the Maori people in New Zealand have the genetic link with the indigenous people in Taiwan. So New Zealand is actually the endpoint of a long chain of island hopping voyages in the South Pacific. And this has gone over 1,000 years. But their starting point is Taiwan. So this research is done by Geoffrey Chambers. And he had spent over 15 years on this research. In this sense, Hakka are not indigenous people because they move from mainland China to Taiwan. However, Hakka has been a minority group either in China or in Taiwan. But they feel more inferior in Taiwan. As the American Chambers, Taiwan describes Hakka, it says outwardly the Hakka people are indistinguishable from other Han people. Han means the dominant group in China. Yet Hakka culture differs significantly from that of the dominant Holo population. Holo is the dominant population in Taiwan. But Holo and Hakka, from academic point of view, are considered both Han, OK? However, we find Hakka people have powerful political figures, although their population is much smaller. People like the former Singapore prime minister, Li Guangyu, and many famous, let's say, Chinese communist generals are from Hakka people. And in their culture, women don't buy their feet. So they don't have the feet-biting custom. They are also famous for studying and farming. So they emphasize the way they deal with the heaven and the earth. When they farm, they look down at the land. When they study, they look up at the sky. I show you the two pictures about their food and also the women's costume. Because of their minority status, the government of Taiwan in 2001 set up a special council called Hakka Affairs Council. And usually, we thought only indigenous people have this kind of spatial treatment. However, Hakka earned one. We also have a council of indigenous peoples. There are 16 tribes altogether in Taiwan. Now, Hakka are not indigenous, but feel underprivileged like the indigenous. So they have suffered the so-called invisible status. And from 1949, when Taiwan entered its martial law period, the national government, which is the KMT regime, which moved from China to Taiwan, in order to unify language and for convenience of communication, promulgated the exclusive Mandarin, or Chinese language policy that directly suppressed the right of non-Mandarin speaking groups to use their language. So there's a long description about the development and establishment of Hakka. Escape some part of it, except showing this map. So beginning from the fourth century, Hakka people have five major moving. And so you can see they move from the north step by step. They move from the north to the south. And finally to Taiwan and overseas China. In a nutshell, the Hakka kept moving to flee wars and disturbances. Escape poverty and pursue a better life. Staying true to the spirit of Hakka, they survived and thrived by working hard under difficult conditions. So their culture is informed by the interactions with both the Han, that is the dominant group. And Hakka is part of Han people. But they have interactions also with minorities. Hakka society exists on the margin of the mainstream Han society, from the perspective of racial interaction and historical social change. So in the history of racial development, the Hakka have kept close contact with minorities. In terms of racial consciousness, they claim to have pure Han blood. Let's focus on the racial interactions. We can see that the president of Taiwan is a Matty's. On her father's side, she is Hakka. But from her mother's side, from her great-grandparent side, she is Taiwan. Taiwan is one of the 16 indigenous peoples in Taiwan. So let's have a feeling about this fusion between Hakka and indigenous people. I have three examples in terms of food, songs, and irrigation canals. I'll just play the second one, the song. Could you help me? So you see the background. We are all Han people, we have a culture, a culture and cultural background that have been used in the past. The cultural background, from the indigenous people to the Han population, So you see the background is the high mountains. I have only ten minutes left but it seems that I just began to talk about the book. The way I chose the writer and a particular novel by him actually is his first novel. I chose it because it pleases teenagers. Even though they read only the picture book or the e-book, some of them are attracted by this writer to read his original work and enjoy it. The writer is ethnically hucked with indigenous blood. He grew up in Miao Li from a poor family but then he became a very successful novelist. This novel was translated into Japanese with two volumes because it's very thick. This is his translator and she talks about the difficulty of translating this novel because it involves too many languages. She also translated the writer's other novels. China also published, well, has a simplified character version of this novel and the Nobel Prize winner Mo Yan appreciates this novel by saying such writing is astonishing. I directed three MA thesis on this novel. In 2015 it's a serious academic research on the Taiwanese Aboriginal myths in this novel. But then next year another student approached me by saying that she prefers to make a picture book from this novel and that was my first try to do this non-academic, not so academic version of this novel. So we made it a built-in strong novel. That means the coming-of-age story. In 2020 we made, I made it an open textbook with another student. Meanwhile, okay, this two minutes only. Okay, meanwhile in 2018 I organized some students to join a USR project and make this novel a play, okay, by changing its name to looking for a teenager, looking for his name. According to the script writers who are my students then, the title means a person grows into his names since the hero of this of the story who is an Aboriginal adopted by a Hakka grandfather. So we made this picture book or this adaptive play a story about growing up. The audience and their response to the play, I'll just show the last point. They were very curious about the theme of the play that features love and religion and power in ghosts. So who are the ghosts? So the picture book in the novel, it means those who can mobilize, who can mobilize people like the ancestors. Most of them are dead and also your ancestors including your grandparents or parents who are still alive. They are mobilizers. In that story we also have resistance army against Japanese colonizers. They are real ghosts because they are dead and also we have ghosts of Japanese colonizers. However, they are called ghosts when they are still alive and so ghost means symbolizes their power. There are also Americans in this novel. They are also called ghosts but they are invisible because they are only in the plains bombing Taiwan. Also we have a KMT regime from China. They were defeated by Chinese communists. However, the Chinese communists claim they are dead already but they are undead in Taiwan. That has a different meaning from a life. So we explore this kind of meanings about ghosts which are also related to national identity but it's quite difficult to explain the concept of national identity to school children. Now after we produce this e-book, there are several reforms about haka practices. One major one is paying respect to female ancestors for gender. So by traditional haka practices in the past, females who were unmarried, divorced or had passed away at an early age may not be buried in the ancestral halls but now they can. So that is the major change by the haka. Also in the e-book, I was about to show the humorous interaction between the animal sound and also the name of the birds but sorry that we really don't have time. Maybe just show one. These birds are from the novels okay. So personally I'm not haka but I learned from my teaching about haka cultures, haka people and culture and also their literary imagination. So being a guest, you always respect your host and remain resilient but with the virtual concept of pure haka people, haka's racial identity is pure haka. So you look up to the sky and not at the land so the land problem will not be your major concern like the indigenous people and you always blend in new virtues such as taking home women's wandering spirits as I just show you the tablet, the wooden tablet placed on the haka ancestral hall. Okay thank you very much for my for listening. I'm sorry for for jumping so so fast about my slides.