 The available epidemiological literature suggests that there may be a link between exposure to certain types of waste management activities and adverse health outcomes. However, the quality of the data is often insufficient to draw definitive conclusions. There is limited evidence of an association between exposure to landfills and congenital anomalies and low birth weight, while there is also limited evidence of an association between exposure to incinerators and increased risk of cancer. This article was authored by Lazarino Antonio I, Milani Simona, Porta Daniela, and others.