 The speaker is going to speak English. The mystic statement. As you know, maybe you heard that the atomic scientists, but in 2016, they issue what they call the Doomsday Clock. And in 2016, they said that we were at three minutes before midnight, meaning that we are on the verge of the extinction of the human species. And they work the clock according to the dangers, and the main danger that today human beings are and the human species is facing are two, nuclear war and climate change. Well, nuclear war, we have a way to stop it. It's a miracle that nothing happened and hopefully nothing will happen. Climate change is much more dangerous, because climate change, if there is a point of non-return where we will have nothing to do. So we have to preempt, we have to start doing things. And if we look at what's happening, what has been happening in the few... the information that we got recently from many centres of science, we have seen that, for instance, the National Snow and the ice data centre for the Arctic said a few months ago that there was less ice than ever before. And the mean temperature was, in 2017, was 23 degrees above normal. Gulf of Mexico, the sea surface has never gone below 72 degrees. And it was the warmest winter in all the cities around the Gulf of Mexico. So it's dangerous, very dangerous. And I believe that what happened in Paris is that people, countries, governments and also non-state directors reached that conclusion and decided to sign finally the Paris Agreement after 21 years of negotiations. We in Morocco, we decided, we believe that this danger is for the world, is real. And under the leadership of King Mohammed VI, who has always been very highly concerned by the need to protect the environment, since he led the Moroccan delegation to the Rio Conference in 1992, we have been doing a lot. For instance, if we look at renewable energy, well, by 2020, 42% of our energy will come from renewable energy. And we have looked at the numbers and probably it will be 46%. By 2030, it will be 52%, coming from renewables. So this is what we're doing and we have, of course, a very ambitious NDC that will cost around $50 billion, among which half of it is conditional and half of it is not conditional. That's only for mitigation, that's only for mitigation, but for adaptation it's another $30 billion. So we're doing things here in Morocco in terms of environment, protection of environment and also on mitigation and also on adaptation. There is a second thing that we have done is host COPS, two COPS, COP7 in 2001 and COP22 last year. COP7 was a historic COP because it was a breakthrough for the implementation because we set at COP7 the rulebook for the Kyoto Protocol. And COP22 was also a very important COP because it was the first one after the Paris Agreement, meaning that we had Paris Agreement, we took 21 years to implement, to sign an agreement, but COP22 was the first COP starting to implement the agreement. So it was historical also because it was immediately after the, let's say, the entry into force of the Paris Agreement. We had the first CMA, the CMA which is the conference of the parties acting as a meeting of the parties to oversee the implementation of the Paris Agreement and we had the first one in Marrakech. By the way, COP22 entered into force less than one year after its signing, which is absolutely unbelievable. It's the first time in terms of for an international agreement. If we look again about what's going on in terms of climate, we had a report from the PNU saying that if we keep only the NDCs, all the NDCs together will reach only by 2030 only one-third of the objectives of two degrees. And on the carbon budget by 2030, if we continue the way we're continuing, we will have consumed already 80% of what we can consume to reach the objective of two degrees by the end of the century. And by 2030, if we want to reach 1.5 degree, by 2030, if we continue to act as we are acting, we will have already consumed absolutely everything. So for this time being, we don't have, let's say, very good perspectives, but things are happening. So let me talk about COP22. The Moroccan Presidency had some objectives. One of them was to keep the integrity of the Paris Agreement. You know, when you sign, when countries sign an agreement at 4 o'clock in the morning, very often they don't know, I mean people have been negotiating, negotiating, and they don't know exactly what they agreed upon. So it was the difficulty was to make sure that nobody was going to reopen negotiations. And that was my goal as chief negotiator for COP22 and the goal of the Moroccan Presidency. The second was to start to work on the modalities, rules and procedures to implement the Paris Agreement. I must say that it worked because we worked pretty hard and we came out with 35 decisions, 35 important decisions. Also, we wanted to keep the mobilization of everybody and this was the Moroccan Action Proclamation for Acclimate and Sustainable Development. All the heads of states, governments, heads of delegation signed the proclamation saying that they are willing to continue to stay mobilized to address the problems of climate change. And which is also very important because COP22 was the first COP that had a second pillar, which was a pillar of the non-state actors that became, that we call the action agenda that started in Lima, continued in Paris, but at COP22 in Marrakech became a real part of the COPs. And today every next COP will have the action of non-state actors will be crucial and absolutely fundamental. So what were the priorities of the Moroccan Presidency during this, not only towards COP22 but also during 2017? One of the most important action was on climate finance. Why climate finance? Well, because if you look at the NDCs, a lot of the NDCs are conditioned. Not all the countries have the means to implement their NDCs. So we have to talk about finance. Where is the finance coming from? All these projects will be financed in terms of mitigation but also in terms of adaptation. Well, it's a main issue. Of course we had the $100 billion roadmap that was announced by the developed countries at COP22 but $100 billion is nothing. It's a drop in the bucket because we're talking about trillions. So the big question is where is the money coming? Where will be the money coming from? Of course it will be public money but public money will never be enough. And the idea is to how we can leverage private money to implement the NDCs. We had what we call the CAPE which is an initiative that was launched by Morocco and the World Bank. It's a meeting between stakeholders and especially ministers of finance to exchange information and see how we can work together to implement the Paris Agreement. There is an initiative also, a very important initiative that was launched in Morocco as well as the NDC partnership. What is the NDC partnership? And I believe that it is probably one of the most important outcomes of COP22. What is the NDC partnership? It's basically a platform that will help countries to implement their NDCs. A country like Morocco or a country like Binna, we have here, Mr. Sensu, or a country needs to implement its NDC. How is this country going to finance the NDC? By of course using the domestic finance but it has to raise finance and money from other sources. And the NDC partnership is meant to help countries see where the money is and also when you talk about finance, you talk about capacity building, how you build the governance, how you build the environment so that you can attract the finance, not only the public one but also especially the private finance. And when we talk about private finance, I will quote Christiane Figueres who used to say that there are trillions, four or five trillions out of government in number, invested at below zero interest rate. All the trillions are waiting for opportunities to have a better return on investment. And probably on climate, and especially for instance today on renewable energy, there are big opportunities and it's happening. We had another initiative, the Marrakesh Partnership to foster green capital markets in Africa, the green growth infrastructure facility for Africa, the network of financial centers for sustainability that was launched by Casablanca Finance City, the MBA for climate, launched by CGM, which is the association of companies of enterprises here in Morocco and the climate finance accelerator that we launched together with the United Kingdom. We also worked on the adaptation and we had two events on the metric of adaptation because everybody is talking about adaptation but it's not really clear how you measure the needs on adaptation. This is why we had an event in September 2016 and another one in October 2017 about the metrics of adaptation and it was really interesting events. We launched the AAA which is the adaptation of agriculture in Africa. And we have encouraged the progress of the NAPS which are the National Adaptation Plans. We also, and that was also a very important part of COP22 was mobilization and work with the non-state actors and the NGOs. The way I conducted and we conducted the negotiations was to meet with the NGOs who are doing the camps and others who work only on climate and have their views and try to figure out how their views can be translated in the negotiations between the governments. So I would sit with them, listen to them, share what their idea is with the governments and have the return from the governments and have at the end of the day an outcome that is not exactly what they wanted because they want the maximum but pretty interesting outcomes. South-South cooperation also, we had an event in New York and we are having another event in Bonn. And so many things have happened again, integrity of the Paris Agreement, starting to work on what we call the work program which means procedures, rules and modalities for the implementation of the Paris Agreement and the other pillar which is the non-state actors action. Now we're going to COP23 and I think what are we looking at COP23? Continue the work program. You know, in Paris, we had decided that the Paris Agreement would enter into force. Everybody thought that the Paris Agreement was going to enter into force by 2020 and that the rule book of the work program would be finished by 2020. Well actually, the Paris Agreement entered into force in 2016 and now we have decided, the countries have decided that the work program, rules, modalities and procedures will be finished by 2018. So we will be working hard in Bonn in the next 15 days and we will continue working during the year, especially in the session in Bonn in May and in Poland in 2018, in November 2018. There is also a very important event that is going to happen in 2018 in Poland which is what we call the, we used to call the Facility of Dialogue and today it's called the Talenoa Dialogue. Talenoa meaning conversation between parties in Fidgen. And what is this Talenoa Dialogue? Is countries sitting together and saying, trying to figure out where we are, where we want to be and how we can get there. And there will be a process that will start, that has already, that will start now in Bonn and continue during the Fidgen presidency and we will have the Facility of Dialogue, the Talenoa Dialogue in Poland at COP24. So the objectives, the priorities of the Fidgen presidency as it was said, it was advanced pre-COP in Fidgen last week is to advance the work of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and preserve the multilateral consensus to uphold and advance the Paris Agreement, to build greater resilience for all world nations, to forge a grand coalition to accelerate climate action before 2020 and beyond between civil society, the scientific community, the private sector and all levels of government including cities and regions. And to harness innovation, to draw a strong link between the health of the world's oceans and seas, to infuse COP23 with the Fidgen-Bulles spirit of inclusiveness, friendliness and solidarity and promote the Pacific concept of Talenoa. So I started with a very pessimistic statement. I will be a little bit more optimistic. Why am I optimistic? Because what I have seen is that there is a real will by everybody, governments, non-state actors, many, I mean, especially companies that are decided to do whatever is needed to be done. Last year, you know, President Obama issued the Clean Power Act and the coal producers issued an act at the Supreme Court and the Supreme Court said, well, they have some reasons, they have some ground. And the cities, states, companies, the Association, the Edison Association, the Association Institute which is the association of the power producers in the United States said, well, the Supreme Court can say whatever they want to say, we have our program, we're doing what we have to do and we will do it. So there is a mobilization by everybody, by companies, by states, by cities, and you can see that in the United States when you go everywhere, you can see how much things are happening, California, taxes, but also in other countries, here in Morocco and everywhere else. We can see that countries have decided to go into energy efficiency and energy efficiency, and if you look at what has happened in China, it's amazing, we have a report showing that there was a dramatic drop on emissions but also a growth on jobs. Energy efficiency is so important that it represents the consumption of Japan in terms of energy. So that, and everybody is working on energy efficiency. Then the last, but not least, if you look at all the decisions taken by many countries, and especially China, for instance, but also Norway and other countries that have decided that mobility will be electric in the next 10 years. Norway, by 2020, all the cars will be electric. China, by 2025, all the cars, 25% of the cars will be electric, and this will mean a lot. And other countries that we can see a lot happening in terms of research, in terms of science, in terms of forming science into implementation. And we can see that, and this is my word of optimism to end this statement and this intervention, and thank you very much, and I'm sorry to keep you, to have kept you without eating for such a long time. We're going to take two or three questions quickly, but I will put the first one myself as a diplomat. What have you learned in this climate negotiation process? Because it is an unprecedented way of diplomacy, since it is really for the first time of human history global. So, and of course, in terms of international law and the like, there is all this discussion about the nature of the agreements, the soft law, real law, and so forth and so on. Well, first of all, what I've learned is that it's terribly complicated. Terribly complicated. And these negotiators have been negotiating the same negotiators. Many of them have been negotiating for 20 years. So, you know, only the acronyms. It took me, Casablanca, Washington, Washington, Beijing, Wajid Beijing, Casablanca, to learn the acronym. So, it's very complicated. And the concepts and the topics are really, really complicated. At the point that the head negotiators, you know, the chief negotiators, have their own experts for each item. So, it's really complicated because it has implications. Implications on the economy of the countries, implications on what's happening. So, it's a very difficult process, and it was very difficult. And I must say that it's amazing that we reached an agreement in Paris. In a nutshell. Okay. Well, thank you very much. Je peux prendre donc Denis Badré. Bertrand. Bertrand, oui, ça. Je confonds toujours le père et le fils. Il ne me manque que le Saint-Esprit. Bon. Et j'ai vu une autre main, là. Qui? Voilà. Alors, Bertrand. Mr. Ambassador, thank you very much for your words. And congratulations from Morocco for the world you played in maintaining the integrity of the Paris Agreement. I'm not a diplomat. I'm a man of finance. And I know that everything we discuss will cost money. And you rightly said, I mean, public money available is in the billions, and needs are in the trillions. At the same time, we all wonder why you have so much money left with zero rate all over the world. The main issue is how can we... It's not going to happen overnight that this money will say, oh, climate change is a great opportunity. We move there. It's not happening. So how can we push decisively beyond, I would say, the circles of diplomats and politicians to really in the next two, three, four, five cops in that way? How can we really change the financial system so that they naturally come there? Thank you very much, Mr. Ambassador. I will answer this question. It's easy. Private finance is not there for philanthropy. Private finance is there to make money. So it's basically, and how do you make money by creating conditions so that private money will make money? But you can see already, so you have to create the conditions, the environment, the regulations. First of all, to make sure that who's investing knows where he's investing and what will happen to his money in five, 10, 20 years. That's one thing. So, and this is... We had our first meeting of the scientific committee for the COP22 here in Morocco, and it was very interesting because each, you know, the renewable energy people, the agriculture people, the water people, each one was saying, well, we did this. We created this regulation. We raised this money. We created this capacity building. And at the end of three hours, I said, well, we have very good examples to attract money because most of the projects that have been financed were financed by public money, some by public money, but a lot by private money. Let me give you an example. I have a friend who set a fund, a renewable energy fund in Senegal. And she already raised something like $100 million. And the return on investment will be 16%. So, it can work. And especially because today, let's say the cost of the production of renewable energy is going down, down, down. Each time, lower and lower. For instance, I heard that the Saudis are investing, are creating a farm where the cost of the kilowatt will be 1.7, I think, cent for the kilowatt, which is amazing. So I think that it's about countries creating the regulations, the real regulations so investors can come and by little seeing that it's a good business. Look, if you go to California, if you go to Texas, Texas, 10 years ago, they didn't have one wind farm. Today, it's the number one in the United States in terms of wind energy. And why people are investing, why countries are investing, why companies are investing, because there is a good return on investment. So creating conditions. Further last. Thank you very much, Mr. Ambassador. That's almost from Japan. I'm teaching at NB school on energy and climate change. What you talked about is really thrilling to me. And also, I have one boy, students who came just from back from Japan who I told I'll be working on climate change. One question to you. You talked about the importance of non-state actors. I do agree with you. And there is many initiatives from non-state actors like Breakthrough Energy Coalition and others. But if there is any area missing from non-state actors, which would be the most critical areas, you'd like to see those initiatives taking place. Thank you. Is it a question or a statement? Where is the question exactly? There are many initiatives taken from non-state actors like Breakthrough Energy Coalition. This is technology. But if there is any areas, those initiatives are missing from your point of view, which would be the area. Where you'd like to see more non-state actors' role to play. Well, everything that has to do with all the companies, for instance, many companies, the biggest companies in France, have a carbon price, for instance. Internal carbon pricing. Now, nobody agrees for the time being on the carbon pricing and international carbon pricing, but it's happening. It's happening internally in companies, but it's happening also between, for instance, the state of California and some states in Canada. So I see more cooperation and cooperation between companies, states, cities and working together to lower the emissions of carbon. CO2 or equivalent CO2.