 Okay, I'll start talking This is a repeat of what I did last Saturday except Probably a little smoother Since I'm rehearsed now I had fun making this talk and my daughter sort of laughed at the concept I tend to get global and wider and wider perspectives and things I look at and So she was making jokes about if I went back to the big bang And how medicine came from that but At any rate I have a few points. I'll make in this talk that are recurring themes. One is that Absolutely millions of people have gone into making Antibiotics and modern medicine what it is and most of them are Nameless, but they contributed along the way and Many good ideas arise in many different places at the same time or nearly the same time or sometimes Century or two before and Then aren't taken seriously. So for whatever reason, but I think it's all driven by Basic needs and I took this Maslow's pyramid And made my own isosceles trapezoid flipped. So I think Probably especially in the northern climates or the extreme climates an altitude or toward the poles warmth is An immediate need and if you don't have it within a matter of hours you can die and water is next and the people proud human history have tended to follow the rivers and the streams And then food and in between Taking care of these needs rest Uh One thing that I've read before about hunter-gatherers is Looking at primitive or what one would term primitive societies that They spend about two or three hours a day taking care of their needs the rest of the time they spend chatting and socializing or Gazing off at the mountains or whatever they want to do and was probably happier Existence for humankind and as nobattic hunter-gatherers dealing with Problems as they arose and Was a lot less hierarchy in society. I think but at any rate I think so much of Science and especially biology came out of agriculture And I think the first step in developing agriculture for humankind was probably not tilling soil They may have ended up someplace like What became mesopotamia and the fertile crescent and such um Tigris and the uh freddy's rivers where life was good and Enable to assist by gathering things at first until their population grew but I think the first step was to become herdsmen and Maybe dog owners canine owners to have uh this incredible magical power of Becoming bonded to an animal and Having grown up on a primitive farm myself. Um, I understand how you If you have much experience with animals, you can see their spirit by looking at them and watching what they do and um I think that the Allusion to cattle especially in mythology And some religions is related to the importance of Being herdsmen and a transition from being nomadic hunter-gatherers to becoming farmers So I put these pictures in here and it went from the nurturing Eternalistic view of this universe as in hindu religions and Norse religion where our Norse mythology where the cow Had rivers of milk From its teats and it licked the rind from the rocks and exposed The frost giants and the gods To a creation story um And it evolved to uh a paternalistic myths Such as the minotaur and crete That was a Picasso sketch there at the bottom of the minotaur Showing violence and brutality And a subjugation of women and sort of thing so uh I think archetypes and Explanation of man's Collective consciousness that way is a really fascinating thing if You're interested in that you might want to read Joseph Campbell as a start If you haven't heard of him Most of you probably have Uh, eventually we got into agriculture and using animals that had So much more power and they uh interesting they show this This is from a A grave or burial chamber of Synodum uh Synodum That's it's it's it's Listed there in german, but it's a painting on a grave chamber And um The cattle are Shown so much smaller than the man. Uh Maybe trying to suggest dominance of man over the animals, but uh If you try to compare the strength of the strongest man The world to that of an average horse it's Pathetically one-sided We keep going here as soon well one other point about the these uh cattle were Awesome and this aura uh That existed until uh, I think 16 27 or so um was uh about uh, a kilo uh, well a thousand kilograms and seven feet at the shoulder 2.13 meters at the shoulder and um Caesar talked of them and said how Uh They were like diminutive elephants and they could hold their own against man or beast and they're depicted in cave paintings As you see at the top there uh one, uh And and I point that out just to go back to primitive man looking at natural world before it had been tortured and attenuated Managed to do It was a lot more level playing field. Uh, and the Animals they saw must have struck all in their minds There were a couple of brothers in the 1930s who were, uh Hitler supporters um who They wanted to make germany great again. I guess There must be some kind of acronym That they could put on a red cap For that but at any rate, uh, they tried to rebread the aura and um the uh, nazi or Nazi propaganda relied a lot on What they considered arian mythology or any sort of norse mythology including the Being cycled by Wagner. They shot Wagner It's for operas Norse mythology and If I've insulted anyone here, I'm sorry, but uh, I I have No sympathy for nazis and fascism That's it. That's the way it is Uh, at any rate, it's it was an interesting thing to me that they're actually working on Rebreeding something akin to the supercows and by around 2020 or 2025 they think they'll have them and they think they have an important, uh Place in the ecology of your Grazing animals that could fend for themselves So now as soon as you had farming You had, um Hard labor if you've ever worked on a farm and done any, uh working of the soil and Just from gardening if you've done gardening, you know, it can be very hard work and um It Soon as uh people started to argue I would work by my wits and you work by your hands uh, you could start to have, uh stratification of society and subjugation of people And slavery emerged pretty quickly And as well as the excuses for why some people should be slaves and uh, for instance this, uh, unfortunate gentleman in the red Who has keloid scars on his back from being whipped Uh There's still slavery in the world today Moving on though, uh It's been noted humans, uh The main take home point on this slide is that humans spend uh More time working Than eating they uh When compared to chimpanzees or orangutans or other primates uh humans don't like to uh Consider themselves primates, but I can't see much difference at any rate, um Humans with the smaller jaws and smaller teeth and uh larger brain uh Managed to eat Uh pretty quickly and get the calories they need to sustain themselves and uh The other primates spend nine to 12 hours a day eating Part of that's because of the food they eat But a large part of it's because of cooking And this goes I I gave some, uh citations here from Oliver Goldsmith among other 18th century writers onto Modern primatologists have been interested in the fact that cooking probably allowed a lot of growth in the human population and specialization Way from having massive jaws and claws um Book you can increase the nutritive value of whatever you're eating if you've got a dead bone You could boil it and there's collagen in it and Generals leech out and you could broth own broth It's got considered a prominent part of prehistoric diets I've also read arguments that uh humans were scavengers and um or they were farmers and uh go to kills and break open the bones Using the hands and suck the marrow out the marrow has a lot of fat content Um So over the past almost two million years, uh There's been a fair amount of divergence uh from uh commoners And other primates um This is uh Assetious list here of the diet of chimpanzee. They don't really have breakfast lunch and dinner. It all runs together That's because they don't have to get back to work Unless it's to reproduce Or maybe protect a territory or something the um Use of fire uh has been uh probably uh in play for at least a million years and um This the slide is fabricated painting of neanderthals and uh What looks like a valley full of uh game, but uh including mastodons, but uh 400 000 years ago were the first fireplaces I threw this one in for fun Uh, as I mentioned a bone broth And they actually sell bone broth chickens or other animals and I found this uh Little poster that I thought uh Uh was uh I sort of personally related to it chickens, uh Can be quite affectionate if they're treated nicely almost any animal if they're treated nicely And they don't have to eat you them. See you as prey not starving to death the uh Sweet bonded I'll turn on you sometimes if it's uh not a good situation I don't be careful know what you're doing at any rate, um one other thing that emerged was pottery and I suspect that fires On a clay base may have given the idea But since 14 000 years earthenware Uh was made that's quite porous. It doesn't store liquids very long um and uh I read about in japan for instance, uh There was evidence of um I swept my track far here and got a Get off excuse me uh They would make baskets and coat them with clay and um Make earthenware and they talk about preserving fish they would ferment fish I thought that's really quite interesting. There was a lot of fermentation as as a way of storing food. That was one of the major problems uh The idea of storing fish that was fermented. I think is really interesting and there's variations on how you do that Fish almost immediately starts to decompose and there's a couple of diseases. I want to mention to you uh Seguatera is a seguatera toxin comes from a dino flagellate type of algae bloom that's eaten by smaller fish and then predatory fish like aracudas and Spanish mackerel and a grouper and seabass that eat the smaller fish concentrate this in their tissues and uh it uh this toxin from this algae in seguatera affects sodium channels and uh It it really uh is associated with fish called in Caribbean Central America Hawaii And uh near the equator plus or minus 35 degrees latitude or so That's what I recall and um It's a lipid toxin that is heat stable cooking doesn't destroy it. You can't taste it And uh It can make you sick sometimes for years usually for weeks or months It's not so common to get die from it Pretty quickly you can get nausea Uh ramps and abdominal pain and vomiting and diarrhea and then uh heart effects cardiac effects and uh Hustle effects and uh, so One thing that's generally in eating really large fish uh There's another disease that I I I didn't talk about this last Saturday, but it is I think it's quite interesting. It's uh scrum void. Um, when you have fish that's uh dead bacteria can act on the flesh of the fish muscle and start to break down the muscle and make bioactive amines particularly histamine histamine and massive levels can cause Uh add effects histamine is one of the major um mediators of allergy like allergic rhinitis allergy to pollen That's part of empty histamines. Well, these histamine levels can be extremely high and histamine can cause, uh capital increase capillary permeability and and uh loss of uh, basically third space displacement of your extracellular fluids, uh or vascular fluids and cause shock this Also, I mean you may have a like a metallic taste, but often it's said that there's no particular taste or uh visual effect that you can detect to Tell if the fish has not been managed Uh, right and has partially decomposed this way um Any fish that's caught should be kept at Below 40 degrees uh Fahrenheit Continuously, uh, and that's 4.4444 for At infinitum degrees centigrade So less than five degrees centigrade, uh, or else then, uh, they can become Dangerous now most of the stuff I've read they say this is rarely fatal, but actually knew a physician who had, um eel and Of fish of some sort in, uh The outer banks in north Carolina and, uh Driving home. He got sick and he recognized that he had scramboid and he died from shock His blood pressure dropped out from so much histamine But he could tell what where it was going. It usually starts with, uh nausea vomiting cramps diarrhea tearing And uh Some overlap in symptoms with uh sequitura so, uh Any rate storing of the food I think is a real interesting problem And, uh He's uh, this is just a I wanted to show, uh Examples of some early earthenware and glazing didn't start until some time later And uh lead glazing really started in the roman empire Not one of their best ideas But it, uh, it sealed, uh the Earthenware One of the uh outcomes of Fire, I think of fire is a bigger thing that humans achieve by discovering how to Have energy from the environment And release it in a controlled way How to use heat to drive processes Uh, and the kiln was a big step in that, uh with kilns, uh Back to mesopotamia as the first updraft kiln, which is something like a like a chimney um They could cook but They also could fire pottery better and Uh If you look at, uh Temperatures attainable with burning charcoal if you take wood and you heat it Um With limited oxygen the, um, uh, you'll drive off The water component from the Carbohydrates and end up with more pure carbon Pure carbon you can get a pretty high temperature and, uh Higher than that you have to compare in their Oxygen levels and things like that. I just for interest. I put in melting points of pedals I think that uh and and compare that to the Melting point of a clay component kalen at the bottom of that list there the Kalen is there's about three, uh Solicitate type Components to clay And kalen is one that's common and it's actually used and it's small divided particles can be ingested for Uh diarrhea it's absorptive And I put this slide in just because I thought it was uh fascinating and the Link to it online is to the right So that I could get to call I made two columns of it's a long long Timeline that goes vertically, but I just got the first part of it. Um, gold Is something you could discover easily if you were wondering about, um, especially in streams where the uh Wash off of mountains and, um Gold tended to form in nuggets often and, uh Those get swept downstream heavy so they spotted Water, uh in a shallow stream, especially like an tanning for gold gold And, um humans like crows like shiny objects uh Copper native copper can occur Um But most of the time it's uh in an ore But it could be smelted and then silver Silver is quite interesting. Uh, then you can get into more toxic things, but uh, silver has medicinal qualities They used to put uh I guess going back to 1880's silver nitrate, uh prophylaxis for gonorrhea of the conjunctiva drops of Silver nitrate in the eyes of newborns uh, because they could get uh this inflammation of their Conjunctiva, which is this, uh external sort of mucosa lining of the Eye up to the cornea and under the lid and uh in some cases that would cause perforation of the cornea and infection in the globe um Globe being the eyeball And so putting silver nitrate, uh Is it's quite toxic through the bacteria And uh, there's really no bacterial resistance to silver um Nowadays they, uh tend to use Bethromycin eye ointment uh and uh that Is usually effective and chlamydia is a big uh concern for infection of the eye Conorrhea these days, but uh either can do um Was a lot of problems Kind of tragic for an newborn to end up blind because of an eye infection picked up on their way through the birth canal um also silver and Almost silver sulfidine. Uh, it's an ointment that uh I had experience too with the using these in severe burns uh I told the story. I won't go through all that again right now, but of uh years ago when I was in training I had two patients with similar severe Similar severity of third degree burns, which is full loss of skin thickness So they have terrible fluid losses first that you have to replace or they'll die And they'll die of shock And bite quickly too and uh then, um They are vulnerable to infection and uh, you know, so you These dressings on and with silver sulfidine and uh or silver ointment and uh Take them to hover tanks and and Steerl water and they lower them into it and Scream in pain as it's a horrible experience and The dressings soak off and then apply fresh dressings and try to skin grafts on as fast as you can but uh, it's Interesting that the second common metal to be Um, I'm I guess third common metal by humans Uh as medicinal qualities this way Um, there's also stories of um, Alexander the Great and his incursions into india uh his Army had dysentery that the commanders tended to have less severe problems And it was uh, according to the story it was attributed to the silver cups So glass also, uh, was in an extremely important advance and uh, probably arose from Pot fire on sand, uh, but it goes back 3500 Before the common era That's that's about 5500 years ago um and the first glass vessels are are from About, um 3500 years ago and, uh, about, uh 21 or 22 centuries ago syrian craftsmen invented the blowpipe And that'll come in to a story i'm going to tell a little bit later But I have constituents of, uh, soda line glass here I wanted to mention I'm jumping forward now I wanted to mention the inventiveness and how ideas emerged that were ahead of their time or that gave way for Really clever adaptations as greater insight emerged Uh, this, uh, Dennis Papain, uh, was a ugonaut So he had to flee from france lived in germany for a time and then I died in london But he invented a steam digester in 1679 I he, uh I'd given a talk on statistics earlier on and demovere was uh similar he was a ugonaut who had to france because of the risk persecution um which was a benefit to the countries like holland and germany and, uh, written that, uh These folks fled to because they were often educated and craftsmen and But uh, he also invented a steam engine 1690 uh, uh, and he built it in 1707 and in hanover and in germany and was Going up the river with it. He had permission to do this and uh, it was attacked by This made me think of the story of the luddites, uh, a mob of local river boatmen Who figured This is going to be the end of our jobs if we let him get away with it. So they destroyed his boat But this fellow in the 1600s invented a piston that worked uh mechanical piston Which considering materials and the techniques for working metals even that point, uh Was which it's pretty much craftsmanship It's quite an achievement Any rate, uh, I go Jump about here a bit, uh food preservation techniques, uh It would not be a bad idea to, um uh Have some of these in your repertoire Uh, I mentioned last week. I consider the universe, uh, an unstable dangerous place people particularly and, uh, you can have periods of time go by when, uh, everything you take for granted uh Edisons to electricity to water to food supplies To security are totally lost And you might be, uh Able to survive if you know some Fundamental tricks from history, uh Uh Drying the food it's it's interesting if you Drying meat is more dangerous. You have to really be careful about Meat and fish uh fermenting it it generally requires salting or acidification uh And immersing in alcohol things like this, but otherwise the decay will be so rapid uh one difference between Animal sources of food that you're going to preserve and Uh vegetable matters the vegetables basically you peel them alive you You uh Don't kill them and have them rot there. They're Just because they're picked from the tree doesn't mean they're dead. Um, so, uh It's I think that's one thing that defines, uh, the Difference and uh, it's much easier to safely store vegetables and fruits and it is um meats and fish, uh And um animal products culturing also is one way It's longer it's making yogurt made a batch of yogurt Yesterday that'll last me a week It's a microwave biology experiment in a process Lactobacillus bacteria use Your previous yogurt as an inoculum for your flash heated milk um And fermenting wine I put this in simply as a Kind of a road map that can be applied to fermenting most anything um, but Wine has a lot of culture to it, uh and, uh Basically for for easy steps you uh stomp the grapes and uh Makes must which is this mixture and then a primary fermentation based on yeast that's on the skin And that's really active in that first five days and then you rack it uh racking As you pour off the supernatant and uh, or you siphon it off And uh, if you taste wine and you hold wine up to the light and look good you want to look before you spin it um to see that It's not a lot of sediment shouldn't be a lot of sediment in um and uh After the first five days, um, you can rack several times where you You'll get more sediment uh as yeast get killed off because they've used up their oxygen and their sugars and the alcohol level increases Make the last uh the first 70 percent of the alcohol comes about in the first five days so Uh, it'd be pretty easy for primitive people if they've got A tainer to put fruit in that uh Doesn't let a lot of oxygen in to get some kind of liquid that would have some alcohol in it um the secondary fermentation It's continuation of the same process That's not the same as second from Secondary fermentation means a second step where it just slows down and tell by the look of it the Foam from the yeast activity This is and you start to get just little tiny bubbles and uh not Not this uh kind of raging fire of metabolic activity going The yeast are growing and using up their uh Substrate So, uh, if you do a second fermentation, I I really say I have a little note here at uh You can put some extra fruit material To feed the yeast and they'll make more carbon dioxide and if it's sealed you can make a sparkling wine so You can stop the fermentation process with cold shock or you can add sulfur trioxide Generally, uh, qualitates wine or quality wine I'd have sulfides in it and uh Pasteurization Is really important and I'm going to talk about that in my second part a little bit more of it If you heat wine above 104 degrees Bound height of 40 degrees centigrade that'll kill the yeast You can still have other pathogens in the wine And uh If you want to kill those that the ones that are most likely to make you sick, uh, you heat it to I I mostly known of 70 degrees centigrade for 15 minutes or so Is is pretty typical for pasteurization. I don't have experience with flash pasteurizations I um the way I I do something in between these two when I make yogurt Uh And actually grew up drinking raw milk from a herd Our herd of cattle Uh, wasn't pasteurized Uh, one of the later talks I want to do along these lines is about Mycobacterium and tuberculosis and you can have bovine tuberculosis and you can have a typical mycobacteria that calls diseases like sclerophylla where you can have Draining lymph nodes especially in the neck and uh Or in the face From ingesting these other mycobacterium Those are also killed by pasteurization but uh You have to watch if you don't pasteurize you have to really watch your herd and uh be able to recognize if you're if you've got sick cattle And these mycobacterium just in the soil they're ubiquitous really Um, you can also stop the uh fermentation by dumping some alcohol in vodka And uh I like this uh this uh dimijon Term for these as part of the wine cultures you see Formus 60 liter bottles That have a narrow top that worked And even the technology of being able to seal these these are impermeable uh non porous containers um That'll keep oxygen and keep gas is out on the atomic level, but uh Even sealing techniques of sealing these things has come a ways German, it's a court flasher. It's uh Often these are the ones I have in this picture don't show it, but they uh have a basket uh That they're uh enveloped in that helps handling and helps them not to get broken uh now Getting up to an interesting point there was um and this relates More than you might think to Edison I want to talk about As as we go along Napoleon wanted to have ways of conserving food for his army And he offered 12 000 francs and um Nicholas op out was a confectioner who figured out a way of doing this and um he uh Did a lot of experiments over at least six years and He didn't get he he got stiffed for a long time But after about 10 years they started to pay him off the french government I started to pay him off for his contribution uh, but he came up with a way of preserving food by Eating it and keeping it separate from air and he would basically put it in the bottle Put a seal on it with backs Or corking but these were um narrow a narrow mouth bottle, but uh um And he did experiments in heating the water bath for varying lengths of time and that was successful um variably successful, but uh Pretty stupendous for the day and age. Uh, he did a big demo he bottled and heat preserved whole sheep And uh Show he could do it. I guess so I'm I'm not going to get into this too much, but it's it's sort of related to uh, the pasteurization except you these are these are sealed Uh, and and the 21st century you got two ways of canning and it was a hot bath hot water bath where I have the range in temperatures in both Fahrenheit and sundegrade there for 35 minutes to two hours. I'd tend to I would not tend to cut that short um, if you're going to use hot water bath, uh pressure canning where you can have uh Sealed container has a rack and put some water in it. It's uh, sort of like the steam digester that uh, I've been invented that I showed you a minute ago um Which has a lot of industrial uses uh I'll tell you about it further later um If you're going to can things like tomatoes are generally if you can more acidic acidic things and you'll be okay uh, if you're not, um Careful you can, uh inadequately process these things and uh end up with botulinum Which is a clostridium botulinum is uh, it's a soil bacteria It's really durable at situations, uh um, there's a number of things like anthrax Clostridium tetanus uh, clostridium botulinum. They can form spores so and when it when Times are good. They desporulate and go back into cellular form and invade And they produce exotoxins There are uh, seven exotoxins associated with botulinum They're called abcdefg and A and b particularly are noted for um, causing human disease They're an And uh, I'll tell you very quickly. It's um AB the most toxic natural, uh Natural occurring substance with the highest toxicity and on the planet in terms of it's In fact on humans, um, so you want to use, um Clean jars. They can be uh, sterilized at a dishwasher or you can boil them, which isn't a bad idea and use tongs um, and there are specialized jars that you can get nowadays that uh are There's some history behind that and you can, um, blanch the Tomatoes right kind of flash boil them and then the skin peels off Much the way it happens with humans if they get, uh Bad scalding skin just disappears Uh, it's really severe Peels off and it's gone Then the boiling water you if it's a hot water Canning you want um to put it in boiling water. It's on a rack So it's not right on the bottom of the container and jars are Have water over there over the top of them and uh Most people don't monitor the water bath if they're doing home canning Uh, like that if it's boiling it's boiling. Uh, and uh, so you would be in excess of the temperatures they list there Which generally is not a problem Um, putting pickling salts now pickling salts are not like table salt table salt has I died and uh anti-caking ingredients which can even be things like kale in those little particles I mentioned that are in Part of clay that can make earthenware That are absorptive. They help keep salt granulated, but you want to use pure salt and uh, the salting helps reduce It's just salinity and I give a level here about 10 percent Like 10 gram percent salt solution would be a mixture like I List there two three milliliters of the salt powder to Eater of water and then lemon juice is great for acidifying and lemon juice often has a pH of about 4.2 And if you put 30 milliliters in A liter of water it's a pH of about 4.5 if you have a pH of 4.5 in a food Then generally bacteria are not going to grow in it One of the major reasons why bacteria stops stops growing in a culture medium Is because of the acidity from the waste products That they produce by their metabolism Okay, I'll move ahead The microscope was a major step forward Which then was kind of Is there and then kind of not exploited but They went hook uh in 1666 was credited with making the first real successful when Uh his uh is a single lens This this flat plate in this picture is actually a two brass or ten plates Riveted together and there's a little convex lens in it a single lens and the tip of this point Just outside of that aperture upper third Is that where the specimen was put it could be a drop of um Pond water or blood or Scrapings from his teeth. He looked you spermatozoa. He looked Is it accurate I guess and Must have had very good eyes and Probably stood shade With the specimen just getting sunlight And uh look through the hole and He could see things with magnification up to 250 Which is stunning for a single simple microscope like this um the uh Shape of the lens in these cases were convex or by convex It was lentil shaped like the lentil seeds and lentil is the origin of The the latin word for lentil is the origin for uh the word lens His name for the shape and uh for food um Now uh He got his he was a lens maker glasses For reading and uh seen better especially for reading I think Uh or looking at things close Uh Had become more and more popular and this is in the Netherlands and uh His best uh glass um that He was able to uh Develop into a lens came from the droplet of the little bead Of glass that was on um glass blowers pipe and uh Which I think is kind of interesting goes back to the invention of glass blowers pipe by uh The first century uh before the common era syrian uh craftsmen So any rate it's I actually find this really fascinating that it was such simple uh Design he was able to achieve what he did now uh 100 years before well 70 years before 15 90 uh There was a father and son who were lens makers who made a compound microscope and this has to uh pipes that are um nested and sort of like a telescope and um It was a compound microscope with uh a If the objective or the part that was down by the uh object to be looked at was uh Uh convex on one side and flat on the other and the other lens was uh My convex and it only had um a Magnification of 10x 10 power Which isn't much it's uh It could do almost that well uh with a Good handheld uh magnifying glass um The uh robert hook uh Further developed that microscope and made refinements. Uh, I'll show you a picture of that in a moment and uh uh, he published in 1665 uh Micrographia and One of the Drawings depicted mucor mucor is a fungus um I've had some patients that had mucor uh that uh particularly with uh Diabetics, uh, and they're impaired immunity they get uh Or growing in their sinus and it can be invasive And invade the globe invade the eye socket Uh go through bone It requires uh generally and it kills kills tissue as it goes and it requires uh aggressive removal of all the affected tissue Means their sinus and their eye Is sometimes lost Always bothered me terribly But um And the cases I dealt with with this uh an ophthalmologist came in and took out the eye uh But uh Some of these talks I give like a non-alcoholic Stegatohepatitis and uh the importance of the microbiome and it's a it's relationship to type 2 diabetes Uh try to keep your blood sugars good And your diet good at any rate, uh Hooks microscope only got to about 50 power Hmm. I'm not seeing my oh there. I was trying to there we go I was trying to advance and I couldn't see anything happening. Um, this is just a drawing of the uh Hooks microscope that has an eyepiece a tube and The objective is that little point down at the bottom and he used a um Glass crystal or things containing water to diffuse the light source um and uh Honor microscopes have an aperture that you can adjust so that you can let more or less light in and Sensor for the light source and they often have an electric light Electric light source. I I used uh my uh microscopes with mirrors a lot when I was young Uh, I was in medical school. They gave us a uh rented us a uh microscope with a electric light to use for Uh, I have mine about 18 months. I wish I could have bought it. I couldn't afford to but uh um at any rate the Condenser will diffuse the light so it's not glaring in one spot and uh, it's really Quite a quite a thing that uh You have a stage and you put the slide on top of that and just having a clear glass slide with a smear on it And I'll talk more about how to do those later But uh, there's so much I think if it is culture you can say it's technology, but I think there's a culture As part of the culture of science and how People anywhere can look at the microscopic world and this insert. There's a picture of dead cork Uh, hook just took thin slices and it showed these little cells and he was the first to use the term cells Okay going further just to mention john dalton joseph priestly attributed to Scientific knowledge that hoped a lot in medicine in that uh It was a transition from alchemy and magical thinking to scientific chemistry and quantitative observations Some of these pre-saging The atomic theory um, I particularly liked uh priestly Joseph priestly because he was uh uh such an open-minded Progressive thinker. Uh, he was the one to name um Rubber As rubber because he noted a use of it. Uh, it was being uh imported for this is going into the age of exploration and um exploitation of uh Anyone that could be conquered uh to take their resources and um often used them for the labor and uh, so Europe was being flooded with interesting products and one of those was rubber It uh priestly was the one who noted that rubber would mark away or a rub away the mark of a pencil on paper and These this is just a list of the gases that he discovered and he was clever. He Wasn't a chemist originally. He kind of got into it and um He used a collection Over mercury which was makes me think of levosier a bit, but uh Who lost his head in the future revolution? but uh one of the Things that benjamin franklin encouraged him to write a a book on his experiments and electricity and he used it to Um demonstrate and I I love this idea that scientific process Scientific progress depends more on the accumulation of new facts that anyone Can discover and on the theoretical insights of a few men of genius and I think back this would have been in um great britain the time of just uh worship of uh Just about of isaac newton newton died. I think in 1727 So he was legend and one of the reasons why microscopy didn't advance more. I think um, is it kind of lay laden for 150 years was because um mathematical physics was so uh successful and astronomy and uh the experimental method and uh physics was so productive it drew a lot of talent Um I just wanted to show what rubber trees look like and uh, they Do cuts in them and uh draw their sap and the sap was sticky and It would form uh at a great temperature form kind of a neat substance that bounced and could be shaped But if it got too hot it became gooey and sticky and if it got too cold it would just crack and um so not to get into this too much, but uh One thing I put a lot more information slides than I can ever cover in talk But my idea is that people can visit my um slide uh PDF and uh read through things if they want to Pursuit further, but um Charles Goodyear uh in 1847 finally after At least six or seven years of Struggling to figure out how to make rubber Usable he was Obsessed with this he dumped his family on friends who were charitable and he spent a couple of stents in debtor's prison and He bought a process where Uh A colleague had discovered that adding sulfur to the rubber. It wasn't sticky I found that uh, he he accidentally dropped some of that on a stove And the heat vulcanized the rubber and so Sorry, I bumped my microphone. Um, the um Vulcanization of rubber was a big step forward One thing one little thing aside from making soccer balls and tires is uh Rubber there's a little rubber seal here. There's uh Modern mason jars Actually have a lid to put over the jar That's separate and then you have a ring that locks down on it that has uh, uh mason Invented a tool to uh cut threads into this zinc lead this zinc ring cap and um The inner lid that lays right in and contact with your material to be canned Is not to be used a second time although I guarantee it's People do it the rubber gets Uh fatigued and has little cracks and you can get bacteria in there and you can get very sick So, um, don't cut corners with that inner lid But uh having a good seal is critical to successful canning Yeah, this guy also invented the salt shaker um So I'm up now to where I had uh gotten before and amazingly, I did it About 10 minutes faster Um, so I'm gonna stop here. Uh, except to add that from my mention of chemistry um I'm going to continue this talk uh at I guess uh in two hours um and uh the In the 1840s like helmholtz, uh showed uh in Any writings that physics applied to humans At human beings were not some, uh uh Magical creation that Did not respond to the laws of nature and, uh, uh, Liebig um Did a similar, uh thing for chemistry uh so I mentioned that because I'm going to tell a story in when I start talking about the seven Pandemics of cholera of the first use of IV fluids And one of the things that was stunning to me was the outrage of the medical community And it was rejected and it was Really not until like 1902. I think that IV fluids were used again Because they didn't understand the physiology and they didn't have precise chemistry But um, they'd had stunning results, but Physicians felt it was outrageous to Violate the sanctity of the human body by infusing fluids it Is another thing that reveals the level of magical thinking that Humankind has had to overcome to be able to Advance So I'll stop there any questions Thank you for the applause day Questions comments Thank you Shanta. Thank you. This is all I have a lot of neat things, uh Um to share of Things we take for granted and where they came from that Happened in the 19th century that uh, I think will be interesting for the next talk Once I I'm basically going to walk us up to the beginning of antibiotics and then I'm going to do a talk after that or probably be January or uh about Focusing on three diseases micro bacterial diseases, which include osis and leprosy uh syphilis and uh And then uh We'll have a sort of other Talks that are To some degree disease oriented That uh talk about the classes of antibiotics and what we've got and where it's going What the future of it is so that's that's my concept Thank you for letting me indulge in this Walk through human history Uh As I see everything is connected in a way. Thank you, Jess. Any other questions? comments When I was in residency uh There was one guy who had a real sense of humor and uh He was answering questions and uh, there were several medical students with us and they had number of questions And he seemed like he grew weary of the questions. And so he turned and looked at them. He says anyone else went on load Some reason that just came to my mind Okay, well, thank you for your attention