 kinga iwi o tēnei rohe ki Tatiawa me Ngāti Toa Rangatira me ngā Hapu katoa o tēnei rohe, tēnā kautau. Kia kautau ngā manu korero o tēnei hui akoranga, tēnā kautau, kia kautau ngā kaiwhakarungo me ngā kaititiro, kanui tako mihi kia kauta katoa. He uri tēnei no te raroa me Ngāti Pākehā ko marmuri, toku ingoa. Kia ora everybody. Nice to see you. Okay, so, the Legal Māori Resource Hub. It's changed names a couple of times. I have also called it the Māori Legal Resource Hub. And every soft I do get confused by my own actions. So what I want to do just briefly is to set out some of the, a little bit of the context in which our new digital resource has now arisen. So this is the latest output of a series of outputs that came out of what was called the Legal Māori Project. Now, this all started in 2000 in Krikey 7. 2006 actually was when the idea was born and this had to do with me being at home on maternity leave, breastfeeding my son and making the mistake of reading emails from my work. And there was an email conversation going on at the time about whether or not for students at Victoria University and the law faculty in particular, we should actually provide an exemption or waiver, if you like, to those students who would like to submit the essays in Te Reo Māori. The waiver was not in favour of actually using Te Reo Māori. The waiver was one that said, no, really, English is the core language of law. We really, let's have a debate about whether or not we really should be having students submitting essays or sitting their exams in Te Reo Māori at all, because Māori is not a core language of law in this country. So when I was reading this email trail, I got a little bit hot under the collar and gripped my son a little bit more tightly than I possibly should have and ended up sending off a few emails and effectively saying to my colleagues and to myself, I know this that Māori is a language of law. I know it's a language of law. There's been at least 200 years of engagement between Māori and English speakers on matters of Western law. OK, so I know this is the case. Where is the evidence? And so that sent me off on a journey of a couple of years at least to find sources. And I know there are a couple of people here today. I saw Max and I saw Michael here who've been part of this journey as we built towards getting a whole lot of funding from what was then forced and now imbi to basically digitise a whole lot of material from the 19th and 20th centuries that showed Māori engaging in law, by which I mean Western law and communicating in Māori about Western legal ideas. It was very much my intention that we would excavate the language, if you like, or our lexicon for words and phrases pertaining in particular to Western law. I already knew that there was a customary law vocabulary and that's a pretty important point, actually, which I'll come to shortly. But that process has led to these outputs. So the first one there, the archive. Much of this material was archival. We had speeches in Te Reo Māori, issued by Māori members of Parliament, that were then, they might speak in Te Reo Māori in the Chamber, have their words translated and then the translation will be back translated and disseminated to Māori communities. There were court hearings that were reported in the Māori newspapers in Te Reo Māori. There was voluminous correspondence between various iwi and the Crown engaging in debate about legal Māori concepts. There were thousands of pages of legislation that was, in the 19th century, prior to 1909 actually, translated into Māori and disseminated among Māori communities. The gazette, the kahiti, was translated into Te Reo Māori until 19, well it was a Māori kahiti until 1933. So actually we had no problem finding the material and the process of digitisation and creating what was to be the legal Māori corpus. So the archive, which you can see now if you go to, if you just google legal Māori archive, you can go and see the archive itself, which allows you access to some of those scans of those 19th century texts. The corpus, which was basically a collection of eight million word tokens, gathered from the digitised texts and then from that I had a team of research assistants who trawled the texts, looking for vocabulary, because this was what was called a lexicographical project. I didn't know it at the time, but wiser people than me told me that that was what it was. A project exploring Māori legal lexicon where we had to find it in the first place. So trawling the texts, looking for Māori words and phrases that imported, communicated, and then re-assured with ideas of Western law. So the lexicon was about 5,000 words. We came up with that in 2010. But what we needed to do then, that wasn't enough. That's not enough to create a dictionary. That was the end point, because really at the end of it all I thought, I really want those Māori law students or those Māori speaking law students, be they Māori or not, to have a dictionary that they can use, then that can then facilitate their ability to submit their assignments into it. A very kind of quotidian, a very basic kind of desire that I had at the outset of all this. But we had this lexicon of 5,000 words. Our job was then to test those words, to test the words and test the phrases, to check that they really stood up discretionary within the corpus. So that was a particular tool that we needed to use, the corpus, to be able to explore how words were used in all those texts. And I'll show you what it looks like in a little while. And at the end of all that, we tested all those lexicon terms and we came up with just under half of those that were robust and had enough evidence for use over the period of 1828, or the earliest text, to 2009, which was our latest text that we incorporated into the corpus. And then in 2013, we published our dictionary Hepapa Kupureo Ture, a dictionary of Māori legal terms and apparently it's a dead tree dictionary. It was a dead tree dictionary in 2013 and when we launched the dictionary and it was a very proud moment in my life because it was the culmination of several years of work of a very large team of at least 30 people. I felt a bit fukama actually. I felt a bit embarrassed because it had a hefty price tag on it because it was published by a legal publisher and I'm very grateful to Lexis Nexus for publishing it. But this kind of resource, this dead tree resource was beyond the resources of our students actually. Well, not beyond, but it was difficult to pay up to $100 or even over $100 for our dead tree dictionary. So the next step had to be inclusion and I pick up from what Courtney said in the last presentation. If there's anything of a digital brand associated with the Legal Māori Resource Hub, our website that I'll show you shortly, it's that, it's inclusion, it's making sure that all of these resources in some way are accessible by anybody who is interested in exploring te reo Māori and not only those who are interested in it in regards to Western law either. So I'll come back to the link shortly but I will just advance the slides as they say. I wanted to just leave you or at least give you an insight on the, which comes out of the research that came out of the Legal Māori project because I'll be able to explore this a little bit by using the hub as well to show you. So one of the things we discovered in the years between 2008, 2007, 2008 and 2013 we published the dictionary was that using customary legal terms was actually a launching pad for identifying other legal terms. And using those customary legal terms we'll also show the change of the lexicon over time. Custom, I mentioned before that this was very much a project aimed at extrapolate or sorry, extracting out vocabulary pertaining to Western legal ideas. It became pretty obvious very early on that we could not do that if we did not first look to Māori customary vocabulary and in effect Māori customary legal vocabulary became the heart and soul of a dictionary about Western legal Māori terms. And one of the interesting things about our dictionary and this is a function if you like of the fact that it's diachronic, right? It's sourced from material dating from 1828 is that we get a sense of how words rise and fall in usage in these printed texts. They're only printed texts, not handwritten, that we digitised. And so we've got a big disconnect and the terms from our dictionary, the 2113 in total, 716 only appear throughout the whole period of time. Only some of these terms actually are used throughout the time period. 1200 only appear after 1970. So you can see there's a falling away of usage and then there's a resurgence and that's not surprising given what also happened in Māori society from 1970 onwards. 710 entries only appear before 1910. So there's a disconnection between the rel that we're using now or I should say the lexicon that we're using now to express legal concepts and the lexicon that was being used in the 19th century. So 1168 entries don't appear at all between the years of 1910 and 1970, in part that's because there's far fewer sources, but also the fact that we've got bookends of usage suggests that there's something also going on there about how the language is being used and that one end of this time period is not talking to the other end of that time period. So that's an insight that we got because we were able to explore the usage of these terms throughout time. So we decided to prioritise customary legal terms. So you can see there of all of the terms 42% of the terms are either single word customary law words or phrases involving a customary law word. So that's not quite what I foresaw actually. I thought that we'd have a lot more creation of new words. There is certainly that going on, but even when you're creating new words or new combinations of words, we are calling on those customary law ideas. So there's consequences for our dictionary format in the dead tree format at least by virtue of what we were discovering about the role of customary law. So we had to say to people in our dictionary entries, hold up, this word you're about to look at here has a customary connotation you must pay attention to. There's all kinds of other layers of meaning from Western law that come on top of that, but you must see visually at least that there is a connection with customary law. I wanted to focus on one word, Atsua, and I'm going to use this word to explore a little bit about through our legal Maori resource hub so you can get a sense of how it works. So the word Atsua is not an uncommonly heard word often used to refer to accident, unfortunate occurrence, unfortunate unforeseen occurrence. There is a traditional meaning associated with the word Atsua and often connected to the breaking of a tapu. Something along those lines where some kind of natural order has been upset and something unfortunate has happened as a result. So this is a customary legal idea. What we also found in our exploration of Māori legal language is that when we looked at how Atsua appeared in our corpus over time it had this traditional idea attached to it, but after 1938 something interesting happens. It takes on another meaning that of compensatable accident. What happened in 1938, the passage of the Social Security Act, and there's a couple of other pieces of legislation too, which referred to workers' compensation and so that's where we first see the word Atsua taking on board this new western legal idea of a compensatable accident. There was another sense actually which referred specifically to injustice, namely injustice perpetrated by Pākehā upon Māori, but interestingly in our corpus that sense drops away after 1970 and one of the main senses that we now see it in is this idea of accidental injury compensatable accident. This is what it looks like in Dead Tree. So you can see at the top we've got the greyed out box and that's an alert to the reader that there's something customary going on with these particular terms here, so you must take that into account. We took the content of those grey boxes from Te Matapūninga customary lexicon that was produced also in 2013. So you can see the senses, their accident injustice and you also see with accident that it appears mid and conch. You can see in the little what do you call those brackets, these pointy ones from the mid periods, so that's after 1910, but actually it really first appears in 1938 and it appears in the contemporary period as well, but not before 1910 in that use. And then we've got down the bottom here, Aituā Ōhorere which also refers to accident and that's the word that's been picked up by accident compensation corporation in their Māori language translations and is consequently passed into the language that way. So what I want to show you is the hub itself. So if you've got a device and you want to have a look at what we're doing, please feel free. I want to show you how we can track through one particular word and its evolution if you like through our corpus. So this is the legal Māori resource hub. This is Te Pukapū Reoture. It's bilingual so you can choose Māori or English as your language for reading this particular site and we have a quick search function up here and if I search for Aituā here, select dictionary so you can see how from the dead tree format into the digital format we've preserved this kind of warning, warning, customary lore term ahead, must take note. So we've got our sensors there, accident and justice, it's probably a little bit small I'm not sure how you're viewing it out there but one of the things so we've got the entire dictionary online here which is just one of the outputs. One of the really lovely things that I love about our hub is that I can now go and look at Aituā in the corpus so I can go to that first or I can go to it through the dictionary as well. So let's look at what Aituā looks like in the corpus and here's what I mean when I talk about a corpus. So that's all the texts digitally available and then the concordance is produced for you of Aituā and it's an, oh what do I do sorry, there it is and so the first incident here is 1839 so that's not on one of the sensors that I was talking about before, it's in other sensors and then all the way down there's 279 or so examples and it takes us down to the most recent example 2009 because that's when the most recent texts were inserted into the corpus or rather those are the bits that a year that they date from. So you've got a chance there to see how Aituā is being used you can also order it by right collocate so for language enthusiasts one of the things we look for and how to understand our lexicon is how patterns are formed in language and one of the ways to get a pattern is to order your concordance by a right collocate in other words the word to the immediate right of your target word and you can see all kinds of grammatical patterns that might emerge from that so you can see this one Aituā for example if I scroll down I can see down here ohorere that phrase I showed you before which is basically again the notion of an accident particularly with an accidental injury involved in there somewhere you can see how the kind of company that words keep the neighbours they have the salience or the glue that might hold words together so the corpus can show you a lot of information if you're interested in how to work that out but if you wanted a little bit of reference information well actually this is not reference information this is looking at the summary of the information here so Aituā has these words on its right and you can flick to these phrases so I mentioned ohorere before Aituā ohorere these are glued together there's a degree of salience between these words now you can have a look at it more specifically and go to its own little concordance any second now so you can explore those phrasal connections if I wanted to let's go back sorry I'll just do another the other thing I can do here is look to the references so if I wanted to look at the reference for the second sense of injustice it tells me where it comes from and then I can go to the scans of the text if we have the scans many of them we do for the 19th century and then for full text as well so if I viewed the images of this one and Max was wherever you are Max was deeply involved in putting these scans up so you can look directly at the scans themselves or the digitised text here as well so that's more searchable so if you wanted to search for particular words on your own you've got the digitised text as well one of the other functions of the legal mighty resource hub is this thing here called the corpus browser and I just want to show you this as well and I need to just pay acknowledgement to Dave Moskovitz of Think Tank he was the person who created the Freelix system which forms the heart and skeleton if you like of the legal mighty resource hub but also the websites and publishing team at Victoria University who took Dave's information and created this nice and simple interface for us so what the corpus browser so I showed you the corpus before so you can enter any word you like any word doesn't have to be a legal word if you want to see if you want to look up swear words you can look up swear words in Māori and you can see how they appear in the corpus there's no restriction here to it being legal but one of the beauties of this resource hub is that you've also got the ability to look at sub-corporate and create your own little sub-corporate so each text is categorised and if I wanted to for example look at petitions I always use this one because I love petitions the 19th century petitions and summaries of the petitions there I could select this set of documents so you can do the same thing for legislation for court transcripts for a whole bunch of different kinds of documents we can lump them together if you like you can select a whole bunch so there are all the summaries of petitions from the native affairs committee and some of the texts of petitions as well that are into in Te Reo Māori and you can look at the sources themselves by these links here but if I wanted to see a particular word let's say I wanted to see how the word rangatiratanga is used, oh A2R but I'll go with rangatiratanga because that's what I feel like in the sub-corpus I just have to enter the term and then it will sort it for me and oh gosh there it is it's interesting actually rangatiratanga is a word that doesn't appear as often as you think it would appear in the 19th century it's actually not that common and there's interesting things you can say about a language by the appearance and the frequency and the prominence of the words at what periods of time that it appears in these printed texts and then of course if I wanted to look any more closely at any one of these texts I could just go to the reference, view the work and again I can go straight through to the images or full text connections between all of the resources so the corpus browser links nicely to the corpus which links nicely to the dictionary and you can skip back through them and you've always got your access to your reference information so what I want to happen from this resource and for it to get more widely known is for people to play with it to use it to find out and answer their own questions about the particular words they might be interested in and to basically just get excited about how you can find out how the language is used, there's nothing else that I'm aware of of this nature in regards to Māori actually it's pretty rare to find an English corpus actually this accessible I mean this is a quite a simple interface, if you're going to be involved in corpus linguistics and there's all kinds of programs out there that can mine amazing information about the texts of corpus but it will cost you money to get those programs and you need to kind of learn how to use them, it's not particularly accessible but this is a very user friendly, all those simple interface between the user and the corpus but also with the dictionary as well so we are no longer dead tree we are hopefully creating digital inclusion for all people who are interested in Te Reo Māori and how it expresses legal ideas so Kia ora I'm sorry to wrap that up because that is a really fantastic collection, very unique and special thing to have done, we've probably got time for one question Mark, shout Kia ora, that's such an amazing resource, such an amazing process that you must have gone through to get to this point Kia ora Interested in whether the corpus was digitised already or how much of it you did yourself, were you able to identify and digitise yourself where to identify and digitise everything there's a few texts that we could, there's some texts we could get from the Māori Language Commission has a corpus and we took some texts from there but we had to be very specific because we had texts connected in some way to law so engaging with law in some way but that had to be a focus of the texts, they had to be a legal Māori text so for example we didn't include the Bible, there is legal language in the Bible but it's not a legal text, well it's not specifically so so we had to design the corpus in such a way that it really was a legal corpus to that extent so yeah we were starting a lot from scratch thank you so much Māori