 So very very commonly we see the children in their early years of life say one year, two years when they start walking and they keep running around. So children are always more prone to injuries at home. So right now I will try and focus on how to manage these injuries at home the first aid before you take the child to the doctor. So my purpose is not that everything can be managed at home but at least minor injuries or first aid should happen in the right way at home and it makes the work of the doctor also a little easier. So let's talk about say first we take an example of a fall and followed by a head bump or a head injury. Now it is very very important this is one situation where parents tend to panic a lot. The child fell from the bed or fell from the stairs and there was a small bump on his head and there was a cut from which he was bleeding. Now remember this is very very important if there is a bump on the head or if there is a swelling. So the way to reduce the swelling is only one that is pressure. So if there is a head swelling, the child has fallen, there is an injury, you have noticed the swelling, so at least put a pressure bandage. So we can tie it tightly with a hen and tie it with a bandage and put a tight bandage on the head so that the swelling does not increase. In the olden days people used to say that if it is hurt then apply turmeric and hot oil on it. Now it is very very important to understand that wherever there is a wound or swelling, it is underlined in the skin. There was some breach, some bleeding, it was small. For example, the needle fell, the needle fell is bleeding under the skin. So the only way to reduce it is not warm compress or hot compress, it has to be ice packing. We say that it should be cooled and cooled so that your swelling will be less on the forehead. The more we will teach it with heat, the more swelling and chance of increase. Second, if there is a cut on the forehead and head and it is bleeding somewhere. Most of the times what we see is parents bring the child and the child is actively bleeding. Which by the time the child reaches the hospital or the emergency, there will be significant blood loss. So the only way to stop bleeding is pressure. Wherever there is a wound, by keeping any clean cloth or cotton pad, I am stopping the bleeding by giving pressure. For 5 minutes, if we press that area, bleeding tends to stop. If we keep looking at it, bleeding will continue. The same process happens when there is nose bleeding. Now in nose bleeding, commonly we see that the nose is bleeding and parents bring the child to the hospital, they get worried and tell the child to go back. So that the blood will not come out. Now again that is wrong. If there is nose bleeding which is happening, which most commonly happens because of trauma. So the children will stab the child in the nose, or they will do anything which causes bleeding. Bleeding has to be stopped by pressure. So we have to pinch the nose so that, and press it for about 3-4 minutes so that bleeding stops. Second, if bleeding is happening and you have pinched the nose, then the child will have to go back and not lie down. Because all that blood from the nose will travel through the throat and into the stomach. It will irritate the stomach, the child will vomit and then the child will see blood in the vomit and parents will panic. So best thing is, the child's head should be front, nose pinched and that will take about 3-4 minutes for the bleeding to stop. The next point is, once the bleeding has stopped, where the bleeding happens, there is a crusting. And the moment the crusting happens, there will be irritation, the child will vomit again, and then the chances of bleeding increase. So wherever the nose bleeding happens, we put saline drops in the nose so that the nose gets moisturized so that the bleeding does not get irritated and lessens the chances of bleeding. So these are important points which we need to take care as far as the nose bleed is concerned. Third important thing, suppose the child fell down and got hurt in an arm, fractured. You can see that it is obvious deformity, the child is crying in pain. So it is very very important, if there is a bone fracture, if the bone is broken, then as much as we can immobilize it, we can manipulate it as much as we can. We don't have to manipulate it. Just keep any hard thing around it, and if we tie a cloth or bandage on it so that it becomes immobile, that is more important before we take the child to the hospital. Second, again on the swelling part, cold compresses, so we can put ice pack so that at least the child gets less pain from there. We can give a painkiller in which paracetamol is the safest painkiller to give to a child at any given point of time at home. Fourth common injury what we see is burns. Now it is very very important, if a child has a hot water or tea or milk and a significant area is burned, the best thing to do at home is put lots and lots of water. Commonly you have seen that people will say apply toothpaste or apply this, it will give a soothing effect. All these will tend to cause more injury to the overlying skin. The more we wash it with water, the less the effects of the injury would be less severe. Which burn is minor, which burn is major, that only time tells. So right on the first go, to predict which burn is severe is very very difficult. We have seen a number of times that an ugly looking burn turns out to be a minor burn whereas a minor looking burn turns out to be a major burn. So best is to put lots of water, cover it with a clean cloth and get the child to the hospital as early as possible. We can give a painkiller again for which paracetamol is the safest painkiller to give.