 Friends, in the last class we studied the list of insects attacking not only attacking causing severe economic damage to paddy crop across the country. So, as I said the IPM module or the practices recommended by various agricultural universities and ICR institutes will try to understand. First and foremost is the selection of the cultivar or the variety itself. So, we need to have a tolerant or resistant variety, now across the country lot of varieties have been released. In fact, the scientist have gone to the stage of identifying the resistance source or the donor cultivars for various insects. In this table you can very clearly see for gallmage across the country some of the donor cultivars which are low yielders, but they are highly resistant to gallmage. Similarly, for brown plant hopper the donors have been identified and then for green leaf hoppers the donors have been identified. The stem borer which is an important pest, TKM6 is identified as the donor cultivar which has got a higher degree of resistance. They cannot be used for commercial cultivation mainly because of their poor yield, but these varieties or cultivars have been used in the breeding program by the breeders and then they have evolved many varieties which are high yielding, but having the resistance factor for various insects. For example, for gallmage Sneha has been released. Again series of the varieties have been released across the country. Similarly, for brown plant hopper Vajram is one of the popular variety in Andhra Pradesh. In case of Orissa Kanaka is one of the important variety having resistance to brown plant hopper. Whereas, for stem borer Ratna Sashashri Vikas are important varieties identified in the southern zone having tolerance to stem borer. They can be used as the planting material in the IPM program. Another important feature is in a given locality, not just the one species is dominating, sometimes more than one species is causing economic damage. Multiple resistant varieties have also been identified across the country. If you see this table, you know variety Suraksha has been identified and released in Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal. This variety is resistant to brown plant hopper, whitebacked plant hopper, gallmage and also to a disease blast. Similarly, Vikramaraya in released in Andhra Pradesh is again tolerant to green leaf hoppers, rice thungroot disease and then gallmage. Similarly, you know Lalat from Orissa has been identified for as a multiple resistant variety for gallmage, for BPH, green leaf hoppers and also to blast. So these multiple resistant varieties can be used on priority because in a given situation if there are naturally there will be more than one insect species causing economic damage. Coming to the next group of management strategy, cultural practices, you know lot of cultural practices have been identified in paddy ecosystem. First and foremost is early and synchronous planting. This practice is useful particularly in managing the early occurring insect pests like green leaf hopper, rice case worm to a significant level and also the stem borer if you remember early showing you can just get a very low incidence than the later stage planting. Then one of the another most important one is judicious use of fertilizer particularly higher nitrogen, higher will be the sucking pest damage it is almost it has become a thumb rule. So care has to be taken on this aspect then cropping pattern or crop rotation instead of taking two to three crops continuously paddy in the same season. You have to alternate one season with paddy another season with other crops so that there will be breaking of the pest life cycle thereby naturally the population can be reduced. Then alae crops in case of paddy which is most important for brown plant hopper management leaving one row empty will reduce the below the crop canopy the humidity can be reduced thereby the brown plant hopper population can be reduced. Then field sanitation which is an important cultural practice because stem borer, gal mage they move from one season to another season by remaining in the diapas or the resting stage in the fallen or the stubble of the previous crop. If you collect those stubbles and then destroy it you will be reducing all this diapasing larvae which becomes the major source of infestation for the next season. Then water management which is another important aspect paddy requires soil moisture but not continuous standing of water. Constant standing of water in the paddy field increases the humidity below the crop canopy thereby increasing the aglaing and haggaging of a brown plant hopper resulting in severe economic damage. Again as I said plant hopper and case worm one of the cultural practice is whenever you have a high population whenever you want to take up insecticidal application either granular or foliar application the best cultural practice recommended is draining of water at least for 24 to 48 hours and then applying the insecticide. The effectiveness of the insecticide increases by doing this cultural practice. Then in case of termites the opposite way holds good seeing that the water is stagnated for 24 to 48 hours thereby the inundation of the workers of the termite colony results in the death of the workers. Biological control is an important component in paddy IPM large number of natural enemies have been reported in paddy ecosystem. If you see this table for stem borer itself about 185 natural enemies have been reported with egg parasitoids dominating particularly telenomas tetra stickers and trichograma species for gallmage again a parasitoid is most important for leaf hoppers that is plant hoppers and the leaf hoppers lot of parasitoids particularly a predatory bug serotoninus levidipenis plays a major key factor in reducing the population. Because this predator he predates on eggs, nymphs and adults that means all stages of the brown plant hopper similarly leaf folder has lot of parasitoids and predators then another most important predatory fauna is spiders in particular. Spiders again there are quite a number of species are available among them pardosa pseudo annulata is one of the important predatory fauna found across the paddy growing areas of the country and then in the biological control even inundation technique is also followed particularly for leaf folder and for stem borer management for stem borer management release of egg parasitoid particularly trichograma japonica because japonica species is preferred because the egg parasitoid has got a long ov posture which can penetrate the scales and then to the eggs of the stem borer there by higher percentage of parasitoids takes place. But for leaf folder trichograma kilonus parasitoid can also be is also recommended usually 1 lakh per hectare about 3 to 4 releases starting from 15 days after transplanting is recommended and coupled with this you know in the integration technique some of the safer insecticides needs to be integrated particularly granular formulation of insecticides are more preferred so that there will not be direct contact to these parasitoids so that the insecticide does its toxic job whereas the parasitoids will reduce the population in their own manner. Coming to the insecticidal component again insecticides belonging to different formulations in the first case the granular formulations are found to be more safer in paddy ecosystem large number of granular formulations have been recommended and belonging to carbamate group belonging to OP group belonging to NERIS toxin group and also belonging to phenyl pyrazole group Pifronil which is most effective for majority of these brown plant hoppers and the intensity of their efficacy is also indicated with 3 stars indicating highly effective and with a single star indicating a simple effectiveness based on the intensity the different granular formulations can be incorporated in the IPM package similarly in addition to granular formulations even spray formulation of insecticides are also recommended in the paddy ecosystem large number of formulations with the dosage rate is also fixed for example quinolphosph, inorganophosphorus belong at a rate of 500 GAI per hectare is the dosage recommended which is very effective for stem borer highly effective for leaf folder in particular similarly we have one of the safer molecule called as bufrophosin which is a growth regulator recommended at 100 grams AI per hectare which is again moderately effective for all the sucking pests of late particularly the quinolphosphorus and the monocrotophosphorus usage has resulted in resurgence of sucking pests better to avoid these two insecticide molecules and we have other options of sprayable formulations to be integrated in the IPM package. One of the foremost component is economic threshold level use lot of studies have been made and they have standardized the ETL for various insects for stem borer 5 to 10 percent dead heart or one egg mass or one month per square meter in the field is in the economic threshold level and for gallmage you know 5 percent silvery shoot at the time of tillering is the stage and for brown plant hopper which is a major pest 10 insects per hill in the vegetative stage or 20 insects per hill in the later that is the grain filling stage is the economic threshold level for Gandhi bug 10 adults per square meter row is the economic threshold level. So, these can be used for incorporating the various control strategies in particular the insecticides I have tried to sum up considering the economically important pest like brown plant hopper the various IPM strategies recommended starting from use of resistant varieties nitrogenous application training of water that means various cultural practices biological practices of conserving natural enemies and use of insecticides both granular formulations and sprayable formulations in this table. Similarly for gallmage also I have summed up for IPM package across the country again involving resistant variety to insecticide application and lastly yellow stem borer which is one of the number one pest again a package has been summed up here starting from growing of tolerant variety destruction of stubbles which prevents the carry over of the population release of egg parasitoids and then erection of light and pheromone traps for monitoring as well as for destruction mass trapping also and then application of granular insecticides or sprayable formulations as and when required to sum up all these IPM packages or methodologies starting from selection of a variety to the need based application holds good for the effective management or the effective reduction of the paddy pest whether it is a rain fed ecosystem or irrigated ecosystem with higher net profit. Thank you.