 open seats so if you have just participated in speed printing or if you're just working at a table feel free to come and fill it up. My fresh speakers feel welcome. One of my favorite jobs as the co-boss of My Night East Bay is to give these introductory talks. Oftentimes I tie into the subject or the actual presenter of her talk. Brian's a good friend. There's lots of sort of personal stories with Brian and internet that I can share. I can't share anything at all about grammar. I can certainly talk about B's I guess because there are these people. B, MRI, or sorry CT scans of B brains that just appear in nature. I'm not too deep in that because I'm just going to get on the signs that I'm really passionate about. So this is the news this one. Yeah, so what does LEGO do? Apparently, way back when we had black holes, twine together, eventually combined, great gravitational waves. Somehow these giant laser beams out in the deserts of Washington State and the swamps of New York City and they detected it. And that's amazing. The LEGO collaboration had so many people. I'm going to tell you tonight about three of the worst jobs of LEGO. Third most useless job. First of all, again, I told you these were giant vacuum tubes that contain lasers. They were welded together and so this guy had to go around checking every single part of the tubes to make sure the weld was good. And it looks like this. That's like a mile and a half on each side. Two kilometers. Second most useless job of LEGO. This one's not personal. So I'm so glad I didn't wear that shirt tonight. That is me. My very first job as a scientist was on LEGO. I had a very lovely undergraduate research study entitled the investigation of bonding techniques for test menses of LEGO interferometers. Test menses, by the way, are these giant super expensive silica fused optics. This guy is currently attaching these little tiny magnets and this is another nice picture of the optics. Turns out that these magnets would always break off. It's really hard to come up with glue that is good in vacuum. And so I just spent the whole summer gluing stuff onto these things, well onto the ones that had already broken since they'd fallen off and hanging buckets of water because they didn't have any costume customers. So yes, that is why all of you paid me to stick glue for a summer. Again, the accomplishment itself is really amazing. It was nice to play a very, very, very small role in it. But now I have to tell you about something really weird. Because Brian says I love it. He was going to talk about the great battleship. But first, let me say I'm really glad this is not the great battleship. Although, very nice, very nice, the best. Very nice day, very nice day, very nice. And who am I? What do I know about Prenner? Well, my bachelor's degree in theater, which is why I'm very comfortable talking to you guys right now. My master's degree was in secondary education. I found high school in English for two years. And I switched to student software engineering, which had a turned out computer that actually sit down and shut up when you come in. So that's how I know it. I discovered great battleship one time while I was doing some research for one of my English papers. And I thought it was like a really cool topic. It is, let's just say I'm a big fan of dad jokes and useless trivia. And this is definitely the useless trivia category, so I hope the majority of them are not yours. So in order to talk about great battleship, we have to have a quick history of the English language. A quick overview of the four major periods of the English language. So Old English, Middle English, Early Modern English, and Modern English. Now, if you look at these dates, they say like 1480 to 150 AD. So I'm typically a great insult, it's like plus or minus 300 years. But this is roughly about when we decided that these periods started. So first we start off with Old English. Now Old English is actually a very well understood phenomenon. How did Old English come to be? Well, it turns out that if you get a whole bunch of people, like say, the English, the Saxon, and the Jews, just pick them up on an island, they'll talk to each other, and they're also speaking different languages. They're all going to kind of come together for new words and new ways of saying things, and they're going to eventually communicate, and that way of communication will become a language. And that's what happened with Old English. The Jews and the English and the Saxons came over to England, and formed Old English, which is also known as Anglo-Saxon. We've probably heard of Anglo-Saxons. King Arthur was an Anglo-Saxon. He would have spoken Old English, like Merlin, Old English. So, who cared about Old English? Well, Old English goes like this. And it's mostly gibberish. I see the word lice. Lice. Okay, that's it. This is a passage about lice. It's actually a very famous thing written in Old English. Many people have heard of Beowulf. That's right, everybody. Because Beowulf is the greatest superhero of all time. Sorry, that's cool. But what's really interesting about Beowulf is that Old English was mostly a rural language. You just really write it, you just really read it, because it would read back in 410 maybe, nobody. And so when somebody finally did write it down in the late 800s or so, they wrote it down for that. And they wrote it down in the gibberish. And we have Beowulf. And it strangely persists today. We have these amazing things called Beowulf for Business. The modern owner's died in a career building. Outrageously entertaining Beowulf movie. Sorry, I'm just going to have to leave. But that's enough about Old English. We don't care about Old English. I just want to make Beowulf jokes. We could talk about Middle English. And just like Old English, Middle English origins are pretty well understood. We know how Middle English came to be. It came to be because of the Northern invasion in 1066 AD. England was invaded by the Normans, who were basically the French. They spoke French. And they were in France, and they would defluss the channel. And they would say, hey, that thing was cool. Let's go there. They would defluss, and they would shut out everybody in the school. Literally the shit out of everything. The poor thing was like this. Okay. But, again, we are looking at this time period, about 1150 AD to 1550 AD. If you go into this literature like I do, you'll notice a couple of things people write around this time period. The first one is Jeffrey Chaucer. Jeffrey Chaucer. Watch out. Jeffrey Chaucer was born in 1543. He died in 1400 at about 57 years old. 67 years old. What's up with that? He was one of the greatest writers of English history. Most notably because he was one of the first writers in English language. The Normans, like I said, they spoke French. They came across the channel. They conquered England, and they spoke French. When they were ruling the country, they were ruling the country using French languages. But remember, the people they conquered, the presidents, were all Anglo-Saxons. They were all speaking Old English. They were all speaking Anglo-Saxon. And so, for 1150 AD to 1543 in this period, they were all kind of speaking this grassidivation of French and Anglo-Saxon and French and Old English, which eventually kind of congealed into what we call middle English. And Chaucer was the writer for the French. Like, he worked for the King and Queen. He worked for all the nobles. If there was a population, he voted. If there was a newsletter that went out to everybody, he voted. There was a law. He voted. He voted in French. But at some point, Chaucer said, you know what? English is a really pretty language. I don't know why, but he said that. He said that English is a really pretty language. Somebody wrote a book. And he wrote the Canberra accounts. And he died before he finished it. So, if you fast forward about 250 years, get to William Shakespeare. And he wrote about 1564. It's about 100 years after the end of middle English. And somewhere in between, you know, between Chaucer and Shakespeare, about 200 to 300 year reign, we have something called the Great Vowel Shift. And this is what I'm going to talk about. And I just think this is really interesting because these question marks represent when we don't really know anything about it, other than what they tell you, I'm not sure you know everything we know about it. It just would be meant. So what is the Great Vowel Shift? Well, one thing we know is that it happened. It happened to 1,300 to 1,600. And what exactly happened was that the long vowels changed pronunciation. And when I first read this, I was like, well, okay, what is the long vowel? I think all vowels are one matter of a problem, right? And so I looked at it and looked it up, basically it turned out that long vowels are vowels where your mouth changes shape when you say them. So if you say A, your mouth changes shape. E, I, O, you know, your mouth is changing. Another thing is short vowels when your mouth doesn't change shape. I, I, I, I, my mouth doesn't move. So long vowels change. And that's important. The short vowels did not change during the Great Vowel Shift, just the long ones. And that's something I think is very interesting because why did the short vowel change shape for us? But what did it mean to shift? This is the second big question everybody had. What did the vowel shift? What did that even mean? Well, this is a little chart here. You can see on the outside, you can see, like, the words. And in the middle, you see the vowel sounds and how they're shifting. The arrows pointing this direction, they go. So if we look on the left bottom button here, you see the word for bait, or bait. Well, we want to focus on the vowel sound, the A sound. And what happened was, there's some, I don't know, reason to shift it up. I don't know why I thought, necessarily, but shift it up into eat, the E sound. So if Chelsea said bait, we would say beat. So I'm going to, if I was going to eat you up, Chelsea would say, I'm going to bait you up. So, Chelsea said bait, you say beat. Chelsea said beat, you say bite. Let's do it this way. I say bait, you say beat. A? E. You always want to do that. Okay, so I say, Chelsea said bait, you say beat, Chelsea said beat, you say bite, Chelsea said bite, you say back. Whatever that is. Chelsea said boat, we say boot. Chelsea said boot, we say bout. Chelsea said bout, we say bot. Now, it's really interesting to note that these are two vowels. I'm not really going to talk about these very much. These two vowels are next to each other called diphthongs. A diphthong is when you have two vowels that are next to each other that form a completely different sound. That kind of happened around here as well, but that's not really part of the show. This is the show. So, what did that mean practically speaking like? It's really hard to visualize the rapid head around with that shit to mean. So I found a snippet from the Canterbury Hills. This is from the Miller's Tale. Have you ever read the Canterbury Hills? All right, the rest of you need to go read it. This particular one is from the Miller's Tale, and the Miller was Miller's Gatwick's flower, I guess. And he and the carpenter hated each other in the story. And so they could tell these stories to each other. And the Miller's Tale is a particularly gross and vulgar one. This story here, let's just read this real quick. It says, this Nicholas and non-lute flee a fart as Greek has been a thundered ant that with this truth he was almost enlightened and he was ready for this errant hoot and Nicholas, I mean, the heirs he smoothed. That was somehow the story. If we go back and translate this real quick, this says, this Nicholas immediately let's fly a fart as Greek as if it had been a thunderbolt. And then with this stroke he was almost blinded and he was ready with his hot iron and he smacked Nicholas in the middle of the ass. So he had a hot iron and he smacked him in the ass when he was already in space. Pretty funny story, if you haven't read it. So, going back to this the style shift thing, which is much more than just taking fun jokes, right? If we look at these words, you can see that they shifted. He let's slew a fart and flee shifting the fly when he turned the iron. Greek turns to great. Stroke turns to stroke. All moose turns to almost. Smooth turns to smote. And so you can see like, some of these were just words that changed and the thunder didn't. There's thunderbolt and it's blinded. We don't see those anymore. But the pronunciation is what changed it. And for the most part, if you read the kind of articles and you pronounce them the modern way it makes a lot more sense. So, that's basically the vowel shift, the great vowel shift, what happened. The keys turned up high and so forth and so on. But why? Why did the vowel shift? That's a great question. Nobody knows. Nobody knows why. We just know that we can read Chaucer and we know it is written and pronounced one way. We read Shakespeare. There's written and pronounced a different way. It's still happening. We can understand Shakespeare. We can't really understand Chaucer. Nobody knows why. What happened in between those three interviews. Okay. Next question. How did the changes propagate throughout England? Well, how did it get from... How did this start? How did one person say, you know, instead of Greek or, you know, fly instead of flea, and then everybody else went along with it? I don't know. What else? Nobody knows the answer to this. The best theory that I have is that, like, Barnes and Mitchell's one guy that, you know, fly and everybody else goes loose. I don't know. But... why haven't the vowels shifted that much since Shakespeare? So, the vowels changed for 300 years. I didn't stop. If you were to read Shakespeare right now, to totally understand everything Shakespeare wrote, almost everybody in this room could understand 99% of what Shakespeare said. And if I read it out loud to you, you don't still understand that 99%. So, why didn't Shakespeare, 5 million years ago, it perfectly understandable to us that Chaucer, who was only 7, 50 years ago, it almost completely unintelligible to us? So, why haven't they shifted since then? And especially since the founding of the United States, especially since you look at the founding fathers and decorations of the Canaanites and the Constitution, all being totally independent and sort of that. I know the answer to this. So, go back. Here's a little timeline here. We've got early modern English and modern English. And, you know, you'll notice these are basically the same, but early, that's partly because of what we're about to talk about. 14, 50, 80 is roughly Shakespeare. In the 1750s, somebody else came along. So, you remember we have Jeffrey Chaucer, Great Volusia, William Shakespeare. But then, Rowland Shakespeare was around 1564 to 1616. And then, you know, 100 years later, we get this guy, Daniel Johnson. Now, Stan boots kind of a not-happy person. And, really like to hear about us. Stan wrote a book. And the book is what really changed the English language forever. Really, quite the opposite. Frozen English language forever. Not really, sorry. He wrote what was widely considered the foremost, first and foremost, most comprehensive dictionary of the English language. There were like hundreds of dictionaries for Stan Johnson. Well, they're not Shakespeare's times when somebody would change. But Stan Johnson is really the first one to get all English, which is the one place. And one thing, you think about the word dictionary, the root word of dictionary is dictionary, which is how you say something. And so, because Stan Johnson spent, who knows how long, to pile in 17, that's 1765 to pile in the dictionary of the English language, the definition of spelling for how to pronounce everything, that means that ever since 1755, we all know how to pronounce why. And art. So, to recap, the vowels are shifted from smoot to smoot. Why and how is really a mystery? Nobody really knows. The admission of the dictionary helped stabilize all languages, particularly English. The part jokes are so funny. So, well, I have enough, but thank you very much. I have a great question with anybody. It is pronunciation. It's not really spelling. The vowel is spelling is basically the same. If you think about most languages, until the admission of the dictionary, when you wrote, you pretty much wrote phonetically. So, if you read Chopin, the vowels are spelled differently, maybe, but they're spelled the way you pronounce them. So, you're spelled it great. It's that great. But you really have to say great. And it's still the same word. The pronunciation is what changed. I mean, technically the spelling changed, but pronunciation is what triggered that spelling change, not the other way around. Does that make sense? Yes? Or did it shift back? That's the question. So, you'd have to get Scottish people if they shifted backwards, because they tend to pronounce things a lot more similar to regular English. I don't know the answer to that question. I think I know that Scotland and England are technically the cutest countries, or whatever. And so, potentially, there was a separation there that caused this to not be true. But I really don't know what the answer to that question is. Just, the vowel used to make it to Wales. You got me there. Any other questions? I think? So, there are other vowel shifts around the world. There are other vowel shifts in English language. The reason that this one, like Brad and I, the reason that this one is the great vowel shift, I'm sorry, the question is, are there any more shifts out there? So, within a period of shift, not necessarily literature, I don't know about other non-literature shifts, the grammar shifts, but there were lots of grammar shifts, like vowel shifts, three or four of them in English. This was the great one, because every long vowel change, very consistently, over the course of three years, there were like half of them change, they all change. So, that's what reasons were great, and it also just stopped for so long. There were a lot of smaller shifts, if you look at, like maybe, I don't know, probably from the 1750s to the Civil War, like the Revolutionary Civil War, there's probably a couple more smaller shifts in terms of how you pronounce certain words, certain categories of words. For example, in Northern Scotland, England, a large percentage of our vocabulary actually comes from French words. We talk about government, we talk about the justice system, a lot of those words come from French origins, and so during Napoleon's time, a lot of these words should be a little bit less French, and so on. Is there any case of medicine or war, or astronomy? I don't know. What about church Latin? Any other questions? Yes. So, since, in modern times, language needs to change, mostly by young people, the vitality of young people, back to those days. Okay, does life kind of matter that the younger people tend to change? I think that's true from a vocabulary standpoint, I'm not sure that's true from a pronunciation standpoint. I mean, if you look at me like my eyebrows are in place right now, so, you know, there's a lot of young culture that obviously, there's obviously a lot of influence on young people and languages, but despite that specifically pronunciation, I'm not really sure that that has anything to do with it. I think there's more to the in terms of media or the spread of information. Like I said, my theory about how the way dollars are spread is because of, like, bias and racial and people going out and telling stories and things like that. Also, maybe like the prevalence of writing at the time, so media I think played a lot more into it than just young people or age. Also, they have language in language schools, how to say in language is that more static. Yes, it does absolutely. The schools teach it a different way, everybody knows a different way, right? So, if you could be right in the ownership of all the schools, they'd get very interested to, you know, change the model. So, the most important thing that made it static was the dictionary and the intervention of, like, that kind of made it a lot more static because we all see, everybody can speak English, we all think it's in English and American English is kind of taking over the internet, so, you know, American should be more stable now. Thank you very much. So, thanks for being here, Brian. Brian's going to be right around here to answer any more questions that you might have. We're going to take a 15-minute break. I encourage you to check out that back table. On that back table, you'll not only see the chickpea trick, most of them are delicious food, but we're here to get the spicy one because that's better. She also has a pop-up every Wednesday and she has a dollar out of coupons up there, so come talk to her. Also talk to the open public library who has a reading list of every talk here. So, they're happy to attend your library and happy to study anywhere to learn more information. We're going to be back in 15 when we talk about these and other volunteers. Paul and others and how a science can sort of help out with the whole push. Coming from my hometown of Richland, Washington, I could go sympathy-quiz. This is kind of a sketch of my hometown. It's a helicopter. Anyone have any idea what that helicopter is doing? Security. So, I actually heard Andrew answer a thing. So, that helicopter is a response school for my favorite Rachel Manhattan headline. So, Rachel in Washington is the home of various nuclear waste storage. Including a few radios. They have salts at the cesium. They're gamma emitters. Apparently, the red is to look at the salts. Poop up. Remnants of the salts. And so, the helicopter is going around to get the radios out of the rabbit poop. So, most easels don't like it. I had shown you this picture before. I'm going to give you that picture of a hot hot helicopter. So, perhaps it will not be a surprise that what this picture is kind of hiding is the ground level view. And those, building the way up the side of the control building are tumbleweeds. It turns out that a lot of wind in very dry western Washington causes these tumbleweeds to just fly all over the place. And so, I'm going to go downtown and sell tumbleweeds on eBay. Apparently, race Japanese people would see restaurants and be like, I got to have that. Good power to wear, to be able to figure out how to fucking mail that thing. So, not only was this describes many people's jobs. Not only was one person's job to drive a tractor around tumbleweeds, another person took those tumbleweeds he gathered up and made giant A-bells out of them. Basically, tumbleweed A-bells that he lined the detectors with so that other tumbleweeds would not hit the detectors. But they also have fucking theorists on this problem. They're like, what happens if a tumbleweed does actually hit the detector? And apparently, they're like, oh, shit. This is actually a significant noise source because a tumbleweed could totally hit our wild half-long tube in such a way that it kind of looks kind of like a gravitational wave and we're going to screw it. In any case, here I can tell you about how science can help restore some of our game-followers. Lauren, can you say? The EEE, which will be, you know, eventually unveiled. But first of all, I've been telling you this history, I don't know if you've told my last name. So this can be a real mental struggle, with the microphone. So if you've seen me waving, I'll try to only wave you while being with this hand, but I apologize in advance. So, I'm going to start to work four years in, people drinks in, so many of you know, I was depressed in fact that we're in the world's sixth massive station. And you guys all seem to have made it out of bed, so that's why I'm calling around and we really struggle. And I always ask myself, you know, how can we curb the global biodiversity loss? And one of the first things people put forward is, let's just put everything aside in reserves. So let's just make money in reserves, let's keep people out, and that's where the biodiversity can flourish. But unfortunately, only about 100% of the terrestrial world is seen, so it's not really going to be so much of an option. So, what we're thinking about now is this concept of nature provides us services, and we actually benefit from those services. So instead of just having biodiversity in one place and community in another, why don't we actually conserve species where humans are? And so then you can benefit, it's kind of a different way of thinking of different services, we have provisioning services like clean wire and pollination. So we think we don't need so many reserves, we can just do the conservation in places where we live. But the big question is, can we have our cake in unit two? So for cake is conservation, so just conserving species or like, you know, just enjoying our nice species, and feeding our cake is, we're actually actually benefiting from nice species. So we know the reserves work really well for conserving species, we've seen a lot of endangered species come back with extinction, just by studying the side. Can we do the same thing in this human domain, landscape? And the landscape with this question comes a lot is in agricultural areas. This is in the Central Valley of California, this is in the Crete, which is a picture of what modern agriculture looks like today. And you can imagine it's not a great place to provide diversity, so on the map here where all the red areas are is where agriculture is expanding. And a lot of those places are things like the topics of Indonesians, this is an oil farm plantations, so oil farm plantations. And so right now our culture covers about 40% of the industrial world. So if we can make this landscape better for biodiversity, we can potentially concern a lot of different species. This question is, how can we do that? How can we make this landscape better actually, not just for agriculture, but also humans, because we know there's lots of negative effects on pesticide exposure and various other things. So one thing that's been put forward is this sort of idea-like picture of a farm. And it's a big monoculture of one crop and have a variety of crops. And all of these practices are made to mimic the heterogeneity of nature. So for example in the corner there's some orchid crops and some orchid crops and also some billiards crops. There's these beautiful riparian buffers along the waterway and very importantly, there's a new pickup truck that is very important to respect individual practice. And particularly, there are these flowery hedgerows along the field margins. So these are stricter native vegetation planted right along the field margin where they're not removing any land from production. And so these are usually planted for native pollinators and particularly native bees. So there's actually a huge diversity of native bees with about 1,500 species of bees in California alone. So California is a hotspot of bee diversity globally. And I would imagine none of these bees look like what you think a bee looks like. Is that right? You guys probably think of like a honey-colored show convenient. But that's actually the European honeybee. And potentially native species of Americans. But these are all different native bees. And they come in all different sizes, shapes, colors, like histories. So some have hair on their abdomen, which they use to collect pollen. Some have these adorable wool chaps, like leaves. They have really hairy legs. Others are like the size of my little bigger nail. He would hardly recommend him to be. Or he might think he was an ant or something. But they're incredibly beautiful creatures. They don't have any conservation value. But also, they pollinate about a third of the food we use. So either the fruits or this, like, we just produce the fruits eventually. And very importantly, picao, which means chocolate and coffee. It are both pollinary-dependent. So actually it's probably like 50% of my diet. But here's a great existential picture of the southern valley of California. Not much going on. Not much for pollinators, right? No flowers, no nectar, nothing. So how do we turn a landscape like this into something a little better for pollinators? So you can imagine this menu with the southern valleys to look like. This is actually the Carrizo Plain in southern California, one of the few remaining native grasslands. And you know, maybe there'd be like some oak scenery as well. And to change to something like this. So this is a Pedro of native vegetation. It's stuff that we find in the area. They're all frontiers that come back year after year. They require very little maintenance from the farmer. And they're actually in places where the farmer is not going to plant crops anyways. So, we want to ask what these hedgerows can we have everything needed to. So can we have the conservation and ecosystem services as far as bees on pollination? So we went out, and this is the pollination about a 10-year project. We have about 600 man-hours where we went and panned and netted these flowers and these hedgerows. We've got 40 different hedgerows across the the Valley of Davis and Winters and all these other places. And I'm going to give you an overview of all the different things we've found in regard to these hedgerows. So first of all, the question you might ask me when we're talking about conservation. The very first thing that might come to mind is how many species do hedgerows support? Are we actually seeing a bridge-dispanded? And so if you're comparing something with a hedgerow along a crop field or something with a bear field running, we want to ask, are we actually getting more and more species? And in fact, we are. So we get twice as many bees species in areas where there are hedgerows and then there's nothing. That's where a hedgerow could be. It's just a bear or something like that. So that's great. We see that. But that's a foundation. That's the very first step. So this is a pile of boards of insects. All one species. So it's not just how many species are we supporting. What are those species? And to give you guys a better feeling, I don't know if you can see the details. So each of these drawers carries about of these tiny unit trays and so that's like several thousand bees. Do you imagine how many bees of just this one species that we're catching? So we're going to ask, are we getting any resource specialist? Are we getting any kind of species of conservation volume or is it just the same bees over and over and over and over? So there is, yes. So we have a hedgerow. We see different bees, a lot of different resource needs, like different coral bees, different nesting bees. Whereas when we have nothing, when we just have no fair filmarine, we only get super generalized, really common bees. So wonderful. So we support the bees who specialize resource needs. And lastly, we want to ask, as far as conservation, do we have a lot of space? So to illustrate that, imagine we're back in the Central Valley back in John Muir's time, John Muir described the Central Valley as a continuous blanket of wild flores from the coastal region this year in Nevada. So we have these different bee communities and each one has a certain richness. So they all have about, you know, two or three species. When we look at the turnover between these communities, there's quite a lot. And the total species are not shared between the bee species. So you can imagine, like, maybe these guys are open grassland specialists, maybe these guys are river specialists. So when we look through the entire region, we have about eight species. So, you know, enter, ingestionalize agriculture, and slowly, literally the species that are there are going to be the species that can persist in this one habitat, right? Because at first we had a bunch of habitat that had originated from a lot of differences. And now we just have agriculture, just over and over and over again. So you might end up with a situation like this where even though we have the same number of species in each community, there's just no turnover. It's the same community over and over and over again. So the regional pool is a lot more. So this community diversity, this community turnover, which determines how many species you can support on a regional scale. And so you want to ask the kids, let's put some hedgerows in here. Let's add back some habitat. Can we go back to the situation where we had eight species in more diversity? And excitedly, this is actually what we saw. So, we saw that these different hedgerows, when we put them like through space, we saw lots of different types of communities, lots of different configurations of species. Whereas in areas where we didn't have any hedgerows, we just saw the same species over and over and over again. So we really generalize really well on this scale. So, we found the hedgerows supporting a more community turnover, like in apples, like what we hope. So, things are looking pretty good for conservation. So, we have increased species restrictions. We're not just supporting the generals, we're supporting research specialists, and we're having really broad scales for getting this natural community turnover. So, it looks like a pretty nice thing, right? So, things are looking good. So, here's the real question. So, do we get ecosystem service benefit? When we go to farmers and ask them, will you install a hedgerow on your farmer? Can we say, like, you're going to get the thing out of it. You're going to get the pollination benefit. You're going to get the yield increases if you put this hedgerow in. And so, the first thing we're going to ask is, you know, are these hedgerows actually sustainable? And we see that we do. So, we're getting all the pollinators, we're getting canola farmers pollinators, we're getting all these different pollinators who will also pollinate crops. And we're getting about more, it's plenty less than twice as many as we have. So, we have got pollinators, but the next question is, you know, are they just hanging out the hedgerows? Are they basically being sucked into these hedgerows? And then they're not doing any pollination. They're not actually going into the fields. So, we looked at whether we're actually finding those pollinators in the fields. And happily, the answer is yes. So, we see twice as many pollinators in fields with hedgerows than in fields without them. So, things are looking really great for the ecosystem services, right? Like, the money question, right? The question the farmer is willing to care about is what is this mean for my yields? So, I have pollinators to pick from. If I install a hedger, I'm going to have to get an interest product. And we looked at this in a variety of different systems. Starting with sunflowers. So, sunflowers are completely pollinated or dependent. It has male and female flowers. Pollinators actually can move between different rows of male and female flowers. And we didn't really find a difference. So, so, the benefit for sunflower was people are going back to the flower was just the variety. So, different varieties in different fields, there was no, there was no benefit for hedgerows. In canola, we did find a slight increase. So, like, if we actually put canola plants in fields, we saw that canola, which is used to make canola oil, we saw something, but it was really comprehensive. So, going back to sunflower, they have really specialized pollinators. So, there's actually sunflower bees. Sunflower doesn't work American crops. Sunflower bees, and they only like to visit sunflowers. So, in that way, they're using the hedgerows. Also, they can, they can spills in honeycombs. Just, you know, hundreds of thousands of honeycombs in these fields, because farmers don't want it to be a chance. So, when we go to farmers and we say, like, okay, you know, we feel like you can install this hedgerow. It has a lot of benefits as far as pollinators go. But, you know, it's a really, it's a really crop-dependent effect on the yield. So, come and talk to yourself. And, you know, one thing that may help understand this is this is the sunflower field. So, it's like many acres of sunflower and there's a little hedgerow in the background. So, you can imagine that just putting an unequal hedgerow on the edge of a huge, mass flowering crop isn't really going to have much of an effect. And so, what we really need is more of a situation like this. Right? It's all coming together, you know, including the blue-pickered crop that are all making this landscape better for biodiversity. So, to review. So, on the side of conservation, we're supporting warmies. Those bees are not just the generals, but also the specialists. And we're getting this natural community turnover. So, our cake is really beautiful. It's like fantastic masterpieces and we're really excited about it. And then, when we look at these services, when we look at the services provided by nature, they might be important for, you know, realizing the benefit of these pollinators. So, we really want to, like, know what our cake is, like, what we want to buy into it, because it's an amazing moment. And then, it's conitonium. And some people like conitonium. So, in their area, the farmer version of the people like their benefits is that you sort of have to tell both stories, right? You know, you have to tell the conservation story and you also have to tell them, oh, well, you know, you might get benefit. And maybe you'll like conitonium, that's very good. So, a person who may will be an adorable bee fisheries and is here, I guess, minor. And all their funding services and I'll take any question. Is there a sea society for a bird conservation? I should have some great examples and I should be easy, guys, to check out, on this table with the live review. And we basically cover the ground in black toast and, like, a new perceiving, because I can imagine all these formal estates living there and all these new seas. And then, for the first three years, we've actually physically planted the plants and then watered them for three years. That's probably far. Absolutely, man. So, we've also done an analysis where we look at how long it takes to recoup the benefits if you have a bunch of pollinators and they're off since about five years. So that's how long we start to realize that, you know, I'm sitting at a cost and I'm actually just telling the question. Thank you. So the question is, can we, A, get farmers to some form of maybe just general conservation for their intrinsic value species or whatever you want to call it, and then B, for the insurance of not just laying on the feed honeybees. And, you know, frankly, the farmers die twice. You have mostly just, we give them lists of all the species that I have and they conveniently put it on lists of all the species that I have. And you're like, oh, how many of them do you have? Are farmers then not as concerned? I mean, I like to, you know, it's the bottom line. We don't tell them we're like, oh, okay, we're not going to be vetted, we're planting some flour and not like that. But in different places, like, especially in Europe where I land, it's really effective and really hard to get farmers involved with even setting a sign like a meter. So at least I know there's about five meters in the way and it's the farmers that, you know, they're on places that would otherwise be able to cultivate it. Like, farmers in Europe tend to work for like two weeks or a day or two. And so in places like that, where you really have to say, but if you're getting benefit from this, it can be a little more difficult to get it on board. So the question is, are you a huge industrial? And that's just what the Central Valley is. We have another project going in this news valley called Central Post, where there's a lot more, you know, who deal with small older farmers doing a lot of different diversification practices like I showed. These are all huge, huge models. Yeah. So the first question was, do these tenders basically provide other services? Right, so one of them, and they do, they definitely do. So they, right now, we're focusing on pollination because it's a, like, even kind of like a, people aren't easy to get on board with pollinators as well, but they also provide what are called pest people services. So they create habitat for natural enemies that then kill the pests of the crop and maybe you might want to spray less of that design. That has become a less strong argument in the current pest design climate where people are basically prophylactically applying that design, regardless of whether they need it or not. Wow. So, so, they do provide, they also help shade the water so there's less, there's less, an operation on irrigation issues. They also help filter the water. There's a lot of benefits to provide about these tenders. The second question was funding services. Funding services? Yes, tax subsidies. So there is a program called the NRCS, the Natural Resources Conservation Service, which is there, and what you do is you come to your farmer, and you're like, hey, I'll bring the conservation plan and I'll sit down with you and say, hey, let's put in some hydros, let's put in some riparian buffers if you have a riparian area over let's do all these different things. So it costs you this much and you kind of go into the lottery of who gets that funding and it's based on also how rich you are and the goal is that you're not just giving this stuff for free because there's all these studies of why do people actually adopt things and if you're giving it for free, you're less likely to keep up with it but if you're actually going to put some money into it you're more likely to take ownership of it so you usually pay about a half the cost. So what can a city dweller like me or a suburban person who doesn't own a farm we contribute to the in a meaningful way or does it have icing on the cake compared to a flood farm? The urban area but actually it's incredibly important for me because it's amazing how many different activities like urban gardens can support and the main two main messages I would have with your gardens if you have them is plant flowers that actually produce nectar and pollen so a lot of urban isles I'm really creating which is fun because there are some great resources on the back table where I'm planning for me doing that and it has a book you can get about urban design but when you start looking for views and you start going to the gardens and just looking at every flower I'm not going to do that this is a little big data just a mallet flower on the side of the road. So, they're everywhere in there for the first time. Number two, I know you have fun in city writing. Like, they're really bad for you and for you. And so, just generally, it's not a great thing. And the third one is, you know, it goes with farming. In, go to the court, your local farms, they're trying to use practices that are less destructive to biodiversity. And, I mean, I'm a grad student, and they put it down in the year. Like, it's really painful to go to organic sections for people and be like, ouch, like how do we pay all the $2? Um, but, like, with your $1 vote, you're supporting these alternative systems, which are kind of the work we're trying to do. So, thanks again, Lauren. She's going to answer more questions up for you today. We're going to take a 10-minute break. And actually, we're going to take your work and your chess beads. I'm told that they're already dead. In fact, they also have the realist, and there's still some food left. So, we'll be back in 10, with a talk about the sport of heroes. So, if you're way in the back, and you're happy there, science preserve you, enjoy it. But if you feel like there's much space, I encourage you to move forward. Pressuring, this is not a no-for-pressure situation. Pressuring, it's useful. Our next speakers are going to talk about a sport that was invented by a bad 1980s sci-fi movie. It's, like, so mind-jam. I love bad 1980s sci-fi movies. This board is a jugger here, and we're all about it from the 1989 film. But I wanted to talk more broadly about the category of science issues forwards. Because this is fascinating, and couldn't be talked in as of. I'm going to try to be quick about it. I'm going to try to be brief. So, I'm only going to focus on one thing. Don't specifically require work. Most of them do. As a quick sampling, I'm sure most of you are familiar with the Hunger Games and the Running Man, and the great bad 80s. They don't have a pointer, but you can see it. You're not familiar with Battle Royale, a Japanese movie that was released in the year 2000. It's, like, a precursor to Hunger Games, basically, the Hunger Games that they worked it off. And it's pretty awesome. Also, the 10th victim is an Italian film from 1965. The premise is that war has been eliminated on Earth, and people get their violent tendencies out by entering this game show, where you do 10 rounds, five where you're the hunter and five where you're the undead, and the last person standing is the winner. It's a great fame and fortune. That's 1965. We're the Ursula Andres, too. We just love her. But they're not all involved having to murder people. So this is from Battlestar Galactica. In the original series, it was called Triad, but in the reboot, they called it Pyramid, because they got confused. There's a card game that was called Pyramid, and then called Triad. It's getting a little too merry. But this is where they could actually, people could actually play if you're interested. It's some sort of, like, combination of basketball and football. Yeah. Okay. The Star Trek generation. There's a few from the next generation, but this one's my favorite, Karisi Squares. That we don't really know anything about, except you wear a pad thing with, like, armor down one arm. You have a... what do they call it? An eye-on... an eye-on mallet or something. And it's potentially deadly to children. That's basically what we know about. Other than that, it's really mysterious and it's just, like, really dangerous. And I would love for someone to just make up some rules for it. Okay. Roller ball, classic film, but there's motorcycles involved, and definitely death, although it's not required. So if it's my category, because death isn't required. This gets to a lot of the themes that you see in game shows, or sports, in science fiction, film and television. Which is this idea of a totalitarian regime using the sports to distract the populace from how oppressed they are. That's essentially the theme of all of them. Similar death race, 2000. Another one, totalitarian regime. People race across the country. That's when you even have to kill people. It kind of doesn't count. You get extra points if you hit disabled people. Okay. My personal favorite. Solar baby. This is a mid-80s terrible movie about teenagers. Okay. Post-apocalypse. There's no water on earth. The minimum, the small amount of water that exists is controlled by some sort of government-slash-corporation entity. And they raise children to be their foot soldiers, but they allow them to play this game. It's like a hockey on roller skates kind of a thing. And what makes this one distinctive is that the game unites the children and bonds them and sort of creates the foundation that will allow them later in the movie to roller skate across the desert in rebellion. Oh, and Jamie Gertz is beautiful. Finally, I had to include this one. It's a TV movie from... I don't remember when it came out. Early 90s, I'm gonna say. It's called Future Sport. And it had Dean Cain and Vanessa. And the plot is not even with reiterating. But... what's so awesome about it is that the game they play in this movie is called Future Sport. Future. They wouldn't call it Now Sport. Not Day Sport. Or just Sport. Future Sport. So there are many terrible sports and often there's a reality TV celebrity game show and able to do them. But not always. So here to talk about how one of those sports in a terrible 80s sci-fi film turned into an actual sport that people play and have a lot of fun with, here we have Evan and Valkyrie. They're Blade Runner and 12 Monkeys. He is an owner of very fine scotches to which we can personally test. We're gonna talk about a movie that he's less known for. It's called The Blood of Heroes. Apparently the critics did not like it. But the audience disagreed. So we're gonna show you how the world was introduced to show. It is the story of sound from a place of honor in the underground city because of a woman. This woman will be impressed. We believe in motherly. Skaters of Jugger, California. A local sport club that plays the still relatively unknown here in the U.S. sport of Jugger. We have some more players here with us today. We're gonna stand out that came out of the movie Salute the Jugger, released here in the U.S. as Blood of Heroes. Back in 1989 you just saw a clip from an actually a trailer and we're gonna talk about three things. We're gonna talk first about the historical antecedents of the movie. So what led up to that. We're gonna talk then second about the development of the story. After the movie was released in parallel in two places. First here in the U.S. as part of the Larkin community and second in Germany, in Berlin as part of the post-war culture. And finally we're gonna talk about Jugger as it's played today. Both here and worldwide. So in the beginning the world was round and the dice were cubic. We don't actually have time for that much history but humanity has been playing games for a long, long, long, long, long time. As these dice can attest, these were excavated from the LaHenjo-Daro area in the Indus Valley civilization over 4,000 years ago. Now since then many of our games have had a dark side to them. A serious and violent side. Particularly when they intersect with military training. So over the years you can see the word this used by the Roman legions in practice training. And also given to gladiators upon earning their freedom in combat in the arena. Now most people are content to leave this relatively bloody history in the past. But on May day in 1966 a UC Berkeley graduate who had a degree in medieval studies held a feast in her backyard here in the East Bay as a protest against the 20th century. This sponding movement from which sprained the society for creative analysis or SCA which they group to vote in the Middle Ages as they ought to have been. And they continue to be active to this day. They hold massive galleries and festivals hundreds or even thousands of people for everything from medieval combat to jousting to feasting, music, dance, craftsmanship the whole gamut of medieval life. And as part of this they have a peculiar they'll understand both considering their account for historical accuracy fetish for material like leather and wood. So their weapons will be made of wood in return. Their armor will be made of leather and chainmail often fashioned by the participants themselves. Now a gun here has been struck by a weapon made of wood or its hand or any other weapons. I see a few hands in the crowd. Do you know that if this strikes unarmed flesh, this hurts if it strikes armored flesh it probably hurts unless you have the water armor. And so for a while simulated combat of this sort remains the province of the heavily armored and professional military or masticistic. But as the idea of lacking people with sticks or fine game traction needing everyone to fashion and wear elaborate sets of armor became less and less practical. And so since people still need to play safe the padding gradually migrated from the audience to the weapons themselves. So this is the anatomy of a modern armed sword. The core, which we use PVC but some people use bamboo you can use fiberglass. Then you can see there's multiple kinds of padding so we use a pipe insulation because it fits nicely around the pipe who's designed for that. Duck tape it all together at the tip you've got something that won't bend when you poke someone with it. So we have a, this is actually three quarters of a mini football. And then on the outside you wrap it in duck tape or we use fabric for prettiness. So the first group that really took to heart this sort of foam fighting thing was in 1977 it was dagger hair it's a battle game which features historical and fantastic combat. So a typical dagger hair battle might see a Roman legion fighting a cluster of orcs. The focus in dagger hair is on teamwork and sword play and beating each other rough and strategy and it's intended to be combat training game. Although I can't imagine the combat that you're training for with this. Those of you who have read Ron Howard and other authors in that genre are like okay, swords and sorcery but all I'm seeing is swords what about the sorcery? In the 1970s there was what I call the holy shit magic moment there was a series of games from which came things like chess. Basically tabletop battle games called miniature war games. The Prussians actually invented it to train their army commanders. And in the 70s people were like holy shit magic and he got Dungeons and Dragons stay in tabletop more magic. Similarly in the 70s there were war games like dagger hair and when we say holy shit magic for that we get live action role playing or Larkin as it's called. So this is sort of representative of what Larkin is today. These are players that do a game called Amphibard which was founded in 1983 in Texas. Incidentally there's a still functioning group of this game here in Berkeley well over there in Berkeley if you're interested. Kind of a sense, jugger apart from the SCA and dagger hair in Amphibard it wasn't envisioned as combat training or role playing but instead it was envisioned as a game it appears in the first scene of the movie. So there's a lot of activities that involve film stories. I don't know why this one is why they're doing anything else but okay. So dagger hair in Beligar they focus on combat and this is like duals and also like larger scale fights. You have character development but it's more like aiming rights in the military. So you can be in general. And then you want to go up to Larkin you have more numerical character development. So you can be a level 6 bard and there's more rules related to the classes and races and spells and things. You might notice that this top part of the game only until the salute of the jugger is released in 1989. And this sparks interest in the sport of jugger as it's in the movie in two separate places. Here in the U.S. where the Amphibard community champions it and takes it on and second over in Germany where it meets an enthusiastic crowd among the most vulnerable in Berlin. So first off we're going into the darkness of sport. What is a sport? In what sense is it apart from battle aiming and Larkin? So in the sport to be able to focus is more on team dynamics and athleticism. The rules of sport aren't there to provide a simulation of combat or to evoke a particular historical fantastic scenario. They're there to ensure safe, fair play. If there are elements of role playing in the sport they're usually strict or abstracted away. But especially in some of these reader sports that players like to reincorporate those parts even though they're not required to do things like costume or custom equipment, etc. Okay if jugger is a sport what are the rules? How do you play jugger? So we watched the trailer of the movie and I'm willing to bet that none of you can figure out how to play it from that. And if you've watched the movie several times they'll kind of glean some of the basic rules by being a movie that leaves most of the practical details to the imagination. So given this it's not particularly surprising that the sport diverged. It developed in two very different directions here in the US. In Amcara and Berlin. And we're going to sort of travel that forward path now. So jugging in Amcara would you see an example of here and it's every bit as chaotic as it looks. It was as the tales tell conceived the very day that the saloon of the jugger was released here in the US as the blood of heroes back in February 1990. Now this being February it was played for the very first time the next day in two years now. But still the players persisted and to this day the basic rules that were developed then remained part of Amcara jugging. So as in the movie the focus is on getting the ball or skull to the goal. And when you get tanked by a weapon you have to go down for a short time. But since they're Larkers they incorporated some pieces of the Larkin mechanics. So in Amcara jugging you have a certain number of lives and when you lose all those lives you're shattered and you have to leave until the next round. You're dead until a few minutes. Also because they liked everyone to have some kind of arm roll they gave the quicks and we'll cover more about this are those the people who run around with the skull they give them daggers to defend themselves unlike in the movie. From there jugger spread from Amcara back to the battle-gaining community and then back further from there to the SCA. And so all of these groups picked up jugging as originally envisioned by the Amcara jugger. This is sometimes what happens. Those guys are in armor if you can't tell that's no. So they end up in all these communities but other than that how many people have heard of this before tonight? Yeah. And that's totally understandable. Didn't spread very far. So transitioning into the next part I'll start by saying that not all battles are a game. So we're going to talk seriously about World War II for a second. At the end of World War II Germany was divided into two halves and the Soviets in 1961 basically built the war in Berlin separating Germany into eastern and western. Basically this started sort of a schism in wages and there was a difference in government spending and there was just a difference in general cash between the country's two halves. Eastern Germany's infrastructure basically went downhill until 1989 incidentally the same year the movie was released. Until 1989 when it confused eastern and bureaucrat mistakenly announced on television that the border was broken. And as the ball fell people flooded into eastern Germany and they saw sort of the devastation that was there. They saw the building and the wrecked homes and all of this stuff so maybe it's not that surprising that a post-apocalyptic sport like jugger founded to be called the Swiss. The first recorded game of jugger in Germany was in 1992 after here in the US. It was just a few years after the fall of the wall. And this was put together by the punks at Berlin's sea base which was a hacker space that calls itself a crashed space station buried under Berlin's city center. They have a little mythology about this it's very interesting but not part of the stock. Anyway they still exist. The hacker space still exists, it's a Berlin but they're not a part of Germany. In any case the German jugger rules were developed by the punks where they got the Larkers involved. Eventually sort of as the sport became more athletic and less about characters the punks and the Larkers went their separate ways. In true punk style the Germans played illegally in parks and abandoned field spaces for 15 years. They didn't have permits, they didn't have insurance et cetera, et cetera to avoid the notice of the local authorities all of this spread by word but in 2007 they finally hit the big time with a legal term. It is now considered the biggest term in German called the Deutsches Meisterschaft This is from the 2012 finals of Rigor Mortis vs. Gag Very good. Germany's rules unlike our rules here in the US spread to Ireland they spread to Spain, they spread to Australia and ironically they spread back here to the US to our current German teams. And German really came back to this game last year when Denver hosted our first international tournament on American soil, the Wild High International. So there were nine teams there there were three from Denver two from Arizona one from Wyoming the drop bears came in from Australia the wild geese came in from Ireland there were mercenaries from Germany and Canada we sent our team they told us later that we had to have whole numbers between 0 and 99 as our jersey numbers it was okay Today Juggers played in 25 countries and counting there's 584 teams in the international ranking So we have the good fortune to have a Kiwi visit us we started a player over in New Zealand who hasn't played for a long time and he made a very apt win which was that Juggers arose not from Ampegard and England but rather from the nerds and and now it is played by the nerds this has himself so you can see him off and on the field So we've taken up a good portion of your Monday night trying to get back to sleep or whatever it is you do at night talking about an obscure sport an equally obscure movie people with fetishes or leather and wood and chain mail and spell-slinging American workers post-wall pseudo-anarchists how do you play this game what is that with this we're going to demonstrate that to you now and for that demonstration okay you waving your hand in the back excitedly and please use the stairs it is lit so while you're sleeping on the stage sign of the stage over here so while they're getting up on the stage let's start explaining the first two of you came I wasn't late two is fine oh two came the first and most important part of the game is how you score there is a ball in this call to the skull this one is a very beautiful skull fashioned by the team Halpax of the hospital but you score with the skull by taking it over to the goal placing it down letting your hand go and yelling jump the teams are five players each there's one person called the quicken there's one person on the team who is allowed to handle the skull and score the other four have weapons two next to each other please and they're the ones who defend the quick and open space for them to move in so Walgery is going to explain a bit about the combat okay so basically most of the rules in this game evolve around the combat if you get tagged by one of these swords Marissa can you please hit your significant other slash person you came up on stage with alright oh my goodness I'm so sorry sorry if you are hit by a stick you take me just get down here put your sword on the ground look really sad and how you know when to get up is we have a stone counter so you're going to count you're going to count up to five then you can give up alright then there's some things that don't count okay so hitting people is okay but some things are still not okay so if Jacob is Marissa in the head Marissa says head and you take me and think about what you've done so you see that they're showing off three of our weapons we have a qualms sword we have the staff we have the sword and board we also have this thing I can look for which I bet you can guess what it's called guesses it's called a Q-tip come on we have this weapon the chain just get down for a second so this is how the chain works and then you throw it okay now sorry since you guys are so nice to come up here can you just fight each other for a second okay Marissa's down oh you're okay good job you're the champion because you brought down your teammate and I saw some people doing weird shit in a park and I was like I really wouldn't do that so they let me play with them and finally it's time to make our moments that sticks that comes with its own set of fascinating tales it's all one of them to you now so when we were originally building these now we had no real clue how to build all of these equipment so we discovered the internet for any rulesets any weapon specs that we could find and we went out to stores and got some PVC pipe and insulation etc and built these things over the course of a couple of weekends and we said to ourselves at this point okay we're going to ask our friends to hit each other with these things we better make sure they're not going to hurt each other first so we take the weapons and we go up to the nearby park and we just wail on each other for a better part of 10 minutes it's like does that hurt yeah that needs more padding, what about that it's okay and towards the end of this this is up in Berkeley and this aging like epitome of an aging hippie dude comes up long flowing hair, ruined glasses you know, salt and pepper beer and looks like you should try talking to each other that's been two years we now have three groups in the Bay Area where you can get your phone stick on we have a team in San Francisco that plays at SFSU and finally we also have a team on campus at UC Berkeley we've heard that there may be a team in the South Bay coming this summer and we are very, very, very, very excited to announce that the first ever Bay Area in-day mini tournament hall that you want will be held later this year April 23rd hearing Oakland at Lowell Park which is close to out of land 14 you'll ask there will be beer and there will be festivities and we'll have games between the teams but we'll also mix people up anyone who shows up and wants to try out is more than welcome to try it out and if you just cannot wait that long I understand that it's a long time you can find us on Facebook and media we schedule all of our games there Jugger California on Facebook or Bay Area, Jugger and media we also have in the past demonstrated Jugger at festivals we've demonstrated at birthday parties we even had a lot of our team members take it to make work retreat for his office so it has been played on the stress it's a great way to relate that it has been played on remote regions here in the area but if you have any questions look for any of us in these t-shirts tonight and we can answer them there's also business cards on the library desk back there if you want to see so thank you very much we're happy to answer your questions so how many people are on each team is there a limit to the weapons you can have so each team is five people one person to carry the skull around and then four people to carry weapons the only limit is that you can only have one of these it's just two crazy with more than one on each team but other than that whatever you want doesn't matter so those are those are in sticking to the movie because in the movie they swing a net life chain later everyone decided that that was a little sketchy so we it's harder to make whereas this one is easier to use easier to control but still have the feeling of swinging something awesome on it we'll take your question are you providing any templates for the DIY making of your own we do yes so the question is are you providing any templates for the making of these we do we have an instructable app if you don't know what that is just look for instructable jugger weapons and you'll find that we have detailed instructions on the materials we use the construction process other than that you can also find other teams worldwide who have uploaded specifications and how to make the weapons so this information is fairly readily more available than it was two years ago we're we're in question where is our team ranked I think we're 389 out of out of out of 584 so you know we're not last which ones are the lead oh it's probably Spanish teams are now the best in the world they won the last couple of doge's mice missions they swept the last one in fact they got for a second and third place Spanish teams are where they go as in soccer they're known for their very fast aggressive style of playing jugger also there are several solid German teams when you saw the video previously the next one this is between I think a gag and rigor mortis two of the two of the best German teams German teams and this is it's one of those things if any of you haven't watched rugby without quite knowing what's going on it's really chaotic how does anyone play this but once you get a feel for it you see the sort of strategies that are being played anything else yeah you go down sorry the question was if you get hit by somebody on your own team are you out and the answer is yes which makes the chain even harder to use yeah it is temporary out there as you saw it's timed and then you get back up and you're okay alright we're getting kicked off so we're happy to answer questions later thank you we always close the night with the calendar and favorite events first of all I'll give you a bubble shot on grand extra grand link theater is fantastic and this week March 2nd they have a cider tasting so I'm looking forward to that there's a few different psychological events that are piloted you can just read those bay area come off is at 2 minutes hall the organizer was super super great and so I wanted to play with that also I wanted to play with our sister at 2 minutes 1 which is tomorrow in the final next month this is so fun so we will have a talk on assassins we will have a talk on the neuroscience of love and addiction we'll have a talk on the first amendment if you go to this link in the next 14 days you get tickets for only $5 which is pretty good I'm not going to advertise this all of you because you just stuck around for the entire night you get to sort of share the spoilers so we hope to see you next month have a great month