 Welcome to the Hindu News Analysis by Shankar Reyes Academy. Two important announcements. One is with reference to Phoenix Initiative course which begins today that is on 24th August 2020. It will be having four modules and each module will also be providing additional 18 tests free of cost. Module 1 comprises of Modern India Art and Culture plus Free Test Series. Module 2 comprises of Quality and Constitution plus Free Test Series. Module 3 comprises of Environment and Geography maps plus Free Test Series and Module 4 comprises of Economics, International Organizations and Science and Technology plus Free Test Series. The Free Test Series consists of 18 tests in total which consists of 8 G.S. full mock tests and 3 C.Sat full tests, 2 current affairs tests from covering current affairs from June 2019 to March 2020, 5 monthly current affairs tests covering month-wise current affairs from April 2020 to August 2020. Each module will cost Rs 3600 inclusive of GST and if an aspirant selects all four modules the total course fees is Rs 9999. Note that Phoenix Initiative including 18 tests is free for 2019 interview candidates and it will also be free for Shankaray's Academies 2019-2020 PCM batch students and also for pre-storming 2020 batch students. Second announcement is with reference to Prillim's Current Affairs Test Series mock test 2020. It has 18 tests in total. It already began from 22nd August 2020 and admissions are open till 4th October 2020. You can take these tests based on your time and convenience. Fees for 2020 current affairs test series is Rs 1000. This test series consists of an exclusive 5 monthly current affairs test covering current affairs month-wise from April 2020 to August 2020. Note that top 3 merit candidates in each of the 5 monthly current affairs tests will be given 100% fee reimbursement. So in total 15 candidates will be awarded 100% fee reimbursement. For the benefit of the aspirants if you subscribe to 5 monthly current affairs test as a complimentary Shankaray's Academy is giving additional 13 tests free of cost. These additional 13 tests consist of 8 GS full mock tests, 3 CSAT full tests and 2 more exclusive current affairs tests covering current affairs from June 2019 to March 2020. The registration link for these initiatives is given in the description of the video and also in the comment section. Now let's start our analysis. Displayed are the list of news articles taken for today's analysis and their page numbers in different editions of the newspaper. The link for the handed in notes in the PDF format and the time stamping of the discussed articles are provided in the description section. Now let us move on to the analysis of first news article. This editorial article discusses about the state of food security and nutrition in the World 2020 report in short called as SOFI 2020 report. Based on the report the author discusses the status of India regarding food security. The syllabus relevant for the analysis of this editorial is highlighted here for your reference. First know that the SOFI 2020 report has been jointly prepared by five agencies Food and Agriculture Organization, International Fund for Agricultural Development, United Nations Children's Fund that is UNICEF, World Food Program and World Health Organization. On this report it presents the most recent and authoritative estimates of the extent of hunger, the extent of food security and malnutrition around the world. So it provides information on progress towards SDG goal number two. As we know SDG goal number two is about ending hunger or zero hunger then achieving food security and improving nutrition. The report discusses the progress towards hunger and food insecurity targets and also progress towards global nutrition targets. But the editorial it focuses on two main indicators used in this report. These indicators measure food insecurity. We will see these indicators and the findings based on the indicators. The first one is prevalence of undernourishment. As we know undernourishment is defined as the condition of an individual whose habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the amount of dietary energy required on an average to maintain a normal active healthy life. Prevalence of undernourishment is an estimate of percentage of individuals in the total population who are in the condition of undernourishment. According to this prevalence of undernourishment estimates there is evidence that decades long decline in hunger in the world has unfortunately ended. That is the decline in hunger has unfortunately ended. Since then the number of people affected by hunger in the world continues to increase slowly. Evidences say that almost 69 crore people in the world that is close to 8.9% of the world population are estimated to have been undernourished in the year 2019. This trend reveals that the world is not on track to achieve SDG 2.1 target that is zero hunger target by the year 2030. Here the most worrying factor is the projections of recent trends they point to increase in the prevalence of undernourishment by almost one percentage. Now as a result global number of undernourished people in 2030 could exceed 840 million or 84 crores. So this is not a promising trend. Now these projections for 2030 they indicate that target 2.1 SDG will not be met unless relevance stakeholders at all levels undertake urgent and consistent actions to reverse the current trends. Now with respect to this indicator Arthur notes that the estimates of prevalence of undernourishment are based on food balance sheets and national surveys of consumption. But the consumption surveys are not frequently carried out in most countries. So the prevalence of undernourishment estimates are often based on outdated data. Now let's come to the second indicator which is prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the population based on food insecurity experience scale. See food insecurity measured by this indicator it refers to limited access to food at the level of individuals or households because of lack of money or other resources. Here we saw moderate insecurity then severe food insecurity. When we say moderate food insecurity it refers to a scenario where people face uncertainties about their ability to obtain food then they are forced to compromise on quality of food or quantity of food or both which they consume. Now severe food insecurity it refers to a scenario where people have typically run out of food and in the worst case they have gone without eating a day or many days. Here note that food insecurity experience scale is the gold standard in food security measurement which is developed by food and agriculture organization. This scale is used for estimating globally comparable prevalence rates. Now the severity of food insecurity it is measured using data collected with food insecurity experience scales survey module. The report also includes data from Gallup world poll which is shortly called as a FAO Gallup World Poll survey. This survey also includes food insecurity experience scale questions. Now these surveys they collect information on experiences of food insecurity like food shortages, skipping meals, changing diet diversity because of lack of resources. Now the estimates of the report suggest that 9.7% of world population know slightly less than 75 crore people. They were exposed to severe levels of food insecurity last year that is in 2019 and in all regions of the world except Northern America and Europe the prevalence of severe food insecurity has increased from 2014 to 2019 but particularly in Asia severe food insecurity appears to be slightly on the rise in the year 2018 and 19 compared to the previous years. Then according to the estimates the prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity at the global level is higher among women than men. Now with respect to this indicator that is the prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity if you see the report there will not be any estimations in the report for India. This is because India is among few countries that do not allow publication of estimates based on food insecurity experience scale surveys or based on FAO Gallup World Poll surveys and India like most countries also does not conduct its own food insecurity experience scale surveys but still Arthur has derived estimates for India from the information provided in the report through her own calculations. Now as per technical derivations estimates show that 27.8 percent of India's population suffered from moderate or severe food insecurity during the period 2014 to 2016 and this proportion has risen to 31.6 percent roughly one-third of the population in the period 2017 to 2019. In other words we can say that the number of food insecure people grow from 42.6 crore to 48.8 crore in the period 2017 to 2019. So India has accounted for 22 percent of the global burden of food insecurity and according to the author India's estimation is the highest for any country in the period 2017 to 2019. Then during this period unfortunately prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity has increased in India by 3.7 percent but if you see rest of South Asia it fell by 0.5 percent. So from this the editorial implies that there is some reluctance from the Indian government in revealing the true status of India with reference to food insecurity as Indian government not only restricts international agencies from publishing it also does not publish its own survey results as well. Now here when we say own survey results we are referring to national sample survey office consumption expenditure survey data of 2017-18 which was not released by the government. So finally author provides reason for the significant rise of food insecurity in India. The reason is the overall economic distress during the estimation period. Now this is shown by deepening agrarian crisis then falling investments across sectors and reducing or shrinking employment opportunities and during this period author believes that the demonetization exercise and also the introduction of GST have also played a very important role with reference to the economic distress in the estimation period. Now coming to the present scenario this already existing economic distress is now aggravated or accentuated or exacerbated by the sudden and prolonged lockdown imposed by COVID-19. We can see sudden loss of livelihoods because of which vast majority of India's poor population are facing increased food insecurity, hunger and starvation. So the author concludes that it is critical for India to conduct a national survey on food insecurity so as to assess the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on food security of different sections of the population. Only if there is proper assessment the government can frame policies directed at lowering the food insecurity. So this is all with reference to the analysis of this editorial article. The discussion we saw about SOFI 2020 report its findings with reference to food security indicators and also especially India's status regarding food security or in other words we can also say with reference to food insecurity as well. Now let us move on to the analysis of next news article. This news article is about national council for transgender persons recently constituted by the union ministry of social justice and empowerment. So in the context of analysis today let us discuss the related statutory provisions composition and functions of national council for transgender persons. The syllabus relevant for the analysis of this news article is highlighted here for your reference. See national council for transgender persons is a statutory body that is established under section 16 and 17 in chapter 7 of transgender persons protection of rights act of 2019. Now coming to the purpose of this council it is to advise to monitor and to evaluate measures for the protection of rights of transgender persons. Now let us come to the composition of this council. The union minister of social justice and empowerment is the ex-sufficio chairperson of this council. The ex-sufficio vice chairperson is the minister of state for social justice and empowerment. Now there are other ex-sufficio members who are secretary in charge of ministry of social justice and empowerment then one representative each from the ministries of ministry of health and family welfare ministry of home affairs the ministry of housing and urban affairs and also ministry of minority affairs. Then the council has one representative each from ministries of education which was earlier called as ministry of human resource development then ministry of rural development ministry of labour and employment department of legal affairs then department of pensions and pensioners welfare which comes into you know ministry of personal public revences and pensions then also from nithya yog. Now these members from these ministries they shall not be below the rank of joint secretaries to the government of india. Now the council also represents one member each from the national human rights commission and from national commission for women. Now this point you have to note that one of the ex-sufficio members is from national commission for women then the council will be represented by representatives of state governments and union territories by rotation one member each from five regions they are northern region south region east west and northeast regions. These ex-sufficio members will be nominated by the central government then most importantly the council will have five representatives of transgender community they will be nominated by the center the five representatives will be distributed as one each from north south east western northeast regions of states and union territories. Now apart from this the council will also have five experts who represent non-governmental organizations and associations that are working for the welfare of transgender persons again these members will also be nominated by the center. Now the joint secretary in the ministry of social justice and empowerment who's dealing with the welfare of transgender persons will also be an ex-sufficio member. Note that all the members of the national council accept ex-sufficio members that means the five members who represent transgender community and the five members who represent non-governmental organizations and associations working for the welfare of transgender persons these members shall hold office for a term of three years from the date of nomination. Now let us come to the functions of this national council for transgender persons the first and foremost it shall advise the center on formulation of policies programs legislation and projects with reference to transgender persons then the council has a very important function to monitor and to evaluate the impact of policies and programs that are designed to achieve equality and to achieve full participation of transgender persons then it also reviews and coordinates the activities of all government departments and other organizations with reference to the matters concerning transgender persons then the council shall work to redress the grievances of transgender persons this again is one of very important functions and it also performs such other functions as may be prescribed by the center so these are some of the important points with reference to the national council for transgender persons this analysis we saw about the composition and functions of the national council for transgender persons now let us move on to the analysis of next news article this news article mentions that several houses and low-lying areas were inundated or flooded because of rise in krishna water level downstream of prakasham barrage in the state of andhra pradesh so hundreds of families have been displaced so in this context let us see about krishna river see river krishna is an interstate river in south india it is the second largest river in peninsular india now in terms of water and flows and river basin area in india it is the fourth biggest river after ganga godavari and brahmaputra it is also called krishna veni see it rises in the western gods at an altitude of 1337 meter near mahabaleshwar in the state of maharastra it flows across the whole width of the peninsular from west to east for a length of about 1400 kilometer so it flows eastwards and drains into bay of bangal so it flows through the states of maharastra karnataka talangana and andhra pradesh entire catchment area of the krishna basin is 2.58 lakh square kilometer the basin is roughly triangular in shape it is bounded by balakart range on the north eastern guards on the south and the east and by western guards on the west coming to its principal tributaries if you see principal tributaries joining from the right these include ghatprabha malprabha koina vena varna panch ganga dood ganga thungabhadra and if you come to principal tributaries joining from the left it includes bima musi muneru some of the important dams are highlighted in this map note that the longest dam in the krishna basin is narayanapura dam on ghatprabha river in belgam district of karnataka it has the total length of 10.64 kilometers then other important dams include srisailam dam priyadarsini jurula dam or jurula dam then nagarjunasagar dam hitkal dam arsoli dam budhpur dam prakasam barrage that we saw news is at the right end as you can see here so these are some of the information with reference to krishna river now let's move on to next part of the discussion now this news article talks about two novel subgroups of type 2 diabetes that was found out in a recent study the study aimed to identify clusters of type 2 diabetes among asian indians then it aimed to look at the clinical implications and outcomes of this clustering so four clusters of patients with different observable characteristics as well as disease outcomes were identified if you see these include cluster one which refers to severe insulin deficient diabetes then cluster two which is insulin resistant obese diabetes then cluster three which is combined insulin resistant and deficient diabetes then cluster four which is mild age related diabetes here the newly identified subtypes are insulin resistant obese diabetes and combined insulin resistant and deficient diabetes among asian indians in this context let us understand what is meant by diabetes and what are its types see the syllabus relevant for the analysis is given here for your reference see diabetes militias which is commonly known as diabetes it's a disease that occurs whenever blood glucose which is also called as blood sugar is too high we know that blood glucose is main source of energy it comes from the food that we consume we have a hormone that is produced by pancreas which is called as insulin insulin helps the glucose from the food we eat to get into our cells so as to be used for energy sometimes our body does not make enough insulin or it does not make any insulin for that matter in some cases our body does not use the insulin well so the glucose will stay in our blood and it will not reach the cells and these things cause diabetes and over time having too much glucose in our blood can cause severe health problems and know that traditionally diabetes was understood to have three types they are called as type 1 diabetes type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes there are also other less common types which include monogenic diabetes this is an inherited form of diabetes and there is another less common type called as cystic fibrosis related diabetes or coming to type 1 diabetes it can develop at any age but occurs most frequently among children and adolescents now when a person has type 1 diabetes here are his body produces very little or no insulin now this means we need daily injections to maintain blood glucose levels under control know that type 1 diabetes occurs when our immune system attacks and destroys the insulin producing beta sense of the pancreas scientists say that type 1 diabetes is caused by genes and also by environmental factors here when we say environmental factors this include viruses that might trigger the disease then there is type 2 diabetes it is more common in adults and it accounts for almost 90% of all diabetes cases and when we have type 2 diabetes our body does not make a good use of insulin that it produces over time most people with type 2 diabetes will require oral drugs or insulin or both so as to keep their blood glucose levels under control now the cornerstone of type 2 diabetes treatment is healthy lifestyle that includes increased physical activity and also healthy diet now type 2 diabetes as we can understand it is occurring because of overweight obesity physical inactivity it can also occur because of genes and family history as well and there are also chances of getting type 2 diabetes due to gene mutation hormonal diseases or because of usage of certain medicines as well now let's come to gestational diabetes it is a type of diabetes that consists of high blood glucose levels during pregnancy it is associated with complications to both mother and the child it usually disappears after the pregnancy however the women affected and the children are at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in their lives the causes of these gestational diabetes are still being studied so these are about the traditional classification or the most common types of diabetes type 1 type 2 and gestational diabetes militias now with recent researchers on Scandinavian people five subtypes or five clusters of diabetes were found out here cluster one is severe autoimmune diabetes it corresponds to what could be called as the classic type 1 diabetes then there is mild obesity related diabetes and mild age related diabetes they correspond to type 2 diabetes and then there are severe insulin deficient diabetes and severe insulin resistant diabetes they are falling between two extremes and keep in mind these clusters found out through the results of researchers cannot be generalized as they were conducted on Scandinavian population so we will not go much technical into it just know that there are five subgroups identified among Scandinavian population now coming to symptoms of diabetes these include increased thirst and urination increased hunger fatigue blurred vision numbness or tingling in the feet or hands and sores that do not heal unexplained weight loss etc what health problems can people with diabetes develop see over a period of time diabetes can lead to problems like heart disease stroke kidney diseases eye problems dental disease nerve damages and also food problems and coming to cure for diabetes there is no cure but we can take steps to manage our diabetes and stay healthy these include self monitoring healthy nutrition regular physical activities so these are some of the information with reference to the analysis of this news article in this analysis we saw the news that two noble subgroups of type 2 diabetes is found among Asian Indian population then we discussed about diabetes its types symptoms and cure now let us move on to the analysis of next news article this news article is about an invitation by national research development corporation for applications for the national meritorious invention awards in this context let us have a brief understanding about the national research development corporation and the awards mentioned in the newspaper see national research development corporation was established in 1953 by government of India it operates as a not-for-profit company registered under section 8 of companies act of 2013 it was established with an objective to promote to develop and to commercialize technologies know-how's inventions patterns processors which are emanating from various national research and development institutions or universities it works under the administrative control of department of scientific and industrial research which comes under ministry of science and technology now this ndrc it has strong links with scientific and industrial community in india and also abroad it has developed a wide network of research institutions academia industry and has made formal arrangements with them and it is also a large repository of range of technologies spread over almost all areas of industries these industries include agriculture chemicals pharmaceuticals civil engineering metallurgy electronics etc now importantly it has licensed indigenous technology to more than 4800 entrepreneurs in that sense it has helped establishing a large number of small and medium scale industries it has also successfully exported technologies and services to both developing and developed countries now for our prelims focus you have to know about a program called as program for inspiring inventors and innovators now this program it is a grand-signate program of department of scientific and industrial research the purpose is to encourage inventive talent in the country now this program aims to encourage innovators or inventors in developing new technologies or innovative technologies and to tap these technologies for the corporations business activities so under this program national research development corporation it gives tax-free cash awards to indian nationals every year see the awards are given in three categories for meritorious inventions these are called as national innovation award national societal innovation award national budding innovators award so information related to the three awards is given here for your reference know that the awards will be given only to the individual or to the team that contribute to the innovation awards will not be given to the organization and to ensure fairness ndrc employees price award committee members and their families are not eligible with this we come to the end of analysis of this news article now let's move on to next article this is an advertisement with reference to research design and standards organization now know that rbso or research design and standards organization is a research and development organization under ministry of railways and note that it functions as a technical advisor and consultant to the railway board to the zonal railways and to railway production units rights and irkan international they give advice and consultation with reference to design standardization of railway equipment and problems related to railway construction operation and maintenance here note that rights limited which was known as rail india technical and economic service is a government of india enterprise which was established in the year 1974 see it is a multidisciplinary consultancy organization in the fields of transport infrastructure and related technologies as a leading consultant at the international level it has operational experience in more than 55 countries in asia africa latin america south america and middle east regions and it is described that rights limited is the only export arm of indian railways for providing rolling stock abroad or overseas other than the countries of thailand malaysia and indonesia now with reference to irkan international limited see it is a government company incorporated by ministry of railways and the company's act in april 1976 it was incorporated originally under the name indian railway construction company limited it again has widespread the operations in several states in india and also in other countries these are some of the information with reference to this advertisement now let's move on to next part of the discussion we have come to the last session the practice questions discussion session this question is with reference to national council for transgender persons they have given three statements asking which of the statements are correct its function is to review and coordinate the activities of all government departments and other non-governmental organizations dealing with matters of transgender persons this statement is correct as per section 17 subsection c of the transgender persons protection of rights act of 2019 so you can eliminate option b the second statement a retired supreme court judge shall be the ex-officio chairperson of the council now this statement is incorrect because union minister of social justice and empowerment is the ex-officio chairperson of the council and the moment you find second statement is incorrect you can arrive at the correct answer option a one only now come to the third statement it has a representative each from the union ministry of women and child development and from national commission for women according to the 2019 legislation it is clear that it has a representative from you know national human rights commission and also one from national commission for women but it has no representation from the union ministry of women and child development so therefore the correct answer for this question is option a one only now this question is with reference to diabetes militants two statements are given they're asking which of the statements are correct type one diabetes occurs when our body does not make good use of the insulin that it produces then this is incorrect this is the version for type two diabetes second statement type two diabetes occurs when our body produces very little or no insulin actually this is the expression for type one diabetes therefore the correct answer is option d neither one nor two now this is again a question with reference to diabetes militants three statements are given they're asking which of the statements are correct it is a disease that mainly occurs due to over production of insulin hormone by pancreas now the statement is incorrect now diabetes is a disease that occurs when blood glucose is too high our body doesn't make enough insulin or it doesn't make any insulin or it doesn't use insulin well to convert blood glucose to energy so the glucose will stay in our blood and does not reach ourselves overall these leads to diabetes over production of insulin is called as hyperinsulinemia this results in low blood sugar levels or hypoglycemia this is because of too much production of insulin after a meal now if you see diabetes it is characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose or blood sugar so first statement becomes incorrect the second statement type two diabetes accounts for around 90% of all diabetes cases in the world now this statement is correct and the third statement currently there is no cure for diabetes is also correct so the correct answer is option b 2 and 3 only see this question consider the following states maharastro telangana karnataka tamilnadu andhra pradesh which of the above states form the drainage basin of river krishna here our target should be to eliminate tamilnadu so once you do that you will arrive at the correct answer option b 1 2 3 and 5 now this question is with reference to national militarious invention awards recently seen in news two statements are given they're asking which of the statements are correct first statement it is an initiative of nithya yog under the atal innovation mission see this statement is incorrect because it is an award given by national research development corporation under the program called as program for inspiring inventors and innovators now this program is a grants in aid program of department of scientific and industrial research of ministry of science and technology the purpose is to encourage inventive talent in the country second statement both indian and foreign nationals are eligible for the awards now this statement is incorrect only indian nationals are eligible for the awards so the correct answer for this question is option d know that under national militaries invention awards there are three broad categories called as national innovation award national societal innovation award and national budding innovators award now this question is with reference to state of food security and nutrition in the world 2020 report two statements are given they're asking which of the statements given above are correct first statement it is a part of the state of the world series of the food and agriculture organization of the united nations see this statement is correct though this report is part of this state of the world series of favo this report is jointly prepared by favo international fund for agricultural development unicef world food program and who the second statement as per the report the prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity at the global level is higher among men than women now this statement is incorrect as it is higher among women than men so here the correct answer is option a one only with this we come to the end of today's the hindu news analysis if you like the video click the like button comment share it among your friends and those who are in need of such resources and subscribe to shankaray's academy youtube channel for more updates and content on civil services exam preparation