 So, in this lectures I am going to explain about the field of artificial intelligence and as you have seen that artificial intelligence is defined as machine making do things it require intelligence if done by human being and here we have to see how a artificial intelligence is related to philosophy of mind or contemporary issues in philosophy of mind. So, this is one of the important aspects that we have to develop here and not only the philosophy of mind but also to many other disciplines which are related to this artificial intelligence is a new research area of growing interdisciplinary interest and practical importance. And people with different background and professional knowledge are contributing new ideas and introducing new tools into this disciplines especially cognitive minded psychologist have developed new models of the mind based on the fundamental concepts of artificial intelligence symbol systems and information processing. Language is also interest in these basic notions while developing different models in computational linguistic and you see how the nature of artificial intelligence is interdisciplinary in nature, how the cognitive science, computer science, language science, philosophy and neuroscience and you can relate many other disciplines which are concerned on mind but on the philosopher in considering the progress problems and potential of this work towards non human intelligence have sometimes found solution to the age old problems of the nature of mind and knowledge how do you define knowledge, how do you define mind and how do you define the self and how do you define the ethics because many questions are related to this if you are defining mind in terms of machines then and rationality also to machines and many other mental capacities to machines then therefore, there is no distinction mind and machines then we have to redefine everything else because if there is no distinction between mind and machines the machines are also part of the human being and also part of the society and society is defined over in many way of social systems and the systems we have to redefine because there is a new agent who is entering into the society who is the part of the human being and if you are accepting the artificial intelligence way of defining mind at the same time philosophers are not going against the strong sense the artificial intelligence artificial intelligence in the sense that artificial intelligence is artificial intelligence if it is not like human beings if it is not substituting the human mind then there is no problems although it helps in many ways for the human existence for the human day to day life for scientific as well as many other things and in ordinary life you find the AI is necessary and that does not mean that AI will shift the human mind that we will see in the next some of the lectures now we have we know that artificial intelligence is a part of computer science in which are designed intelligent system that exhibit the characteristics we associate with intelligence in human behavior understanding, language learning, reasoning, problem solving and so on and it is believed that insight into the nature of mind can be gained by storing the operation of such systems therefore AI's artificial intelligence researchers have invented dozens of program techniques that support some sort of intelligent behavior now we have to see the question is is artificial intelligence a science or an art the activity of developing intelligent computers systems employ both proved mathematical principles empirical result of storing previous system and heuristic programming of programming technique therefore the way it is acting the way it is doing mathematics it is also science and it is also an art and you can see so how it is science that this artificial intelligence is both arts and science it is a science because it develops intelligent computer systems by employing proved mathematical principles it is an art also because it is design system by employing programming techniques inferences stored in rational data structure can be manipulated by well studied technique of computer science such as researching diagrams thus the field of artificial intelligence is fascinating because of this complementing of arts and science artificial intelligence research may have impact on science and technology in the following way it can solve difficult problems in chemistry, biology, geology, engineering and medicines it can manipulate robotic device to perform some useful repetitive sensory task sensory and many other motor tasks but besides artificial intelligence researchers investigate different kinds of computations and different ways of this kind computation in an effort not just to create intelligent artifact but also to understand what intelligence is and the basic tenets to create computers which can think thus expands the field of intelligent activities of human beings in various ways. Now the question is what would the world be like if we had intelligent machines what would the existence of such machines say about the nature of human beings and their relations to the world around them. These questions have raised profound philosophical issues which we will discuss in due course the hypothesis of artificial intelligence and its corollary a corollary or empirical nature whose truth or falsity is to be determined by experiment and empirical test. The method of testing the result of artificial intelligence is of the following types. In the narrow sense AI is a part of computer science and aimed at exploring the range of tasks over which computer can be programmed to behave intelligently. Thus it is the story of the way computers can be made to perform cognitive task which generally human beings undertake. In the wider sense artificial intelligence is aimed at program that simulates the actual process that human beings undergo into intelligent behavior. And these simulation programs are intent as theory describing and explaining human performance. But they are tested by comparing the computing output with the human behavior to determine whether the both results and the results are similar. And also the actual behavior of computers and persons are similar. Now we have to see a digital computer as we have seen is an example of physical symbol system. A system that is capable of inputting, outputting, storing, etc. following different courses of operations. These systems are capable of producing intelligent depending on the level of mechanical sophistication they are. The computer with these capabilities behave intelligently like human beings according to AI researcher. One of the important tenets in cognitive science is that it stresses the relationship between human and machine intelligence. It is interesting to see that the computer is capable of producing intelligent behavior. We are interested in using artificial intelligence technique to enlighten us about how human beings do intelligent task. For example, in getting a machine to solve geometric or integral calculation problems, we are also interested in learning more about the power and flexibility of the human capacity for problems. The AI research or artificial intelligence researchers attempts to develop and test computer programs that exhibit characteristics of human intelligence. The AI researchers always work with an artifact which is only inferentially related to the human intelligence. What is the artificial intelligence? I am not so sure my dear. Borden says that here I would like to point out Borden, the machine in questions are typical digital computers. But artificial intelligence is not the story of computers, but it is the story in thought and actions. Therefore, Burnett says that, artificial intelligence is the discipline that aims to understand the nature of human intelligence through the construction of computer program that imitate human behavior. AI is, artificial intelligence is concerned with the intelligent properties of the computational systems, which perform many different intelligent actions. These tasks can be of very varied nature, such as the understanding of spoken or written text in a natural language, playing chess, solving puzzles, writing a poem, making a medical diagnosis, finding one's way from Bombay to Delhi. Therefore, the AI program selects such activities include information reasoning processes, which are part of any intelligent systems. Therefore, AI is includes common sensical tasks such as understanding English language, recognizing scenes, finding a way to reach an object that is far overhead, heavy and frigid and making sense of the plot of mystery novel. In addition, artificial intelligence includes expert tasks such as diagnosing diseases, designing computer systems, locating many mineral deposits and planning scientific experiments. The technique that artificial intelligence applies to solve these problems are representations and inferences methods for handling the relevant knowledge and search based problem solving method for exploiting that knowledge. Although the task with which artificial intelligence is concerned may seems to form a very heterogeneous set. In fact, they are related through common reliance on technique of manipulation of knowledge and conducting search, which we will discuss in the next sections. Now, we have to see what a machine can do. Within the scientific discipline of artificial intelligence, there are several distinct area of research each with its own specific interest research technique and terminology that artificial intelligence is part of computer science, which is concerned with designing intelligent computer systems that is system that exhibit the characteristics we associate with intelligence in humans behavior such as understanding language, learning reasoning, solving problem and so on. Any artificial intelligence, this specialization includes research on language understanding, automatic programming and several others. The following discussion of the status of AI attempts to show the subfield of identifying some aspects of intelligent behavior and indeed indicating in the states of relevant research like the different subfields of artificial intelligence of the different behavior discussed here are not all the independent. What machines can do and which is one of the important aspects of artificial intelligence, within the scientific discipline of artificial intelligence, there are several distinct area of research each with its own specific interest research technique and technology. Therefore, artificial intelligence is part of computer science concerned with designing intelligent computer systems that is systems that exhibit the characteristics we associate intelligence in human behavior such as understanding language, learning, reasoning, solving problems and so on. In artificial intelligence, these specializations include research on language understanding, automatic programming and several others. The following discussion of the status of artificial intelligence attempts to show the subfield identifying some aspect of intelligence behavior and indicating the state of relevant research. Like the different subfields of artificial intelligence, the different behaviors discussed here are not at all dependent, separating them out is just a convenient way of indicating what current artificial intelligence persons can do. Now, we have to see that what a machines can do. Firstly, machine can do problem solving, natural language processing, machine visions and machine learning and these are the most important factors which a machine does and although machine does many other activities with the help of this technique in a many ways. Let us see first problem solving. What is this problem solving? There is a distinct way of problem solving the way we human being do problem solving, but in the case of machines it does in different ways, but the mediums are different. In the case of human being and the problem solving plays vital role and our mind functions in a holistic manner, but in the case of machines it is also little bit different way, but there are many artificial intelligence scientist, they concerned that the way even if a machine solving a problem, the same way human mind also solving the problem. First big success in artificial intelligence where programs that could solve puzzles and play games like chess and techniques like looking ahead several moves and dividing difficult problems into easier solve problems evolve in the fundamental artificial intelligence technique of search and reproductions. Another problem solving program that integrates mathematical formulas symbolically has attended very high level of performance and is being used by scientist and engineers. Humans brings offense solve a problem by finding a way of thinking about it that makes the solution easy, but so far artificial intelligence programs must be told how to think about the problems they solve as that which choose the best techniques and applies to them to the particular problems and another view is that a goal and a set of means of achieving the goal are called a problem solving. Before an agent can start searching for solutions it must formulate a goal and then use the goal to formulate a problem. A problem consist of four parts first the initial states a set of operators a goal test functions and a path cost functions. Any problems you see there are four states initial states a set of operators a goal test functions and a path cost functions. The environment of the problem is represented by a state space that means there is a gap whenever we are solving a problems from one step to another step there is a gap that is known as state space. A path through the state space from the initial state to a goal state is a solutions and in this path space there are many internal things are happening which is not visible to the outside world, but which is happening internally and a search can be judged on the basis of completeness, optimality, time complexity and space complexity that depends search path for an intelligent agent. The agent has two search which is the minimum path to reach the goal and this is the main aim of artificial intelligence in order to solve the problems and to solve a problem is the main task of the agent in artificial intelligence. Moreover one of the important searches in artificial intelligence is the technique of heuristic search. The word heuristic is derived from the Greek version's heuristicization meaning to find or to discover. Some people use heuristic as the opposite of algorithmic. According to Newell and Shaw and Simon process that may solve a given problem, but offers no guarantee of doing so called a heuristic for that problems. We know that heuristic techniques dominated early applications of artificial intelligence. Heuristic method is still used in problem solving. For example, game playing is also a form of problem solving. Games have engaged the intellectual faculties of the humans and game playing is also one of the oldest areas of India where in artificial intelligence. A chess playing computer is a proof of a machine doing something through intelligence. Furthermore, the simplicity of the rules and their application in the program implies that it is easy to represent the game as a source through a space of possible game positions. The initial states, the operators and terminal test and a payoff functions can define a game. According to Carpenter, an intelligent machines can follow all these rules and play more efficiently than human beings. For example, in speed chess games computers have deferred the world champion Gary Kasparov. In both 5 minutes and 25 minutes games such a system would be a significant achievement not just for game playing research but also for artificial intelligence research in general because it would be much more like to be applied to the problem faced by a general intelligent agent. These are so many kinds of search in order to solve a problem but we are not explaining the entire search. We are mainly concerned with how artificial intelligence program solve different problems within a few seconds. Therefore, the way machines are solving a problem is one way of human beings are solving a problem. Now, we have to see the natural language processing. Natural language processing plays vital role in artificial intelligence and NLP and NLP because without the understanding of syntax and semantics of language it is very difficult to construct any kind of programs to solve any kind of problems. You know to solve a problems natural language processing is necessary because without linguistic implications without linguistic explanations and analysis it is impossible to explain the how artificial intelligence can solve problem. The most common way that people communicate is by speaking or writing in one of the natural languages like any languages like Hindi language, English language, French language, Chinese language or Oriya language or any other language. However, the computer programming language seems to be differed from human language. These artificial languages are designed so that sentences have a rigid format or a syntax making it easier for compliers to phrase the language the programs and convert them into the proper sequence of computer instructions. Besides being structurally simply than natural language, program language can easily express only those concepts that are important in programming and that is do this, then do that. See whether such and such is true. One of the important fact is that if computers could understand what people mean when people use English language, the system would be easier to use and would fit more naturally into people's lives. Therefore, the artificial intelligence researches hope that learning how to build computers that can communicate as people do would extend our understanding of human language and mind. The goal of cognitive linguistic is to specify a theory of language, comprehension and production to such a level of details that a person could write a computer program that could understand and produce natural language. Therefore, the intelligent machines have the capacity to understand natural languages. It also responds to question in an appropriate manner. Thus, if the question is where now is Rome the capital of France, the simply reply will be no would be appropriate, but no it is Paris or no Rome is the capital of Italy will be the more complex. This example shows that machine programs would also be able to explain the meaning of word in other terms and also to translate from one language to another language. Therefore, natural language processing plays vital role, explains what machines can do with the help of natural language processing. Let us see the machine vision. Machine vision is one is another important aspects of artificial intelligence. Machine vision is the information processing of understanding a scene from its projected images and image is a two dimensional functions obtained with sensing device that records the value of an image feature at all points. Image are converted into a digital form for processing with a computer. The task of a computer vision system is to understand the scene that an imaginary of pixels depicts. Generally, machine vision means the vision of a machine that can see or perceive the things in the world. Vision is the process of discovering from images what is present in the world and what it is. Thus vision is fast and foremost an important information processing task. Moreover, there is a distinction between human vision, human perceptions and machine vision, because human vision is defined as the eye is just as the as a sensor. The visual cortex of the human brain is our primary organ of vision. In the case of human vision, the sensory organs necessarily forms a representation or physical encoding of the received information that facilitates the answering of some questions about the environment, but make it extremely difficult to answer others. For example, an examination of the encoded information produced by the human eye reveals that an eye in state of time, the eye has sensed only a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum and has extended an image of the scene of the human vision from a particular viewpoint in the space. It possesses the visual information with the help of the lens fitted within it. Thus, machine vision works more or less like human vision. Learning is now perceived as a gateway to understanding the problem of intelligence, because seeing is also intelligence. Seeing is also learning and which is a key to the study of intelligence and biological vision. Visual neuroscience develops the method of understanding how human visual system works. Visual neuroscience is the beginning to focus on the mechanism that allows the cortex to adopt its circuitry and learn a new task. Machine vision as a part of the artificial intelligence programs, however, tries to develop systems that can simulate human vision. This is the main task of artificial intelligence that how to simulate human vision and how to get this human vision in robotic systems or in artificial intelligence machines. This is the main task of machine vision and also the main aim of machine vision to solve the also problems. In order to solve any kind of problems, machine vision is necessary, natural language processing is necessary. Lastly, we have to see machine learning. Machine learning is also one of the important factors in artificial intelligence. Learning for an intelligent agent is essential for dealing with unfamiliar environments. Learning a function from example of its inputs and output is called inductive reasoning. The ability to learn is one of the fundamental constitutions of intelligence. Learning being understood in its general sense as indicating the way in which the humans and animals can increase their stock of knowledge and improve their skills and reasoning powers. Very beginning of artificial intelligence. Researchers have sought to understand the process of learning and to create computer programs that show how learning behavior. Because this learning behavior plays important role how to learn and if you do not know in the case of human being to learning behavior it is very difficult to learn. And ordinary learning is a very general term denoting the way in which people increase their knowledge and improve their skills. There are two fundamental reasons for studying learning. One is to understand the process itself by developing computer models of learning. Psychologists have attempted to gain an understanding of the way human learn. Philosophers since Plato have also been interested in the process of learning because it might help them understand and how and known what knowledge is and how it grows. The second reason for learning research is provided by computers with the ability to learn. Therefore, the learning research has potential for extending the range of problems to which computers can be applied. In particular the work in machine learning is important expert system development, problem solving, computer vision, speech understanding, conceptual analysis of database and intelligent authorizing systems. In this way a computer can do more work than human beings. Therefore, computers can do arithmetic at an unbelievable speed. No human beings can do can compete with them. Besides computers can do many other odds of like this is like detecting a certain diseases from the available data. Thus artificial intelligence as a study of machine intelligence especially of computers and robots opens up a new vista of understanding mind and intelligence. Intelligence behavior can be studied in many dimensions. This is made possible by the invention of computers as high processing computing machines. The computers can do many things that seem to require intelligence and other mental abilities. In the last lectures in this lectures I have explained about artificial intelligence. I am not here concerned about the scientific view of artificial intelligence, but I am concerned with the philosophical aspect of artificial intelligence and how artificial intelligence defining mind consciousness and intentions and all other mental faculties. I am not going or arguing against the possibility of artificial intelligence, but my main argument against artificial intelligence is that how machines can simulate the human mind and how there is a possibility of mechanical mind and which is not distinguishable between the human mind. To ascribe the mind into a machines is one of the difficult task that is the main aim of this topic. In the traditional mind body problems if you see there was a lots of argument between mind and body whether the mind is primary or body is primary or the mind is explainable in terms of the body or body is explainable in terms of mind. Those things my colleague Prof. Anjan Ponda has explained in his talk, but I will be I am not going into details into that part of the course, but here I will be dealing with mainly with mind and machines how the machine is replacing the mind, how the machine is explaining the mind and there are some of the limitation, but I am not against many kind of help to the human society and to solve many other problems. There is no limitation into that area, but the problem is that whenever they are identifying with mind the problem arises can we ascribe consciousness to machines or any other mental faculties to machines. Many other things I will be discussing in the due courses. Thank you.