 Today, we are going to start our next module where we would be exclusively focusing on aggressive behavior. The way we would move in this module is that we will first take the proper definition of aggression what aggression means. We look at some of the very salient characteristics of aggressive behavior. We would look at the fact that how do people learn anger, how do people learn how to become angry, how to display their aggression. We will also talk about the hostility and non-hostility component in aggressive behavior. And then towards the fag end, we will start discussing about the relationship between frustration and aggression. We will talk about one very popular hypothesis in psychology called frustration aggression hypothesis. We will also discuss a model that talks about how people learn how to become angry. And the last part of this module would be where we would be talking about a disorder, which the behavior which basically reflects a disorder, but then people usually ignore it what is called as impulse control disorder. The inability of an individual to have a control over one's own impulse. So, the end of this module would be impulse control disorder. We take a definition of aggression you will find many many definitions given by many people. This is from Mosby's medical dictionary which defines aggression as a forceful behavior. Again like all other definitions this will also have multiple components. So, I am instead of reading the details what I will do is that I will break it into multiple components of forceful behavior, action or attitude. So, it could be a forceful behavior, it could be a forceful action, it could be even a forceful attitude also that is expressed physically verbally or symbolically. So, in terms of expression you find that it can be physically expressed, it can be verbally expressed, it can be even symbolically expressed. It may arise from innate drive or occur as a defense mechanism. So, either there is an innate desire within you to show this type of an aggressive behavior or it could simply be a strategy to defend yourself often resulting from threatened ego and the onset the trigger of it would be a threat to your own ego. It is manifested by either constructive or destructive act. Usually this is the component that we usually ignore when we talk about aggression that the element of aggression can be constructive, it can be destructive. Usually our common sensical experiences that it has to be destructive in nature. Little later we will talk about the constructive element in anger and it is manifested by either constructive or destructive act which could be directed towards oneself or towards other. So, you could have a constructive aggression, you could have a destructive aggression. The constructive or the destructive aggression can be directed towards the self or it could be directed towards the other. Common sensically the type of aggressive behavior that we talk about are usually of course, behavior action we ignore attitude. We do know that fine it can be physical, it can be verbal, it can be symbolic also this we know. It could be innate, it could be as a defense that we know. It could be constructive or destructive I think you know usually common sensically we consider it to be destructive. So, constructive is something that we usually ignore and then usually what we know is that aggression means it will always be directed towards others. So, this is also one of the component which is ignored where there could be a possibility where anger is directed towards the self. We would come to all of this one by one. Now, if you look at the features of aggression as we have discussed in this definition that it incorporates both it has to have an attitude it has to have an action. So, unless and until I have you know an attitude towards the object or threat where I feel handling the person or the situation head on unless I have that attitude I would not have the aggression within me. And once I have this there would be an action component also. Now, it can take any form it could be physically expressed you know what physical expression of anger means. It could be verbal manifestation. So, you verbally state your anger or there could be symbolic representations also. Much later we will also talk about know scapegoat finding scapegoats to reflect your anger where you would realize that in many cases we use symbolic representations of anger. So, we do not verbally express our anger. We do not even know get engaged into physical fight, but there are symbolic way of showing the fact that I am angry. The most commonly experienced example could be but before that let me ask you all of you have traveled in vehicles used for mass transportation. It could be bus, it could be local trains all of you have this experience. Now, imagine a situation or recollect from your past experience you travelling in local bus commuting from one point in the city to the other point or boarding local train which is crowded densely populated by the co-passengers and then you realize know that repeatedly somebody comes rubs his or hers shoulder against you and moves know. There is usually a tendency to know make it much more stiffer. Somebody know the moment the bus starts moving somebody know now hits you repeatedly. It is a gentle hitting, but then somebody hits you because he or she know swings along with the bus or the train know and either you know look at him or her know with the frowning phase to express your discuss to express your discomfort with the behavior or you make your body very stiff know and this itself makes the person realize that this is an undesirable act the person is showing is or her anger. These are symbolic representations know and aggressive behavior could be constructive it could be destructive as well. When we talk of constructive aggression basically what we are know referring to is a module of anger for asserting oneself in a threatening condition. Basically what happens that you realize that the situation in which you are it challenges your survival. There is a big threat to you and in order to protect yourself you suddenly become very angry. Now here if you do not know manifest your anger then your survival is at stake because your anger helps you survive therefore, here anger is considered as constructive know. So you have a threatening condition you assert yourself and this serves a function of helping you survive it protects you and therefore, such type of aggressive behavior are considered to be constructive aggression. When we come to the opposite form of it that is the constructive aggression if the hostility is directed towards an external agent and does not serve the purpose of self production. Remember little later we will also come to anger which is directed towards the self itself. So here we are talking about the fact that your anger is directed towards an external agent, but remember the major determinant is that it is not serving the purpose of self protection know and because this component is missing therefore, you are in turn becoming a threat for somebody else and hence your aggression is classified as destructive aggression. You would find a very interesting things know right from the history of human struggle in the forest with different type of animals or if you look at the fight of one group of individuals with the other. You would realize know that many a times people show exemplary know tendency to fight back. For example, a lonely person or a lonely fighter left in a battlefield, a lonely traveler know facing a tiger or a lion in the forest, a haveless man trying to safeguard himself or herself from a dangerous snake. Many a times you would realize that this person was otherwise know nobody perceived that he or she could be a man of exemplary bravery, but then you realize that suddenly the person know shows extreme of anger and extreme of anger would also mean that you have extra amount of energy being secreted by your endocrine system know. So, you will have much more energy with you. So, anger that way is needed because if you do not turn angry that the whole set of neural firings the whole backup of the endocrine system will not be made available to you and therefore, the likelihood of you know losing the war against the object of threat will maximize. Hence, people turn angry and therefore, such type of aggressive acts are classified as constructive aggression. Now, the major challenge also comes when you have aggressive behavior which is directed towards oneself. Now, inward aggression is the destructive behavior that is inflicted on oneself that is little sad part of the human behavior, but you must have read about I do not know how many of you have personally come to know such cases, but I am sure some of you must have come across people who usually would inflict some harm on oneself. You are extremely frustrated or relationship that breaks down and then you have harmed yourself with those cigarette butts this is very common in educational institutions, where you have know people in the late adolescent years, early adult, old late adolescents this is not very common, but not so rare also. You would find somebody know who had difficult relationship and then know two three wounds of the cigarette butts know and the wound of the cigarette butt takes longer time to heal very painful, but you do so. The harm is inflicted on oneself, the anger is self directed why did I get involved with her. So, this is you know the self inflicting behavior. When you suddenly think know that this life is not worth living, you take a blade and put a cut mark on your wrist sad to say, but there are many such cases that you would come to know. These are basically those form of aggressive behavior, where the threat is inflicted on the self know the harm is inflicted on the self. The minimum of it could be know mutilating one's own body part and the maximum of it could be committing suicide. Suicide is a topic that we would not be touching in as a part of this course, but tell you that know this is the full range of aggression inflicted on oneself. Now, the major question comes that how do we learn to express our anger in this form. People who have survived their suicidal attempts will tell you that know I was know fed up of life. I failed at this, I failed at that or I failed at only one point that was the major loss, but when you look at others in the world who are still surviving those who did not commit such act. They also had know several episodes of failures, but why is it that some people know think of committing such acts and some people do not think of it at all. They keep on suffering throughout their life, but they never think of inflicting harm on their own selves. People who would not hesitate to know hitting the other person at the spur of the moment and people who would be extremely reluctant hitting others why are those differences seen. Basically it is accepted that we learn aggressive behavior through two different channels. Later on we will come to Anderson's model also how these things form on network that we will discuss later. So, aggressive behavior could be a behavior that is derived rather directly learned from socio personal environment. So, you have certain type of acts of aggression which you very know commonly find in your personal social environment. Just next to it will come to very interesting reports know one from UN, the other one from again one of the bodies of the UN. Two interesting reports one of Indian women the other of Indian adolescents very interesting data. Now, if I find that as a small baby I find that on very small issues my father enjoys the liberty of shouting at my mother. This is a type of aggression that I have seen in my social personal environment right from the beginning. And therefore, I realize that find there is no harm shouting at women. You would realize that such children in the families where fathers take the pride in shouting at the wife and if the family is a male child. You would realize that the child gradually by the time the child is two to an half three years child also start shouting at the mother the male child. But that the same male child will not shout at the father because he would make a distinction he learns. So, women could be an object of anger men cannot be. Because you also fear that if I shout at my father I can be you know getting the reciprocal response from that. The possibility of reciprocal response from the male send makes you realize that you can enjoy the liberty of shouting at your mother. Now, you have an extra addition in the family a girl child is added. And then you realize that this male child will start now shouting at the mother as well as the sister. It is very common very common in our country. Episodes where out of misunderstanding or out of not understanding your view point out of confusion or out of displacement the parents can enjoy the liberty of hitting you as a child. This is also very common in our culture as parents you can hit the child as and when you want. The triggers for such type of behavior could look know very absurd to us. I recollect know while I am talking about it I recollect of a very interesting example once I was sitting in the health center here. In the 30s with two kids one little grown up and one very very small toddler. This small family unit was also sitting on the other side waiting for their turn to visit the doctor. The younger child was of course in the laps of the mother. The older child was sitting next to the mother, but was also given the responsibility of holding the health card. Then this child started playing with the health card. He will rotate it and it fell down once the child picked it up and the moment it fell down the second time. In a moment of reflex the mother slapped the child. I was sitting on the other side. I do not know if I would have been in place of the mother what I would have done, but because I was the third party sitting on the other side immediately it came to my mind that what this child would have thought right now. The child would have thought come on I do not want it to see the doctor. You have brought me here. I did not want to hold the medical card. You have given it to me and then after all this what is the big deal if it has fallen down. It was not earthen pot, glass vessel that has broken down. It is a collection of pieces of papers. It has fallen down. Again I can pick it up. Again I can play. Again it can fall down. What is so great in it? But then as children you do not have this liberty of asking back that why did you hit me? It will be again considered to be an offense that children are not supposed to ask their parents why they were hit or you could be unresumably and the parents can shout at you. Keep quiet and you do not have the liberty of asking your parent or telling your parent that find you are shouting louder than me. But these are the things which are very interesting in our culture where these are interesting thing in our culture which you realize are very interesting. But because it has cultural acceptance therefore we ignore these forms of manifestation of anger. You remember the very famous case in our country where in the media it was discussed for very very long two three weeks it was discussed when an Indian couple staying in Norway the government of Norway had withdrawn the two kids from them saying that you are not playing the role of proper parents. Now take this case and understand it from a cultural viewpoint. There is a culture where hitting a child is considered to be an undesirable act and unacceptable act and the fault is put not on the children but on the parents that if you are slapping your children this simply means you are not capable of handling kids and therefore there are many many countries where you have these special care homes for children where children they are put there under the care of somebody the government pays for care giving. Simply because you the government considers that you are not matured enough to handle kids. In our country you can enjoy the liberty whenever you come home know this side at side you can have because we are the most populous country second most populous country. So you will have more kids around you also know. So you can keep walking know and hitting kids the way you want but culturally it is accepted. Now if you are born in culture like this it is very easy for you to pick up those forms of behavior and start reflecting it in your own behavior. So today you start shouting at your mother tomorrow you start shouting at your sister day after tomorrow you do not even hesitate shouting at your wife or hitting your wife will come to interesting statistical data little later. There are no places in our country if you move from the eastern to the western side of India and just look at how people talk to strangers or how people talk to others know who are known to them you start from the eastern side I am not going to far northeast start from Bengal where you will have words like to me up me. So you have a clear distinction where there are people who are given utmost respect even in terms of know calling them. So come to the Hindi built enter Jharkhand Bihar come to central UP and till that you have that distinction know you have know younger to you you will prefer to call them older to you will use the word up for them and at times even for strangers who are younger to you you use the word up because you maintain certain level of decorum. But the moment you start moving towards the western side of UP you start realizing the difference know there is no distinction of to man up know everybody is to that is very interesting thing and the more you start moving towards Haryana you find the language is become little more rustic from people who are on the eastern side from their view point know those who are born and brought up in Haryana for them it is normal conversation. I remember long back I was somewhere outside India and there was a colleague of mine in an Indian friend of mine there many a times I used to visit him because we were the only two Indians known to each other know in that country at that point in time. So, and he was basically from Haryana know very close to Delhi one day he called up to talk to his cousin and the daughter of the cousin picked up the phone you can switch it off know now this man gives a call to his cousin the daughter of the cousin picks up he use the word I would not use that word here it would not be considered so acceptable know, but I am told that in Haryana people use this word and there is no string attached to it he use that word and said to what a bapka had somebody like this would have told to my daughter to my wife to my mother or to me we would have felt extremely offended we do not use sentences like this know and for them it was a normal conversation. So, then I asked him know that is it the accepted part of a conversation and he said so what is the harm in it what is wrong in it know and that was a very interesting you know discussion that took place between us, but I would not go into the details. Come to certain other aspects of aggressive behavior where you to central UP where you realize that know people will take pride in know becoming sober and just know you cross Kanpur little ahead of Kanpur know it have a manpuri onwards know you start moving there and then you will find that a whole lot of adolescence they carry country made weapons with them. So, as a growing child as a growing adolescent in that culture if you are not carrying know a country made weapon you feel inferior know because 35 of your classmates 32 of them they carry you are the one who is still not carrying it and remaining to do not carry because they are women and therefore, there is a desperate urge in you that I should also have it certain part of stern UP you would find that carrying weapons is just like carrying know a mobile phone in the class know the moment you know you take pride in taking out the mobile phone and holding in your palm and sitting in the class. Similarly, know somebody can know it is very hot take out the fire weapon in the arms and say very common do we have somebody here from western UP Merritt, Itava anybody from that region nobody couple of semesters back know I was giving the same examples again it has come back to me and there was somebody in this class was from Itava and he said yes and you know later on we did have very interesting conversation he would twice thrice he came to my office and shared whole lot of experience know the most interesting part of that experience was that he said that since 9th onwards I have been carrying a country made weapon with me and I always took pride know there was a pride because everybody would carry everybody would take it out and will you know showcase it as if know your weapon is far inferior compared to mine and stuffs like this. So, the way you have verbal exchanges in your aggressive retaliation somebody will take no country made weapon the other person will take out country made weapon this is also very common in the western part here very interestingly later on he shared with me that when he came to IIT there was a big cultural shock no one was carrying a fire weapon and he said that know I live so close to Kanpur know my 15, 16, 17 years of age I have lived so close to Kanpur and I was always carrying weapons for last 3, 4 years and we all took pride know the whole culture is like that know every family would have multiple weapons all adolescents will take pride in carrying weapons I came here and I found boys know dedicated more towards jeans and t-shirts towards gel and other other things rather than being interested in country made weapons he said that I started reflecting back and now it really hurts me and I think that how crude I was when I started saying so many polished people around me and I see the beauty of being polished this is know what the social personal environment does to us you are you live in an environment to see the beauty of it I will just share very interesting experience and then we will move ahead couple of years ago I was staying in Japan and I saw beautiful things happening on the roads there they have fantastic road system so that was fine but know within the old city where you have still know narrow roads it was not as narrow as we find here in many parts in our country but it was such that know two vehicles can cross each other with little difficulty they also have the such type of roads know in the old part of the cities and then very interestingly I would see that the vehicles coming from two different directions both of them will stop now the driver of say if I am driving one vehicle and if there is the other vehicle on that side and we have to cross each other on the road both the vehicles will stop the prop whose vehicle I was to usually sit on he will know he was a Japanese and he would know ask the other driver that this way this you go first that driver will turn stop and he will also say that you go first at times he used to go first at times the other person used to go first but then the one who would go first would again come in a very slow speed close to you and then wow on the steering know symbolic form of showing your gratitude compare that experience with the experience that you have when you turn to the lecture all complex here know you have two three SIS guards there and still know people struggling the best part of Kanpur is that know even those who are on the bicycles though also do not feel know putting their brakes know so unless it is very very essential brakes are not used in Kanpur know and therefore the at the fag moment at the fag and suddenly when you realize that break has to be used so everybody will know press the break very hard and this is uniformly true from right from bicycles to the autos the cars and the city buses these are very interesting things know why did we evolve like this and why did they evolve like that the best part also of the driving phenomena there I what I observed was that for those many months and months together I never ever saw any vehicle honking so there was absolute silence on the road only you will have the bikers who would know drive fast and their vehicles will create more sound and know their roads would have many many lanes so people who would drive fast of course their vehicles will create sound except that sound for months together I never ever heard somebody honking three four years back there was some Indo-German workshop workshop in IIT Madras I went there it was basically a workshop of the civil engineering guys the earthquake guys but there was know something that had to do with know what we had discussed know PTSD acute stress and stuffs like this and therefore we were also invited there and we were going to Mahavali Puram from Madras the vehicle which was hired the driver would very generously know suddenly sometimes put his wrist on the horn and it will blow the German sitting next to me very jokingly told me but it was very true he told me you Indians are great it just like say know the moment we crossed each other in the corridor say hi how are you okay so one vehicle just overtaking the other and will honk know and the other will also start honking know so you have so much of exchanges on the road these are interesting things why somebody know learns not to honk at all compared to somebody who enjoys putting hand on the horn itself know all of you must have experience know the when the railway crossing is you know closed at IIT main gate now that you have the divider earlier it was not there know and people take pride in know blocking the road and the moment the shutter opens everybody starts honking know as if the more you honk the more space you will have which is not true such correlations do not exist everybody knows it but still you take pride in doing that and in nobody realizes that in turn you are hurting your own ears know few of few of your hair cells are dying each time you hear a sound of a louder pitch so this is what it means know that how the social personal environment makes you learn certain things there could be another very interesting way of learning to be angry and that is the aggressive behavior that is derived more indirectly know here in the previous case it was a very direct experience know you have things available in your know personal social environment here you have things which are very indirectly learned from experimental environment experimental environment means that those things do not exist in your environment you have never experienced it it is your novel experience and appear more immediately motivated by emotional states of anger and hostility know so you have a big change that comes in your environment sudden change a novel thing a novel experience you have not realized it because it has come for the first time therefore you have certain degree of anger hostility such type of emotions involved in that process out of your interaction with that hostile experience you realize that one has to handle such situations in such ways I am giving couple of examples few of them might look absurd but culturally true therefore I am quoting it imagine a younger who is growing in this culture and experiences is talking for the first time somebody passes adverse remark for the first time and then you realize it is a big shock something that you have never ever experienced comes to you for the first time and then you realize that oh this can also happen you go with a confirmed train ticket to realize that somebody else is sitting or sleeping on your bird and with a lot of struggle you manage only to sit on the birds the person is not at all leaving the seat I hope many of you must have experienced these are very common when you travel in the northern part of India now these are very these experiences gradually becomes common experiences with more and more of life experience but imagine when you had it for the first time and you think I do not know how to handle it so all you do is that you take out your ticket and you confirm your birth and you say this is my birth and the person says so and you do not know because you have never ever experienced so this is an experimental situation for you know so what to do now and then you realize this strategy does not work that strategy does not work and then you realize then suddenly you say no come on come on come on leave leave leave my seat and the moment you start turning angry a bit you realize oh the person has started no folding his fate giving space to you to sit this means that if I intensify it then he will certainly allow me occupy my seat this one and you do so you get your seat and then you have learned oh so now your experimental environment has made you realize whenever you experience a stranger holding your seat turn angry done such type of aggressive behavior are actually learned through such type of experimental manipulations where you do not know you have never experienced it so you try know various behavior of varying intensity and then you realize that this is how such people have to be handled girls who have experienced stalking but have never ever dare to go and confront the individual or slap the individual will never do so you would come across literally women in our culture who would say that oh right from my earlier dollars and days I have heard it is now that I have turned old people have stopped doing so and ask them that have you ever dared you know going and confronting those people or slapping those people and you will say no you will find interestingly a very small number of girl who would say I had it for the first time and I do not know what happened I just went and I say what is your name and that boy in turn suddenly you know ran away from that place ever since that experience whenever I have heard so I immediately go and ask tell me your address I will talk to your parents is this what they have taught you ok once a boy gave me some answer and then I do not know what happened to me and I slapped others also joined me and since then ok the boys of my hostel or the boys of my college know they do not even dare to converse to me even normal conversation do not take place experimental manipulations and it makes you learn that if situation becomes difficult how should you handle it ok the best of the example which is usually know later on ingrained into a regular course of training is when you give commando trainings no to selected people for example know within the forces you have no much more glory attached to personals from the air force no and within air force no they gave at most respect to those who are selected for paratroopers now when you get such type of trainings ok one interesting part of such training is something that you have not experienced no others have experienced you have not experienced and you are given it for the first time I will just share one or two with you there are certain localities where you have no more of water soaked soil and where you have snails no moving here and there all through a part of the commando training which say suggests that you will be deprived of food ok and you can have a possibility of eating three snails so you are taught how to hold the snails is very easy snails they do not arm you and then break their shells and eat them the reason being that three snails provides you the basic level of nutrition that is needed for your survival for one day but the other part of the training is that all those snails are moving you cannot eat the fourth snail ok and if you are caught eating the fourth one then you will have to suffer some punishment ok so these are no interesting things which people have gradually gathered and many things that are basically a part of life experience which is if it is not experimentally it has accidentally come to you it is deliberately implanted as part of some higher order training because you are trained to live without food for long in certain areas ok in our countries no those who go for pumping operations in central India and other parts ok they are trained for eating snakes no so how do you identify snakes how do you catch them how do you eat them how to eat if you have a possibility of cooking them roasting them and how to eat if you do not have the possibility of letting fire so how to eat them raw and all this is part of training now those who would be experiencing it for the first time it is a novel experience no but then with exposure to it you gradually learn how to turn angry to what extent in what type of situation now what we realize is that if expression of anger is very common in the society you realize that most of the time when anger is displayed it need not be hostile if need not be defensive the most common example would be husband shouting at their wives it is it might be devoid of hostility it might be devoid of defense it is just the way you have been brought up with the way you have seen interaction taking place between a couple and therefore you do not find the hair oil you do not find the comb and you shout and it goes to the extent that if you look at this interesting event report it says that 39 percent of men and women in India they think that beating their wives is a justifiable act remember this includes both men and women put together 39 percent of Indians according to this UN report saying that yes beating wife is justified act come to those who are not yet married the adolescent group your age group the UNICEF report which again says that a large percent no the age group of 15 to 19 I hope this is your age group and then you realize that 57 percent of the adolescent saying that yes beating wives shouting at wife there is no harm in doing that 57 percent so 39 percent saying that you can beat your wife because you have a reason to do so unmarried people and say that yes yes yes this is not physical abuse this is treatment proper treatment large number of adolescents who are not yet married and this is an interesting indicator that if aggression is inbuilt in your culture you live it without realizing that this is an aggressive behavior we will stop here tomorrow we will continue from here.