 Ni, ddweud â ni, a gweithio gan fân yma ar y trooedd yn yr orafu hyn. Mae'r concept ar y trooedd yn yr orafu hynny yn mynd i hynny ymohon yr ysgolwyr hwnnw. Rwy'n ei gilydd ac yn yr orafu hynny yn yr orafu hynny'n nodi bywyr ar yr orafu hyn yn ymymhygoel. Yn gynghwil yma, ysgol yma yma sefyllfa cael unrhyw hwnnw. Cymru yma yng Nghymru yn Ysgol yma, peirwyr yn y Gwyl Gwyl Llywodraeth, ac mae'n fyddai'r bwysig a'r ffordd i'n fwyllgor i'u ddefnyddio yma. Yr Ardill yn y Gymraeg Ddein yn y Gwyl Gwyl Gwyl Llywodraeth, yn y USA, ac yn ymddai'r ymddai'r Gwyl Llywodraeth yn y Llywodraeth, Adil was the author of the section on climate change in the outlook on the global danger. I'm going to ask him to explain why it's rising up a global danger and more importantly what we need to do about it. It is rising actually because the water is rising and the water is disappearing. We've seen droughts, we've seen floods, we've seen extreme weather rising all across the world. Now that doesn't mean all of it is because of climate change but what climate change is doing and is likely doing is increasing the frequency of these events and is increasing the volatility of these events. So in some ways these extreme weather events are amongst the first important manifestation of climate change that actual people see literally in their backyards. And what do you think would be the best outcome at this summit? We're living in an age of adaptation but it's a problem which is going to get worse. If you can take the universe of multi-stakeholders that we have here, what are you hoping to achieve? And how do you think we can best address this? I think the first outcome I would want and it seems like a small thing but it's actually a very big thing is the realization that we are living in the age of adaptation. We have essentially seen climate change as a problem of the future. Climate is something that will, a bad thing that will happen tomorrow if you don't do something today. Well the news is it's happening today because we didn't do anything yesterday. And if that realization sets in that is important because it brings an urgency. And you start seeing that urgency unfortunately you see it leased in governments. And in many ways business is seeing it much more because they are also being affected by it. So that to me is the biggest thing that could happen is to shake us up that climate is no longer an issue of the future. It's an issue of today. The second realization which I hope can set in is the realization that climate is really about development. How do you deal with disaster? You deal with it by having better development. Why do some people die in earthquakes and floods and other people don't? Because some people live in stronger houses than other people. Some people can prepare better for it. So the realization should set in that climate and its impacts are really about development. And that I think is where these multiple stakeholders come together. Because development will need all of them. Adol, you're an academic and you're studying this on a full time basis immersed in more than others obviously. Are you seeing any signs of best practice either in terms of adaptation or in terms of emerging models for cooperation that they possibly is integrating and interlinking development with adaptation. Anything you can share that can offer some guidance as to how we may adapt better in the future. One of the good things is we've been adapting forever. The fact that you and I are wearing these jackets is an adaptation to weather device. Sweaters are adaptation to weather's device that have happened historically. So there's a lot to learn from. Countries have been adapting for a long time. The Netherlands for example has adapted to its particular geography. Its particular weather characteristics in particular ways. Through a lot of engineering. Through how it manages water and other things. Other countries are beginning and should be learning things like that. Not just from the Netherlands but from all over. What you are seeing and I think what is the best practice again is linking development to climate adaptation. How do you adapt? You adapt by becoming more resilient. Now that's a fancy word but what it really means is you figure out how you can beat the change by being better prepared for it. That means early warning. Part of that is science. Knowing earlier and better what is about to happen. We can do that for the weather. The second thing it means is doing the type of development what's called sustainable development that is going to reduce the impact of the extreme event that happens. Interestingly there are also a lot of financial mechanisms that we can learn from. For example the whole idea of the insurance industry and how we are going to be doing it. What are we going to be insuring against is changing as we see these new events coming up. So there is a lot to learn. There is a lot to do. The good part of this bad story because extreme events by definition are bad things that cause problems and cost. The good part of the bad story is that there are many ancillary payoffs if you prepare better for extreme events. There is a win-win in that sense. Can you elaborate more on what kind of payoffs can we expect? For example if a lot of what you need to do to build resilience is better infrastructure. Now again better infrastructure has many other benefits. So the things that you can do to build resilience while some of them are very costly also have high development benefits. Absolutely. Can you think of one best practice which you've looked at? We're talking about linking development and climate adaptation. One area, one best practice which is really being successful. Either in mediating an extreme event or preventing an extreme event and saving lives. Information. Information early warning I think is we are still very new in this climate phase of this. So there aren't as many best practices as we would want to have. But amongst the earliest gains are in information, in dissemination of information. Technology is helping there. We have seen, I for example am from Pakistan. Pakistan has seen a series of floods really over the last six, seven years again and again. Much more frequently than it has historically. One of the things we've seen is that the better availability and dissemination of information wherever that happens can actually save many, many lives. One of the things that we often talk about here at the summit is the cross council collaboration. The fact that we have experts from over 80 different areas, walks of life fields of experience. I'm putting them together to solve problems not just in their own universe but problems that together are perhaps greater than any one council could address. You mentioned a couple of areas financing and information technology. What kind of councils is the climate change council talking to at this summit? We were looking at the list of all the councils and one of the things we came up in our, one of the thoughts we came up in our council was that every other council is either has an impact on or is impacted by climate change. That's the nature of our work and of many others. But the one in particular that I am most interested in, especially in terms of extreme events but even generally is water. I think water is the next frontier. In fact it's already the frontier. I think we are going to be talking more and more about water in more and more new ways in the coming century. Particularly about climate. When we think about climate till now we essentially think carbon. As long as you are thinking mitigation you are talking about carbon management. Somehow reduce carbon so that climate change happens less. We still need to do that. That's called mitigation. Carbon management is essentially energy management. As soon as you understand that you live in the age of adaptation you are essentially talking a lot about water. Here is what I mean. Think about the impacts of climate change and think about how many of them are about water. It's about water rising, sea level rise. It's about water disappearing, trapped. It's about water melting, glaciers. It's about water falling from the sky like no one's business, extreme events. So suddenly we have to grapple with the idea that water management is as crucial to the future of climate change as carbon management. A follow-up from me as a non-specialist isn't there? What would be your view on preparedness in terms of water management? It's obviously something people are aware of. But as you're right I think most people's version of climate change is articulated primarily by carbon. What is the state of water management today? I think a lot of people are thinking about water but we are still thinking about water in an old sort of way. What I mean by this is the following. We usually think about water in two ways. Quantity and quality. Do we have enough of it? And is it safe enough and healthy enough? Both of those are extremely important. But we need to think about water in at least one other way. Which is the variability of water. That's what droughts and floods alert us to. It's not simply whether I have enough water. It's a question of when do I have water? Over centuries people have built their livelihoods essentially on a general knowledge of where water will be when. Incomes climate and changes that equation? A whole lot of things go berserk. Think about the farmer. Whether the farmer is in Switzerland or in the US or in Pakistan or in Bangladesh. The farmer is an amazingly complex scientist who's using data over centuries of when is it going to rain, what type of crop grows when and what climate does is it sends all of that topsy-turvy. So we need to think about water not only quantity, quality but now we need to think about it in terms of access and availability. And that will make a big change. My final question. Where have you got to during this summit in terms of your thinking for the remainder of this term? We've just begun a two-year term. It's the first physical meeting of the Climate Change Council. Can you give us an outline of what your priorities will be in terms of driving the climate change agenda forwards? I think it's still evolving. Our own group, but I've also been meeting many other groups. We had a wonderful meeting this afternoon. We included my former vice president of the US, Al Gore. We were talking for example about this climate and water nexus. One of the points I made in that meeting was that water is to mitigation, water is to adaptation, what carbon was to mitigation. But in terms of your question and where we are heading, I'll tell you where I would want it to head and where I think it's heading. Increasingly we are thinking about who are the drivers of the big change and who from the what is a very important distinction. In my personal case, I am increasingly of the view that the future does not only belong to the young, but is going to be driven by the young. That climate change we've usually thought of, you know, governments are going to solve the problem. I think the ones, if it's going to be solved, it's going to be solved by the young because they are in the middle of a lifestyle change that's happening because of technology, that is happening because of different priorities. And if that can be linked to the idea of climate change, then we have a shot at making the scale of decisions that we need to make. Fascinating. I've been enjoying myself too much here. If we have any other questions, please put your hands up. Otherwise, I'd like to ask a question. Would you mind using more of the phone because we are webcasting this. Thank you. I'm not sure if you can address this, but I was wondering some of the climate change challenges since we're here in the Gulf, sort of for the GCC countries, especially given oil production and all the other challenges. Just wondering what are some of the priorities here in terms of climate change. For this region. I think this is a particularly important region. And I'll tell you why. All regions understand their climate. But if this region is a showcase for having had to live through history in what can very often be a harsh climate. And people in this region, I think and I hope, intrinsically understand the value of being able to mold to their environment because the costs are so high. So think of the big issues. Think of energy, both as a producer of energy, but also as a consumer of energy for the type of lifestyle that we need. Think of water, the scarcity of water, the need to find new ways to get water, for example desalinisation. So in many of those ways, this really becomes a laboratory in many ways. Always my one interesting thought when I come to this region is that in many ways you see the type of experiments around the environment happening here that you would sometimes not expect. Including, for example, on renewables. I think it is very striking that the International Agency for Renewables is housed here in the UAE. I think that is symbolically important and I think that is important in a policy way. It is things like that that this region needs to grapple with but is also setting an interesting example. But water again. I used to be a climate guy, I am now a water guy. Water again if any region can and should be thinking about it. This is it. I don't. Thank you very much indeed. Thank you. I wish you a very successful summit. Thank you very much. Thank you.