 Ok friends, welcome back to discussion on botanicals in pest management. In this class, we will discuss about various important plant species which are available and their utilization in pest management. So, now let us see some of the botanicals which are quite popular in India and other countries also. So, among them one is neem which is very much used in the management of insect pest on various crops. So, as you know this neem it is azadictin which is derived from neem that is azadicta indica, the active ingredient that is azadictin. It is present in both seeds and leaves and much of the azadictin contained in seeds and the both neem kernel and also it is being used as insecticide against various insect pest. And here is some of the commercially available insecticides, their name that is neemazal, chok and also neemistidine. So, since it is used by many farmers on various insect pest and nowadays farmers they are much interested towards organic farming, so its usage is further going to be increased. And let us see how this NSKA can be prepared by collecting the seeds from neem trees. So, here I have given a flow chart about the preparation of neem seed kernel extracts. So, take the known quantity of seeds say some 3 to 5 kgs, if the seeds are old then take 5 kgs or more than 5 kgs or if the seeds are fresh, so always fresh seeds, preparation of this neem seed kernel extract from fresh seeds it is preferred then remove the outer seed coat and use only the kernels. And next pound the kernel gently, then tie it loosely with a cotton cloth, then soak this overnight in a vessel containing about 10 litres of water, then after filtering so leave it for 24 hours. So, on filtering you are going to get some 6 to 7 litres of extract you are going to get then this extract can be diluted in 9 to 100 litres of water and same can be used for the management of insect pests and it is advised to mix with caudy soap solution at the rate of 10 ml per litre of water so that it is spreading the property can be enhanced. So, these are the some of the commercial produced neem based pesticides in India. So, in this table we have various commercially available neem based insecticides, so Hachook, BioNeem, so like even Limonol which is actually produced 75 EC and likewise many products which are available commercially in the market and its concentration also varies from few ppm to up to some 10,000 and 30,000 ppm also. So, how this neem product it is going to affect insect vigor, longevity and also fecundity so and again its main function is acting as antifident and going to inhibits its growth and thereby you are going to get the intermittent stages and if it affects on the larvae so it is not going to complete or it not going to forward as pupae. If pupae is affected and it is thereby you are going to get the malformed adults, so among various botanicals the another important one is Rotinin it is actually extracted from this roots of deris elliptica and it is also broad spectrum of contact and also stomach insecticides and most of the sucking pests and also caterpillars they are target insects and it inhibits respiratory metabolism through which it affects on the sucking and also these caterpillars and normally in the market you are going to get 0.75 to 1.5 percent Rotinin dust. Another botanical product that is subadilla so which is actually derived from seeds of tropical lily and the principal insective property that is varatrine and it also acts as contact poison and it is here also it is going to affect the insect nervous system and brings paralysis and death of the insects and this subadilla can be effectively synergized by mixing this PBO that is Piper Nyl butoxide. Another botanical that is rhino dine and it is obtained from the woody stems of this rhino tree and principal insecticidal property that is alkaloid that is rhinoids and it mainly acts on muscular system. So on the basis of this product that is rhino dine we have the synthesized product in market that is chlorentinolyprol and also cyanotinolyprol and also flubendament they also so actually the basis of production of those synthesized insect it is from this rhino dine product and here the unlike other botanicals it is going to affect the muscular system of the insect in the way it is very important in resistance management and it is also slow acting stomach poison and target pest are both thrips and other caterpillars and in the market so it was available as a test during early days. Next product that is botanical products nicotine so it is obtained from tobacco plants that is nicotiana rustica and also nicotiana tobacum and it is also effective on the insect by way of inhibiting the nerve impulses in nervous system of the insects and thereby they are going to lose the coordination of the activities and eventually the death of the insect it is going to occur and it is extremely fast acting causing severe disruption and failure of this nervous system and this product could be used as fumigant and also as dust in the management of various insect pest and commercially it was available as nicotine sulphate in earlier days and since the high concentration of nicotine was causing the phytotoxic symptoms this was actually discontinued and here the insects which are targeted here these are the second pest they are going to control with these nicotine products. Next important botanical that is pyrethrum as you know the toxic constant it is pyrethrines and here also it is going to affect the central nervous system of the insects and going to bring about the paralysis and death of the insects. So these pyrethrines applied with PBO to enhance its insecticidal activity and the limonin and linonule products which are the extracts from the citrus fruits and they are going to affect most of the second pest like aphids, mites and also fleas here also it affects the nervous system and it acts as a stomach poison and this product can be used for the management of insect pests. There are some commercially available products which mainly acts as repellents from the essential plantiles so these are actually termed as herbal repellents which are available in the market so most of the times they are used in keeping away the some of the domestic insect pests and here one that is important one is citronella so it is used against some of the insects like mosquitoes and even some fleas also. So this table shows the overall which are the important botanical compounds their source and on which system of the insect so most of the botanicals they are going to affect the central nervous system of the insects and they do act as contact poisons. How best one can use these botanicals in best management one is direct spraying and for the amendment of soils so that they are going to inhibit the soil inhibiting insects and at the same time they are going to improve the soil structure and some of the cases wherein some of the botanicals can be used as intercoping system and thereby they are going to manage some of the important insect pests wherein one merigold which can be intercoped with the tomato or brinjal in the management of root knot nematodes. Similarly these botanicals used against various insect pests in stored grain pest management and some of the botanicals they do act as synergist so that can be used in enhancing the activity of the insecticides and various botanicals they are also available and among them tobacco nem they are commercially available. So here is one table wherein the recommendation has been given so and even against which insects it works and recommended dose of these botanicals. So this neem it is used against various insect pest on various crops and they are going to manage the pests which are occurring on various important crops. So most of the times you are going to use either NSK or commercially available neem products at either 1500 ppm or at 5% if it is NSK and another recommendation is through neem cakes. So by applying these neem cakes can be one can inhibit the soil inhibiting insects and at the same time it is going to improve the soil structures. So here is one example wherein tomato if it is applied as a neem cake at the rate of 200 kg per hectare so it is going to manage these seedling nematode and also other insects. So why these botanicals they are very much important in pest management programs over synthetic pest since they are going to cause less effect to the environment or no effect to the environment and very little risk about development of pest resistance and as you know they are going to cause less damage to the non-target insects and there is no adverse effect on plant growth and also its quality and since they are locally available less expensive compared to the synthetic insecticides. At the same time these botanicals have some drawbacks or barriers for commercialization one is sustainability it is still questionable and still it is one very complex product and standardization is very difficult and another drawback for the commercialization so since even though it is botanical it has been put under the CIB schedule that is why this regulatory approval is necessary and in the once if you applied it is going to degrade rapidly and it is most of the botanicals they are not going to protect the insects for many days and since in this synthetic insecticides the opportunities for botanical pesticides is less most of the farmers they need quick action against the insect I mean the target insects and weather conditions most of the botanicals they are not photo stable hence in higher temperature they are going to affect the effectiveness of these insecticides even after these drawbacks one can very much integrate these botanicals with other tactics here these botanicals can be well utilized in biological control system so thereby it is going to save or spare the natural enemies these are the some of the example where in it is not going to affect many predators and also parasitic hence if you apply these botanicals so as well you can save the natural enemies they are going to do their best job in the environment against various insect pest so these are the some of the examples where in as well you can use some of the plant species which are naturally available among them one is a neem and likewise there are various botanicals which are available surrounding us those can be exploited and better used in the pest management program thank you.