 Good evening as friends, welcome to the Hindu News Analysis by Shankare's Academy for the date 31st of December 2022. Displayed here are the list of news articles we will be discussing today. Without wasting time, let's start our discussion. Look at this article, the article says that the Youth, Welfare and Sports Development Minister Mr. Udenidhi Stalin inaugurated the New Year and Pongar sale of products made by women's self-help groups. Today in this article discussion, we are not going to see about self-help groups. In this discussion, we are going to take a political angle. For those who are not aware, Mr. Udenidhi Stalin is the son of Mr. M.K. Stalin, who is the current Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu. And Mr. M.K. Stalin is the son of Mr. Karunanadhi, who was the former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu. Have you found out what we are going to discuss today? Yes, we are going to discuss about dynasty politics. First of all, what is the meaning of dynasty? A dynasty refers to a number of rulers who belong to the same family. A famous historic example of this in India is the Mughal dynasty. Now, what is political dynasty? It is nothing but members of the same family succeeding one another in a political establishment, that is in political post. The classic example for this is the Nehru Gandhi family. They are deemed to be the pioneers of dynasty politics. But don't think they are the only family that practiced dynasty politics. Other examples are also there. I have explained one in the introduction itself. That is the Karunanadhi family in Tamil Nadu. Others include Moolayam Singh Yadav family in Uttar Pradesh. And in Bihar, we have the Ram Vilas Paswan family and the Lalluprasad Yadav family. Actually, the list is quite big. I just mentioned a few examples of dynasty politics in India. Okay? There are also other forms of political dynasty, which is called as Concurrent dynasty. This occurs when several members of the family occupy various positions in the government simultaneously. A very good example for this is the Yadav clan in Uttar Pradesh. Moolayam Singh Yadav had his son as the chief minister of Uttar Pradesh. At the same time, his daughter, brother and nephew fought elections from different districts of the state. This is a specific case of political dynasty politics and it is called as Concurrent dynasty politics. Okay? So what are the reasons for the existence of political dynasty in India? The primary reason for this is rooted in the nature of Indian politics. Indian politics is more personalized, meaning people of India connect more with the people rather than the political parties. That's exactly why in the modern history, what the big organization like Indian National Congress could not achieve was achieved by a single man who is none other than father of our nation, who is Mahatma Gandhi. The personalization of the politics occurred because people relate to them to the stories told by the leaders and they connect themselves with the lives of the leaders. So once the general public get connected with the particular person, their vote will go to that particular person only, right? And if the son or the daughter contest for the same post, then the public will vote for them only. And this is how dynasty politics becomes prevalent. Now you may think if people are able to connect with them, then what is wrong with this? Here you have to know that this dynasty politics has certain issues associated with it. First is it harms the country by stagnating the power in the hands of the few individuals. Secondly, it leads to little or no accountability of the leaders. This is because the leaders themselves, they have no fear of losing power. This leads to lack of accountability. Thirdly, it leads to shift of agenda from the welfare of the state to the welfare of the clan. When there is dynasty politics, it hinders the development by first filling the treasury for the family, only then distributing the remains to the citizens. And finally, it leads to the dilution of the essence of democracy with corruption and favoritism. Lastly, it leaves the voters with little choice during election. So these are the issues associated with dynasty politics. So that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion, we saw what is dynasty politics. Then we saw about political dynasty and we saw about concurrent dynasty. After that, we saw the reasons for the existence of political dynasty in India. Finally, we saw about the issues with dynasty politics. Now let us conclude this and take up the next news article. Look at this editorial article. This article reports about the death of at least 66 children in Gambia and 18 children in Uzbekistan. For the death, the countries accused two Indian drug manufacturing firms for the production of toxic cough syrup. The Gambia case was highlighted by the World Health Organization. While the Uzbekistan case was flagged by the Uzbek Health Ministry. In both cases, it is not conclusively established that consuming the syrup directly led to the deaths. Now what is the concern here is that in both countries, the batches of cough syrup were contaminated with ethylene glycol or diethylene glycol. Here you have to note that both ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol are industrial chemicals. Now coming to the issue. In the Gambia case, the Indian government revoked the export license of the Haryana-based Maiden Pharmacuticals Limited. This pharma only supplied syrup to Gambia. The WHO's assessment found that it was the cough syrup that caused the acute kidney injury, which led to the deaths. The Drug Control General of India objected to WHO's assessment and it said that its own test of control sample showed the drugs to be free of contaminants. Then the Drug Control General of India and the Health Ministry pointed out that the Gambian scandal was part of the conspiracy to defame India's reputation as the supplier of pharmacutical goods worldwide. Then in the case of deaths in Uzbekistan, the Indian government has again revoked the export license of the Noira-based Marien biotech, which made the dark one Max cough syrup. The government also ordered a freeze on its production facilities. There is no WHO worded on the causes of contamination in the case of Uzbekistan. So the Indian government has sought to adopt a wait and watch position. Now the author of the editorial says that mistakes may happen, but if the Indian government won't take corrective measures, it will threaten India's image and undermine the trust in India's pharmacutical industry worldwide. This is the essence of the editorial given here. Now in this context, let us learn about the central drug standards control organization, which we'll shortly call as CDSCO. Now, why are we going to learn about this organization? Well speaking about the article, we heard the term the drug controller general of India, right? The central drug standard control organization is actually headed by the drug's controller general of India. And this is the reason now we are going to discuss about CDSCO. First of all, you have to know that the central drug standard control organization is functioning under the direct trade general of health services. And this direct trade falls under the ministry of health and family welfare. To put it simply, CDSCO is functioning under the ministry of health and family welfare. CDSCO is India's national regulatory body for drugs, cosmetics, pharmacuticals and even medical devices. Its headquarter is located at New Delhi and it also has six zonal offices at Mumbai, Kulkatta, Chennai, Ghaziabad, Hyderabad and Ahmadabad. Apart from this, CDSCO also has four subzonal offices, 13 port offices and seven laboratories which are spread across the country. As I said earlier, CDSCO is the national regulatory body. In the states also, we have state level drug control departments that are responsible for regulating drugs, cosmetics, pharmacuticals and medical devices at the state level. Now, what act is giving the power to the CDSCO and the state regulators? It is none other than the Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940. This act has interested various responsibilities to the central and state regulators for regulation of drugs and cosmetics. The act aims for a uniform implementation of the provision of the act for ensuring safety, rights and well-being of the patients by regulating the drugs and cosmetics. Based on this act only, the CDSCO is constantly working to bring about transparency, accountability and uniformity in case of drug regulation across the country. This is to ensure safety, efficacy and quality of medical products which are manufactured, imported and distributed in our country. Now, we will see about the functions of CDSCO. Under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940, the regulation of manufacture, sale and distribution of drugs is primarily the concern of the state regulators. So, what does CDSCO actually do? CDSCO is responsible for approval of new drugs and clinical trials in the country. This is the foremost function performed by it. Then, it is responsible for laying down the standards for drugs and it also has full control over the quality of imported drugs. Apart from this, CDSCO also perform coordination activities of state drug control organization. Then, it also provides expert advice in the line of bringing uniformity in the enforcement of Drugs and Cosmetics Act. And finally, CDSCO is responsible for the approval of licenses of specific categories of drugs such as blood and blood products and then vaccines and finally, serum. So, that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion, we saw about the recent issue of cough syrup scandal in Gambia and Uzbekistan. Then, we also saw about the important organization that is responsible for controlling drugs in India, that is CDSCO, which is none other than central drug standards control organization. So, with this, let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article. Look at this news article. The news article says that the Dravidar Kalagam president at a function said that the party's ideology and its reach is mainly due to its official newspaper. This is about the news article. The origin of the Dravidar Kalagam can be traced to the Justice Party of Tamil Nadu. So, in our discussion today, we will see about Justice Party, its various contribution, its important leaders and finally, the transformation of Justice Party into Dravidar Kalagam in 1944. Let's start with Justice Party. The Justice Party rule in Madras presidency constitutes an important chapter in the history of entire South India. The ideology and the objectives of the Justice Party had been unique and somewhat different from those of the Congress Party. The Justice Party represented the non-Brahmin movement in South India and it created a social revolution against Brahmin dominance in public services and education. Let's start with the birth of the Justice Party. Actually, various factors contributed to the formation of Justice Party. The first and the most important factor that led to the formation of Justice Party is the social dominance of Brahmins in the various institutions of the government. Actually, the Brahmins were dominative in civil services, educational institutions and even the Madras Legislative Council. So, this caused the non-Brahmin to band together and put up a unified front against the Brahmin dominance in the system. This is the first reason. The second reason for the emergence of the Justice Party is the rediscovery of the greatness of Tamil literature and the Tamil language. Actually, the term Dravidian was first used in a book titled A Comprehensive Grammar of the Dravidian or South Indian Family of Languages and this book was written by Robert Gladwell and it was published in 1856. Not only this, other works by the Indians also contributed to the rediscovery of the greatness of Tamil literature and the Tamil civilization. For example, V. Kanagasavai Pillai in his famous historical work 1,800 years ago pointed out that the Tamils had attained high degree of civilization even before the advent of Aryans. This led to the growth of Dravidian feeling among the non-Brahmin's and this led to the non-Brahmin movement which culminated in the formation of Justice Party. So, two reasons. One is apportion against the Brahmin dominance. The next reason is rediscovery of the past. Both these factors contributed to the formation of Justice Party in Tamil Nadu. Now, let us see the chain of events that led to the formation of the party. We already saw that there was a non-Brahmin sentiment among the public. See, the precursor of the Justice Party was the Medras United League. Later, this Medras United League in 1912 was renamed as Medras Dravidian Association. Dr. Natesam Moodaliar played a significant role in forming this organization. In 1916, the South Indian Liberal Federation was formed for the sole purpose of promoting the political interest of the non-Brahmin's. The leaders who stood behind the formation of this organization were Thyagaraja Chettiar, Dr. T. M. Nair, Raja of Panagal, and Natesam Moodaliar. The South Indian Liberal Federation published an English newspaper called Justice. Due to the wide reach of this newspaper, the political party of South Indian Liberal Federation was commonly called as the Justice Party. So, essentially in 1916, the Justice Party became an important political party in the Medras presidency of Tamil Nadu. See, during the early years, the party involved in petitioning the imperial administration demanding more representation for the non-Brahmin's in administration. Here you have to note that, see the party not only published the newspaper Justice. Actually, Justice was the English newspaper published by the party. The party also published the newspapers in Tamil and in Telugu. In Tamil, it published a newspaper titled Dravidian and in Telugu, it published a newspaper titled Andhra Prakashika. This is the basic introduction about the Justice Party. Now we will see some of the major events in the Justice Party rule. The Justice Party came to power following the 1920 election that was held according to the Montague Clemsford reforms. The Justice Party captured 63 out of 98 elected seats in Medras. Due to the rejection of Thyagaraja Chettiar to form a ministry, Subraelu Reddyar formed the ministry. After that, in 1923 election also, the party won the majority and formed the government in Medras presidency. In 1926, the Justice Party was divided into two, but it faced the apportion of the United Congress. Since no party could achieve a majority, a independent candidate called A Subrayan formed the ministry with the help of Swaraja Party. Finally, in the 1937 election, the Justice Party faced a loss against the Congress Party. And after this loss, the Justice Party failed to recover in Medras presidency. And finally, in 1944, the Justice Party was officially renamed as Dravidar Kalagam and it transformed itself from a political party to a social movement. This is the timeline of events in the Justice Party rule. Now we will see the major contributions and achievements of the Justice Party. See the Justice Party administration is noted for its social justice and social reforms. Let us see the major contributions one by one. The first major contribution of the Justice Party is giving due representation to the non-draman communities. Here, the Justice Party government passed communal orders of 1921 and 1922 to provide reservation in the appointments of local bodies and educational institutions for non-draman communities in increased proportion. For the women also, the Justice Party undertook various measures. The party granted right to vote for women in 1921. It abolished the Devadasi system and it also prevented immoral trafficking of women. In the religious sphere also, the party took some major decision. The important one among this is the Hindu Religious Endowment Act of 1921. It was enacted during the ministry which was headed by Raja of Panagal. See, this act eliminated corruption in the management of temple. In the public services also, the party took some important measures. The party established staff selection board in 1924 and it was transformed into public service commission in 1929. This is the first public service commission to be established in India. This public service commission opened government appointments to entire public and made the whole process democratic. In the educational sphere, the party played an important role in the establishment of Andhra University in 1926 and Annamalai University in 1929. The party also introduced the free and compulsory primary education for the first time in Madras. It also introduced the concept of midday meals in few selected places in Madras. The party implemented an important act called Madras Elementary Education Act of 1934. This is done to improve the elementary education in the state of Madras. Also, the party interested the education of depressed class to the labor department. This resulted in increased access to education among the depressed class. These are some of the important achievements of the justice party in the sphere of education. In addition to this, in the sphere of medical education, the justice party gave due encouragement to Ayurveda, Siddha and Inani practices. Finally, in the sphere of industries, the party passed an important act called Industries Act of 1922. This act led to the establishment of new industries like sugar factories, engineering works, tanneries, aluminum factories, cement factories and oil mills across Madras state. This act provided credits to industries, allotted land and water. And this established a favorable condition in Madras state for the establishment of industries. With respect to the city of Madras, the act formed the Town Improvement Committee. This was involved in slim clearance and providing housing to depressed class. It also allotted waste land in villages to the depressed class. See, these are the major achievements of the justice party while it was in rule. As I said earlier, in 1937, the justice party faced a defeat at the hands of Congress party. After 1937, the justice party failed to recover. First, the justice party became a political movement under the leadership of Periyar. And in 1944, in the Salem conference, the justice party was renamed as Dravidar Kalagam and it finally transformed completely from a political party to a social movement. So that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion, we saw about the factors responsible to the formation of justice party, a timeline of even that led to the formation of justice party, the important achievements and the contribution of justice party to social justice and social movement, and finally, the transformation of justice party into Dravidar Kalagam. With this, let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article. Look at this editorial article. It is beautifully written in the context of granting marriage rights to citizens. Marriage has long been considered as a part of one's own personal life, right? So when giving someone the right to marriage, it means that the state is interfering in his or her privacy. But the author of this particular editorial feels that there is a strong need to recognize marriage rights. We will understand why she says this in a while. Before that, we have to understand about homosexuality laws and the rights of the LGBTQ community because this is what the article primarily focuses on. Now, as we slowly move into the discussion, kindly take note of the syllabus relevant to this. See, the British era laws criminalized homosexual intercourse in India as it was considered to be against the order of nature during those times. Under section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, homosexuality was classified as an unnatural offense. There were many cases filed against these provisions and finally, in 2018, the section 377 was read down by the Supreme Court. We will see about these cases to get a clear understanding of the whole issue. It all started in 2009 when the NAS Foundation filed a public interest litigation in Delhi High Court for justice against these laws which damaged the pride, respect, and rights of the people of LGBTQ community. The court held that section 377 of the Indian Penal Code was unconstitutional. The Delhi High Court further stated that section 377 violates article 14, 15, and 21 of the Constitution. This was marked as a very good beginning, but the joy did not last long because again in the Suresh Kumar Coastal case, 2013, the court reversed its stand and criminalized homosexuality. Later, in the National Legal Service Authority of the Union of India case 2014, the court held that the non-recognition of identities of the community was in violation of the article 14, 15, 16, and 21 of the Constitution of India. So the Supreme Court directed the government of India to treat members of the transgender community as a third gender. And the court also asked the government of India to treat members of the transgender community as economically and socially backward class. Then came the famous Putta Swami Judgement. In this judgment, the court acknowledged that sexual orientation is an essential attribute of privacy and it is protected by various articles of the Indian Constitution. Now the court rectified its judgment in the Suresh Kumar Coastal case. But however, it was only in the Navajit Singh Johar West Union of India case in 2018, the five-judge bench of the Supreme Court of India decriminalized homosexuality. The court opinion that under article 14 of the Indian Constitution, consensual homosexual act between adults is not against the order of nature. Article 21 provides right to life and personal liberty and includes privacy, dignity, and autonomy. It can be restricted only on reasonable grounds. So this was the stand of the judiciary. In all these judgments, did you notice the use of articles by the judiciary? There has always been a reference to article 14 and 21, right? This is an irony. Article 14 provides for right to equality which is achieved through state interference and article 21 provides for the right to life and personal liberty and includes right to privacy. Here, in case of article 21, the state interference should be kept at a minimum. This is what the author is talking about. If marriage is considered as part of one's private life, then can the state interfere in that sphere? The author of the editorial says that there is a pressing need for the state to interfere. A privacy analysis calls for the complete hands-off approach from the state. And the equality analysis requires the state to take positive steps to ensure equal treatment in all spheres of life. For example, the heterosexual couple are allowed to adopt children and it is denied to the homosexual couples. This is because there is no judicial recognition of their marriage. So this violation of their right to equality. So according to the author of the editorial is the violation of the right to equality. So now there arises a question. Should the state interfere to correct this? Of course, it has to. But ideally, state shouldn't interfere into marriage as it comes under the right to privacy of the individual. This dilemma is not new only to India. Different countries faced this scenario. Now we will see how other countries dealt with this case. The European Court of Human Rights in Dutton, West UK, 1981 case strengthened the offense of Hungary in Northern Ireland as it was violative of Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights because the court felt that any restriction on someone's private life could not be justified by any pressing social need. The court so adopted a privacy approach here. It did not get into the question of equal treatment under Article 14. Even now, many European countries had not granted marriage rights to their citizens. Here I mentioned about a term called buggery right. Actually, buggery means sodomy, which also means the act of anal sexual intercourse. Now coming back to the discussion. On the contrary, South Africa took a equality-based approach. Because of this, now there is a constitutional protection for sexual orientation. And there is a judicial recognition of marriage and provisions for adoption. Justice Ackerman compared the privacy and equality approaches. And he opinioned that equality approach was enabling and granted greater protection to homosexual person. Since in Europe they took the privacy approach, many European countries have still not provided rights to the people of the LGBTQ community. But in case of South Africa, since they took the equality approach, it has provided equal rights to the people of homosexual orientation and people of the heterosexual orientation. In case of US, it is completely different. In United States, the court granted marriage equality under the due process clause, which prohibits the state from taking away personal liberties without substantive and procedural fairness. The focus here was personal liberty. So it was completely different from the stand of equality which is approached in South Africa and the stand of privacy approach which was dealt with by the European countries. So while South Africa focused on equality approach, Europe focused on privacy approach and US focused on personal liberty approach. India adopted the South African approach in the Navjit Singh case. Sexual orientation places both negative and positive obligation on the state. There should be non-interference and there should be recognition of rights as well for a true fulfillment of same sex relationship. Finally, the need of the hover is that the LGBT community needs an anti-discrimination law that empowers them to build protective lives and relationship. This can happen irrespective of gender identity or sexual orientation. So according to the author of the editorial, the state that is the government should interfere and recognize the marriage rights of citizens. So by approaching the equality approach that is followed in South Africa, India can provide equal rights to the LGBTQ community. So that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion, we saw about the process that was involved in the decriminalization of homosexuality in India. Then we saw about the difference between equality approach that is followed in South Africa and the privacy approach that was followed in Europe. Then we also saw the personal liberty approach that was followed in the United States. Finally, we saw the steps that India can take to provide equal rights to the LGBTQ community. So that's all regarding this discussion. With this, let us conclude this and take up the next news article. Look at this news article. It talks about the declining forex reserves in India. It says that India's overall reserves had dropped to $563 billion. So in this context, let us try and understand how exchange rates are managed by the Central Bank, which in India's case is RBA. The exchange rate of any currency is determined by the supply and demand of the country's currency in the international foreign exchange market. For example, if the demand of dollar increases, then its value increases and the dollar appreciates while Indian rupee depreciates with respect to the dollar because earlier you are buying one dollar for 65 rupees and now you are buying the same for 70 rupees. But how did the dollar suddenly become costlier? Because dollar is used by many countries for import and export purposes. And if there is a sudden increase in imports, then a country has to pay for it in dollars. Then it will buy dollars in the market and the demand for the dollar increases in the foreign exchange market. Due to this, the dollar value appreciates. This is how exchange rate works. There are different ways of managing the exchange rate. Let us see them one by one. First is the fixed or pegged exchange rate system. Here, the Central Bank has complete intervention in the determination of the exchange rate. There is no market forces at play. The exchange rate is fixed by the Central Bank through its discretion. For instance, the Central Bank can decide the foreign exchange for today is one dollar equal to 50 rupees. If the Central Bank says like that, this exchange rate is fixed. See, India followed this type of exchange rate before the 1991 LPG reforms. Right now, among the major world economies, China follows this type of exchange rate. Moving on, the second type is the floating or flexible exchange rate system. Here, the exchange rate is determined by the market forces of demand and supply. The Central Bank does not intervene. In this system, for example, if there is more number of Indian people who wants to import goods from US compared to the number of Americans who are interested to buy Indian goods, then the demand of the dollar will be more than that of rupees. So, in such a case, the dollar value appreciates at the same time the rupee value starts depreciating. Right now, the United States follow floating exchange rate system. The last one is the managed floating exchange rate. This is now adapted by most countries and even India after 1991 has also adapted managed floating exchange rate system. It is the middle path between fixed exchange rate regime and floating exchange rate regime. In this system, the exchange rate of rupee is allowed to move freely based on the market forces. However, during difficult circumstances, the Central Bank intervened to stabilize the exchange rate by selling or buying dollars. So, if there is more demand for dollars during an exceptional situation, then the RBI will sell its reserve of dollars in the market, thereby pulling down the demand for dollars. Actually, RBI has been doing this for quite some time. In September 2021, the Reserve Bank of India had a forex reserve of around 640 billion dollars. But once the oil price started raising in the global market, the demand for dollars started increasing in India. This resulted in rapid depreciation of Indian rupee. To arrest the falling value of Indian rupee, the Reserve Bank started selling dollars from its reserves. This has resulted in Reserve Bank's forex reserve falling from 640 billion dollars in 2021 to 563 billion dollars as of now. This is about managed floating exchange rate. So, that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion, we saw how exchange rate works and we also saw three systems of managing exchange rate. With this, let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article. Look at this news article here. The news article says that over the past five years, the number of registered startups in India has grown from 452 in 2016 to 84,012 in 2022. As per the article, India has the world's third largest startup ecosystem and one of the biggest market for cloud services. AWS or Amazon Web Services has provided startup credit that allow new startups to use a range of services from computing, storage and hosting for free. This is about the news article given here. In this context, let us understand about this cloud services. First of all, you should know about cloud computing. Cloud computing is a demand-based delivery of IT services over the internet. Using this, you can access technology services on the basis of need instead of buying, owning and maintaining a physical data center and service. You can access technology services such as computing power, storage and databases and need basis from a cloud provider. Some of the examples of cloud service providers include Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Platform and Alibaba Cloud. Here, you have to know that there are three main types of cloud computing. They are infrastructure as a service, platform as a service and software as a service. The significance of these types is that each type provide different levels of control, flexibility and management. So, based on these levels, you can select the right set of services that suits your need. Now, we will see the three types one by one in detail. Firstly, let us take infrastructure as a service. Infrastructure as a service contains the basic building block for cloud information technology. It provides access to networking features, computers and data storage space. Infrastructure as a service gives you the highest level of flexibility and management control over the information technology resources. The second one is platform as a service. This service removes the need for the management of underlying infrastructure which is usually hardware and the operating system. So, you can just focus on the development and management of the application. So, basically platform as a service helps you to be more efficient. This is because we need not worry about the resource procurement, capacity planning, software maintenance, patching, etc. Finally, we have the software as a service. Software as a service provides a complete product that is run and managed by the service provider. In most cases, people who come to software as a service are coming for the end user application. So, with software as a service, there is no need to think about the service because it is maintained by the service provider. We only need to think about how we are going to use that particular software. So, these are the three types of cloud services. Let me explain these three services in simple words. In infrastructure as a service, we are managing and controlling the basic infrastructure which is basically the hardware and the OS. Here, hardware means the server. In platform as a service, we are managing the application developed using the infrastructure. And in software as a service, we are just using the application. We are not involved in managing the hardware or we are not involved in developing the application. We are just using the software that is already developed by the service provider. So, these three are the types of cloud services available. And as India is becoming the third largest startup ecosystem in the world, the need for cloud services in India is skyrocketing. So, India-based cloud service provider has become the need of the hover to address the demand in the cloud service in India's startup ecosystem. So, that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion, we saw what is cloud services and the three types of cloud services. We also saw that there is a demand-supply miss-patch between cloud services in India. With this, let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article. Look at this news article. As you can see in the title of this article, this article is about Anganwadis. See, counselors in Chennai are saying that the conditions of Anganwadis are very poor. And they also said that some of the works, such as fixing lights, sealing the holes in the walls are done using counselors' own personal money. This is the crux of the article given here. In this context, let us see about Anganwadi scheme. If you want to know about Anganwadi program, then you must know about ICDS. What is this ICDS? ICDS is expanded as Integrated Child Development Services. ICDS was launched on 2nd October 1975. It is one of the flagship program of the Government of India for early childhood care and development. The scheme aims to provide preschool non-formal education on one hand and on the other hand, it aims to break the vicious cycle of malnutrition, morbidity, reduced learning capacity and mortality. The beneficiaries under the scheme are children in the age group of zero to six years, pregnant women and lactating mothers. Some of the objectives of the scheme are to improve the nutritional and health status of children in the age group of zero to six years to lay the foundation for proper psychological, physical and social development of the child to reduce the incidence of mortality, morbidity, malnutrition and school dropout to achieve the effective coordination of policies and implementation amongst the various departments to promote child development and finally to enhance the capacity of the mothers to look after the normal health and nutritional need of the child through proper nutrition and health education. This is about ICDS, which is Integrated Child Development Services. Here you have to know that Anganwadi scheme is part of the ICDS program. It is a type of child and mother care center in India. These centers provide a package of services which are offered under ICDS. Those services are supplementary nutrition, preschool, non-formal education, nutrition and health education, immunization, health checkup and finally referral services. The target groups and ministries who provide these services are given in this table. Just pass the video and note it down. So that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion we saw about Anganwadi scheme and ICDS. With this let us conclude the news article discussion session and take up the practice problems questions. We have five practice problems questions today. Let us see them one by one. Let us take up the first question. This question is about Central Drug Standards Control Organization or CDSCO. It is a three statement question. We have to find the correct statement. Let us take up the first statement. It is functioning under the Ministry of Chemical and Fertilizer. This statement is wrong. The CDSCO is functioning under the Direct Trade General of Health Services and this direct trade falls under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. So CDSCO is functioning under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. So statement one is wrong. Moving on to the second statement. It is headed by the Drugs Controller General of India. This statement is correct. Moving on to the third statement. It gives approval for clinical trials in the country. This statement is correct because only CDSCO can give approval for clinical trials in our country. So statement two and statement three are correct. So the correct answer here is option B213 only. Moving on to the second question. It is a 2021 problems question. It is also a two statement question. We have to find the correct statement. Let us take up the first statement. The Montague Clemsford reform of 1919 recommended granting voting rights to all women above the age of 21. This statement is incorrect because the Montague Clemsford reform of 1919 did not recommend granting voting rights to all women above the age of 21. Although it recommended voting rights to women in limited numbers to be extended on the basis of property tax and education. Moving on to statement two. The Government of India Act of 1935 gave women reserved seats in legislature. This statement is also incorrect. Actually the Government of India Act of 1935 gave women separate electorate and it did not provide reservation for women. So here both the statements are incorrect. So the correct answer is option D neither one nor two. Moving on to the third question. Here three definitions are given. We have to find which of the statements properly defines the term dynasty politics. Let us take up option A. Dynasty politics occurs when several members of a family occupy various position in government simultaneously. This is wrong because option A actually defines concurrent dynasty. Moving on to option C. Dynasty politics occur when a series of rulers of country come from the same family. See this defines dynasty but not dynasty politics. The correct answer is option B. Dynasty politics occurs when an elected government official is succeeded by a member of his household. So finally the correct answer for this question is option B. Moving on to the fourth question. This is a three statement question about cloud services. Let us take up the statements. Infrastructure as a service provides access to networking features, computers and data storage space. Moving on to the second statement. Platform as a service allows the user to focus on development and management of application. Third statement. Software as a service provides a complete product that is run and managed by the service provider. See all these three statements are correct which we saw in the discussion itself. So the correct answer here is option D one to one three only. Moving on to the last question. See this is a quiz question for you today. Interested aspirants can write the answer for this question in the comment section. The main question based on today's discussion is displayed here. Interested aspirants can write the answer and post it in the comment section. If you like today's video, like, comment and share it with your friends. For more updates regarding UPSC preparation, subscribe to Shankara IS Academy's YouTube channel. Thank you and see you all next year.