 Good morning everyone, I am Srikanth. So most of you are aware that Akash tablet, the Akash tablet which you have can be made into dual boot version. That means on the internal NAND flash we already have Android operating system running and we can optionally boot your Akash tablet into a Linux machine by installing Linux on HD card. So as I mentioned it's completely optional, it's not that you have to install Linux for any particular experiment. Why Linux? First of all let me give you a brief introduction. So with Android we have few limitations, we can't run our regular Linux applications directly on our Android operating system. As you might have known that Android is completely Google owned and it's a community based open source operating system but though it has some limitations it doesn't allow you to run Linux, though it runs on Linux kernel but it doesn't allow you to run native Linux apps directly on your Android tablet. Second it restricts user to block few features like Android is continuously tracking whatever the user performance tablet. So if you take a scenario when a student is browsing something and he is online with his Gmail account, so Google get all the statistics what site he is getting and what site he is visiting etc and he gets the advertisements based on the search results and that somehow annoys end user. Most of our electronics and embedded system applications won't run on Android platform. So suppose we need to connect a microcontroller to our Akash tablet that is not possible with Android because Android doesn't provide any APIs, especially our version of Android doesn't provide any APIs to program Arduino or any microcontroller interfacing programs. Moreover we can't run any educational apps similar to Sylab or Scientific Python or anything else. So today we are going to see how to install Linux on SD card, it's a one page slide it contains all the information, take a SD card, micro SD card, say 8 GB or more, so these are micro SD card adapter, so I use this adapter because my laptop supports this adapter and I just insert this micro SD card into my micro SD adapter then I insert this adapter into my laptop. If you have a card reader you can insert your card reader in the USB slot, next is I will perform few steps here that we have to watch carefully. So as I suggest you need an 8 GB SD card which is recommended because our Linux image is of 8 GB, download Linux image from this link, so this is a link, when you click it will give you an option to download, maybe server is slow, anyway you will get a 2 GB image file for download, download that image file, unzip that file, then you will get a .img file extension similar to this, let me open a new tab, so after extracting my Linux image which I have downloaded from here, this place, so it's a 2 GB image, it's a compressed file, when I uncompress it I will get something like this, it says 12.10 dg spark, 278000, so if you see the file size of this, du is disk uses hsh, show me in human readable form, it says 6.9 GB, so 6.9 GB can comfortably fit in 8 GB SD card, so we have our files ready, what next? So download a DD maker for dev systems or DD maker .sh for thing, so what is DD maker, let me give you a brief introduction before we proceed, when we create a bootable Linux SD card, when you insert it to your akash tablet, instead of booting to android it will boot directly to Linux, so that means there are some modifications in the boot sector that is initial sector of your SD card, that means when you make it a Linux bootable SD card, you can't make it a regular SD card like your phone or for your tablet, probably you might be thinking that why can't I copy this, copy 12.10 this to my SD card, will it work? No it won't work, copying means it will just copy this image file to your 8 GB SD card, that won't work, that won't make it bootable, so what we need to do is, we have special tools in Linux which copy bit by bit to the entire SD card and make it bootable, for that I have written script, so that script is known as DD maker, so what I will do is, I will download this DD maker script, so just click on this, it will open a page, right click on this page, save as, save as, it's a shell script, replace, yes replace, ok. Now I will come to my akash directory, so here I have DD maker dot sh, so as you know I have downloaded the image file also which is 6.9 GB, so I will make that image file right into the SD card, so how I will do it, I will just type bash, let me clear the screen, bash DD maker dot sh, that's it, that's all I have to do, it is asking my password, so if you are running a Linux machine, give your user password and enter, so it is telling me please remove your drive SD card if connected, then press yes to continue, so I have already removed it, so I need not to remove, if you have connected your, inserted your SD card in your SD card slot, then please remove it, this is a safety feature, we don't want to write this image to some other drive of your hard disk, that's why for precaution we are just asking you to remove the SD card, yes, now it says please insert your drive back, then press yes to continue, so I will insert this micro SD card similar to this, yes, so now I will press yes, so it says waiting for device, fine, so it again warns you, it gives you a visual reference that a 7.4 GB is detected, the size will be less than actual size of your device, would you like to continue, press yes to continue and note to quit, so why we have detected 7.4 GB, because we have our 8 GB SD card, so in 8 GB SD card some portion of the SD card is used for file system purpose, so these are fact file system so it will take around 400 MB for file system operations, so need not to worry, so if you have 8 GB card it will be something like 7.5 GB, if you have 16 GB card it will be something like 15.4 GB and so on, so yes we know that we haven't connected any pen drive or any external hard disk of 7.4 GB size, so we are pretty sure that whatever we have connected is our SD card only, so what I will do I will do yes, so now it ask me select your file, which file the IMG file which we want to write, so I know my location of the file it is in ISO images, so 12.10 dg spar 278 2013, so I will select this 8 GB card and press ok, so now DD process has started, so you can see a progress bar, so it will take approximately 35 to 40 minutes depending upon the size of the SD card, for typical 8 GB SD card on a regular Linux machine it might take say 40 minutes, so once it is done it will give you a pop up and it will say your SD card is ready, you can remove your SD card and insert to Akash, so what I will do is I will just cancel this because it will take lot of time and I will proceed with my next step which is inserting to Akash, so DD process is cancelled it has detected that the cancellation have been done, you may have to format the drive to use it again, because we have interrupted the DD process, so your drive your SD card might not be usable, so what you have to do is you have to format it back, so I will show you how to format it back to make it usable, so before that let us finish ok, any questions so far? So, DD maker does not have to do anything with version of Ubuntu, you can either use Fedora, you can use any other Linux favor, DD maker is just a tool to write your image file to SD card, you can use DD maker tool even for writing for Raspberry Pi and Beagle board for any images, our present Akash supports 12.10, 13.10 images, we have 13.10 images also and very soon we are going to make 14.04 images also. So, there is any constraint about the operating system bit like 32 bit or 64 bit in Akash like that I have used since 13.04, they have commonly said that whenever there is a new machine you have to install 64 bit rather than 32 bit, so actually 64 bit and 32 bit are concerned of desktop operating systems, so we are not dealing here with desktop operating system, desktop operating systems are typically either x86 or AMD 64, so the Akash tablet is of ARM architecture, so ARM architecture is 32 bit so far, there are 64 bit ARM versions also but they are very costly and beyond our reach, so most of your embedded Linux devices may be it is Akash or Beagle board or Raspberry Pi, they all are 32 bit operating systems, so you need not to confuse with desktop versioning like 64 bit of Ubuntu 64 bit of Fedora, etc. Yes, so good question, actually I forgot to mention, so the instructions which I am displaying now that typically for Linux based operating systems, you can use any flavor of Linux maybe Fedora or Red Hat anything, it can be done on Windows also but I have not tested, so you can just search on Google or I will just find out and let you know that how to make a DD image in Windows, but typically it is better to do a DD operation or writing image operation in Linux operating system, I guess all of your means at least one of your lab machine do contain Linux operating system. Yes, so if you want to access Android operating system, you have to remove the HD card and if you want to access Linux operating system, you have to insert the bootable HD card, press the power button on for 10 second, then you will get an Akash logo, then if you boot to Linux, there is no boot selection menu in the Akash tablet, unlike desktop operating systems where you get an option with arrow key, you select which operating system to choose, there is no such facility here, so the only option is to remove the HD card and insert the HD card to use the application. Okay, this is also good question, sir has asked, out of many Linux operating system Linux distribution, which one is the best, so for educational purpose, we would suggest rather, I would suggest Ubuntu because it has lot of online support, suppose you are getting into trouble and you can easily search, network is not working on Ubuntu, so you will get lot of community based answers, which might suit you. Sir, what about Fedora and CentOS, they are also equally good and you may use any of them, yes sir, you can make, so you have to probably search for a tool similar to DD maker, which will do the particular operation. Sir, actually I just want to add something, in Windows if you want to make a bootable Linux image, so there is a freeware software which is called Linux live and I also use this procedure in Windows, but it won't work, it will only work in Linux, so if we basically use DD maker, then only we will be able to create that SD card bootable. Correct, so this method only works on Linux operating system, for Windows operating system, sir as mentioned, Lili, Lili USB creator, it's a freeware software. Yes, Lili USB creator, you might explore Lili USB creator. So, some kind of hardware damages are also there associated with the Linux users, can you tell us something about those? Sir, what kind of hardware damages you are mentioning? While you are installing and while you are using as well, so many kind of hardware damages I heard about, so I am just asking you about if there is any kind of the hardware damage associated. Okay, let me answer this question this way, so Linux, voting to Linux is just yet another way of using operating system, so as far as Linux operating system is concerned, it is very safe and secure, it is used by almost 75% of world servers, so with the operating system uses you won't be damaging your hardware, that's for sure. The hardware damage might happen in Android operating system as well and that could be some mechanical damage or accidentally you can erase your hard disk, not hard disk, the internal ROM etc, but there are no such hardware damages, maybe when you do multiple times insertion of SD card and that might damage your SD card slot, but that's the farthest I can think of right now. Sir, actually Android is a lightweight operating system, right? Correct. And Linux I know actually works on desktop and when you are trying to boot Linux and to the tablet, don't you think the performance will be completely degraded? So, by looking at the experiment, you are trying to have an embedded equipment to check for the temperature, instead if you can have such hardware interaction programming for Android, that helps better than this, right? With Android operating system, we don't have facilities or APIs to interface Anudino or Interface Arduino directly. So, as you have aware of that with Linux operating system, we have liberty of using any hardware, we can interface any USB to serial device, any USB device, anything we can use directly, but with Android due to security reasons, those features have been disabled. The second question is what is the motivation behind of using Linux? So, as I mentioned with Android, we can't install native Linux apps because Linux contains most of the open source apps like Sylab and Scientific Python, many other things. So, those apps we can't directly install on Android operating system and Android operating system doesn't have many educational apps. If at all they have, they are paid apps and they are ad-prone, so we don't recommend them to use by students. Though we are in a process of making good Android apps, you might have aware of AkashLabs.org, your teams and your colleges are also participating in that. So, once that repository is ready, we can say that we have few apps which are very good, but beyond that, Linux have repository of more than 60,000 apps. Out of 60,000, maybe 10,000 plus apps are either embedded related, educational related, learning related apps. So, we don't want to leave behind those features because they are very handy and with a small AkashLib tablet, one can easily connect a micro USB adapter, a USB hub, keyboard and mouse. And one can easily use this device as a regular computer. And coming to your first question, speed. Let me tell you, when Android boots, it uses around 250 MB of your RAM because it cache everything into your RAM. When Linux boots, it only takes 50 MB. So, we have almost 400 MB like free space for Linux. Let me tell you one more thing. The sila, which we learn, run on Android version of Linux, which is very slow. We can see APL app, which is just in hack, which is very slow compared to the Linux version. In Linux, if you connect a keyboard and type, it is as fast as any desktop operating system. It is really fast and it has been optimized for this tablet. It's not that we are running exactly the desktop operating system here. We have reduced many overheads. We have removed many unwanted things. And only the slim and optimized version of Linux is available here. Can we use the lightweight versions of Linux such as X Ubuntu? This Ubuntu, which you have seen is not a regular Ubuntu, it's a Unity-based Ubuntu. It's an LXDE-based desktop, which is L Ubuntu-based desktop. It is even more lighter than L Ubuntu because we have removed many components of L Ubuntu. We have just taken the simple LXDE desktop and just added few themes over it. And that too very optimized themes and fonts to make it visually appealing. That's it. Sir, as you said, it can be act as a small PC. Can we interface this projected to that Akash? Is there any drivers available? Because we are struggling to like play this all PPT set to the class. So if it is that, then it is easy for us to carry into the class. Excellent question. Even with Android version also, this feature lacks and this really hurts because whatever we develop, we can't project directly to our projector. Though with Wi-Fi-based projectors, the new version of Wi-Fi projectors, that can interact with Akash. The other option is using a VNC server and VNC client approach. So install a VNC server on your Akash, access the VNC client on your laptop, project the laptop screen to the projector. So this small hack, but it works for presentations at least. You can't play videos at all because the frame rate is very less, but it is quite good for presentations. So that VNC server approach is very much useful. It is only important with the Akash graphic or other F2O devices like we have the Samsung and other. Unlike desktop operating systems, in desktop what we do, we take a portable CD and we can run it on either Dell machine or Lenovo machine or anywhere else, it works. But in case of ARM based operating systems, the one which is made for this tablet, Akash tablet, can't be run on my same Android phone. Though this is also ARM platform and this is also ARM platform, but they are incompatible. So this is a big issue with ARM based applications. So the HD card which you have made is particularly constrained to only one version which is Akash 2. So when Akash 4 will come, we have to make a fresh SD card because there are minor changes in kernel and bootloader only that we have to make and we have to patch it for new version of Akash. I want to ask that we have a new type of the Akash tablet with him that also support the mobile communication facility. After booting with the SD card, it is possible to make the cellular communication or it is stopped working. No, that feature is not yet available. Okay. One additional thing I want to ask you. Vantu has just released their own mobile phone. Correct. And it also allows the Vantu operating system to be ported on the smart devices. Correct. So what is the big difference between this version that we have made compatible for the device Akash tablet and the Vantu has done. That you raised that question. So Ubuntu recently has launched a unified operating system which can run on any platform. So Ubuntu is run by Canonical. It is funded by Canonical company. So Ubuntu on phones you might have aware of that Ubuntu can run on phone also. There is an Ubuntu phone operating system similar to Android and that can make a phone calls. But the issue with Ubuntu on phone is you can't run your regular Linux X server that is Linux graphical applications on your Ubuntu on phone because Ubuntu on phone uses QML and different UI interface which is incompatible with your desktop X server which we call X server X means X window system X server. So they are incompatible. So unless Ubuntu finds a way to port regular Linux apps to Ubuntu based tablets which can make calls also. So we are stuck in between. They have an option that you can connect an HDMI cable to a monitor. The phone immediately turns into a desktop operating system. But in our Akash we don't have any HDMI cable and so we can't make it happen. It's the Linux prompt. Correct. So what is the difference? Only we get GUI using this method or? So sir has raised a question. In Android marketplace we have such applications like Android terminal, Android terminal emulator. And there is an application known as Android Linux on Android. So that application runs inside the Android operating system. It connects to the Android operating system using a VNC client and VNC server interface. I will tell you what problems we have with that. First of all, for using a regular Linux application it's quite good. Though it is slow because you are running virtually two operating systems on the same platform. So experience a performance degradation. Beside that, suppose you want only Linux terminal, I think that approach is quite good. If you want only terminal based Linux programs to run and test, you can use Linux on Android which is available on Android marketplace. Or you can anyway contact me and I can provide you a custom Linux version for Akash. The second issue with that is the main features of Linux operating system which we want to explore, they are absent in the Linux on Android version. Because the Linux on Android version access the Android kernel underneath which doesn't have support for IO communication, USB to serial communication, etc. So it just exports the display in the VNC server, VNC client. It's like viewing a remote machine on a local host. So what it does is just run a Linux image on a local host server and export the display. So it's just in hack but it consumes a lot of CPU and it's same as running two operating systems in one. Second, with that approach you can't replace regular Linux on Akash approach because with regular Linux on Akash approach you have accessibility of all hardware interfaces. You can connect USB, you can connect Android, you can connect Arduino, you can connect 8051 controllers, any of those. So I will take just 5 more minutes. I have one more slide to show you. And meanwhile what I will do is I will just make a quick revision of what we have seen so far. So you have seen how we have created a bootable Linux image. So I will take this microSD card out. So I will take this microSD card and I will insert this microSD card in microSD card slot here. So because this SD card is damaged because I have stopped in between. So just for demo purpose I have already created a microSD card and I have inserted here. Now I will do a long press of power button. So it is showing a Akash logo and it will take hardly 10 seconds to boot into Linux. It's a regular Ubuntu 12.10 desktop. It's a very custom version so you can see there is a panel at the left side which I can access as menu. And this menu icons and separation between each menu entry has been optimized for touch based operations. To turn off the machine I will do a log out. It is showing a shutdown option. So I will press shutdown and machine will power off. And once it's done, if I press the power button again it won't boot to Android. So to boot to Android what I have to do is remove the microSD card, press the power button. And this time you don't have to press for 10 seconds because Android boots immediately. And you are back to your regular Android. So as this microSD card is damaged to how to format this in your Linux operating system. So you can use G-parted tool. So I will search G-parted. It's a graphical tool. You can do it command line version also. It is searching for devices. So this will detect a 7.4 GB image. So your Linux SD card contains three partitions. One is swap partition, swap is a virtual file system. And EXT4 which is your root file system. And this is for your kernel and bootroader. So what I can do is I can just select this and delete. Right click. Unmount. Unmounting means they have been already been present on my desktop here. This is 17 and 7.3 GB. Unmount will release them. So now I can format them. So before format I will delete them. Delete. Delete. Now right click create a new file system. Make it FAT32. Because FAT32 you can use it on either phone, desktop, anywhere. Add. Apply. So this will create your SD card back. And now you can use your SD card on your phone, tablet, wherever you want. Coming to next option. Anu Duno which you probably know better now. So we have this Anu Duno documentation. Some sample projects. And a mailing list. And this is the Anu Duno documentation. So all you need to know about Anu Duno is listed here. So it contains why Anu Duno, what is different between Arduino. And how to program it. Board files. These are simple single-sided PCBs. And how to program it. How to program the bootloader. And what kind of screen you will get. USB connection. If you want to make Anu Duno on breadboard. What the connections would be. And how to program Anu Duno chip. How not to program Anu Duno chip. So everything is listed here. Even your. This. Temperature sensor experiment is also listed in detail. At this documentation page. So sample projects. Coming to sample projects. We are looking forward for Anu Duno book. A free open source Anu Duno book. Which will contain. As many applications possible with Anu Duno. So that you can easily replicate them. And customize them for your personal needs. So far. Intern is working. Nivedita is working on this. And she has made around 12. Experiments possible with Anu Duno. So I will show you few of them. So this is a simple one. How to make a link LED project. So what you can do is. What components you require. The schematic of that. A circuit diagram. And the code. Similarly DC motors. How to connect. A circuit diagram. And code. RGB LED. Code. So we have a list of 12 experiments now. And we are soon. 25. There are many in pipeline. So please expect a open source book very soon. Maybe in two months. So following the instructions in the book. You can easily customize your Anu Duno applications. There is a mailing list which I created this morning. So you can just click on this. And you can join this Anu Duno mailing list. To raise any questions. Post any questions. And there is an online form. For your feedback. To receive newsletters. So with Anu Duno. As soon as we make any progress. Suppose we release a book tomorrow. Or we conduct a workshop. To let you know. We want you to fill this form. So only mandatory. Options are name and email address. Because we need your email address. For obvious reasons. And if you want. That your email address to be included. And that mailing list. So I will put my name. Email address. Include this email address into my mailing list. So I will receive the notification. I will add you to the mailing list. Your college or institute address. If at all we want to communicate you. Or send you some invitation for Anu Duno workshop. Your phone number. That is also optional. And what you think about Anu Duno. How it can help. What kind of applications you are going to use. With Anu Duno. Stick box. Or you can add few suggestions here. And just submit it. That's all we want for you. And if you have any questions. Please ask me regarding Anu Duno now. Yesterday they showed that. Not working. Particular apps. Correct. Linux version. As you said those apps are directly for android only sir. They won't work on Linux version. Is there any alternate then. Both to android and use that. On Linux we don't have any apps then. Actually Linux. All the desktop applications which you use here. Suppose you go to. Synaptic. So it's a package manager for Linux. Unlike Windows operating system. In Linux you don't have to hunt for applications. Across the web. In Windows we just search free. Free download. Option for this application. For Linux we don't have to. We have inbuilt software repository. So all you need to do is search here. And the same interface is available on Linux version of Akash also. So whatever application you need. Suppose Sylab. It's available. So all I have to do is check this. Mark apply. And apply that's it. It will install Sylab. So at akashlabs.org we don't have any particular application listed there. Because all of the applications are available. Inside the. Synaptic package manager. Can we use pen drive instead of the SD card? Unfortunately no sir. Akash Tablet. SoC system on chip. Which is all winner based. And that has a. Algorithm you might say. It has a bios. Which rather search for micro sd slot. Instead of. Pen drive slot.