 So, this is going to be a demonstration of the full branches of the iliac in the pelvis. We are focusing on the left side. So, this is the spine cadaver. This is the left side. This is the right side. The camera person is also on the right side. This is the left common iliac artery. We can see that the left common iliac artery is dividing into a left external iliac and left internal iliac. And each of them are accompanied by the respective veins. The left internal iliac, as it descends down into the true pelvis, we can see it is dividing into two principal divisions. This is the anterior division, which has got six branches. And this one is the posterior division, which has got three branches. So, let's take the posterior division branches first. This branch, which we can see from the posterior division. And I have lifted it up here. This is the first branch. Pustio superiori. This is the ilio lumbar artery. And this ilio lumbar artery, it makes an anastomosis with the fourth lumbar artery arising from the aorta. And it also anastomosis indirectly with this artery here. This is the deep circumflex iliac artery coming from the external iliac. And it runs on the inner surface of the iliac crest. So, therefore, we have an anastomotic arcade by this artery here, by the lumbar artery and by the ilio lumbar artery arising from the posterior division of the internal iliac. The second branch from the posterior division is this one, which we have lifted up here. This is the lateral sacral artery. The lateral sacral artery runs medially on the surface of the sacrum. And it anastomosis with this artery in front of the sacrum, this one. This is that same artery. This is the median sacral artery, which arises from the abdominal aorta just before it's bifurcation and runs in the midline down. So, here again, we have an anastomosis between the lateral sacral artery, median sacral artery and the lateral sacral artery on the opposite side. At this juncture, I would like to draw your attention to the accompanying veins. These are the lateral sacral veins. They are very big in this case. These lateral sacral veins have a very important clinical role to play. Whenever we have any cancer of the pelvic organs, especially cancer of cervix, cancer of the bladder and cancer of prostate and males, the cancer cells can spread through the lateral sacral veins to the sacrum. And that's how we get vertebral metastasis. Not only that, they can also spread into the internal vertebral venous plexus inside the vertebral canal. And because these veins, they are referred to as the valvelous veins of betesin, the cancer cells can go up into the cranial cavity. And they can develop metastatic deposits even in the brain. So, these lateral sacral veins are the culprits, which accompany the lateral sacral artery. And the third branch of the posterior division is this one that we see. We have lifted up here. Ideally, this is supposed to be the superior gluteal. But in this case, we see some things very special and unique. And I've shown it from another perspective. We can see that this is not only the superior gluteal, which is this one, which comes out from the greater sciatic ferrament above the pyriformis. This muscle, which my probe is pointing, is the pyriformis. But the same one is also giving it another branch. And that is the branch which we have phrased down here. That is the inferior gluteal. So, the posterior division is giving rise to the superior gluteal and inferior gluteal. The inferior gluteal comes out from the greater sciatic ferrament below the pyriformis. And this inferior gluteal also participates in what is known as the cruciate anastomosis around the greater trochanter and the hip joint. All these anastomosis, which I mentioned, they become important collateral circulations in outer iliac obstruction and iliofemoral obstruction. First collateral is important in outer iliac obstruction. And the second collateral, namely the cruciate anastomosis, is important in iliofemoral obstruction. Now, let's come back to the anterior division of the internal iliac. So, I have picked up the internal iliac again. And this is the anterior division. The anterior division ideally is supposed to have six branches. But we have already seen that there is a variation. So, let's take a look at the branches. The first branch is this one here, which we have picked up. This is the obliterated umbilical artery. The umbilical artery, as we know in fetal life, it carries deoxygenate blood to the placenta. And after birth, it gets fibrosis. Only the distal portion, which you can see here, gets fibrosis and forms a medial umbilical ligament, which runs like this towards the umbilicus. The proximal portion remains pageant. And the proximal portion gives rise to multiple superior vesicle arteries. And we can see the superior vesicle arteries here. I have held up the bladder by the medial umbilical ligament. And we can see these branches coming to the bladder. These are branches of the superior vesicle artery. So, therefore, the umbilical artery, the proximal pageant portion, gives rise to multiple superior vesicle branches, which supply the bladder from its dome. The next branch that we can see is this one here. This is supposed to be the operator artery. And we can clearly see the operator vein here. We can see the operator nerve here. But in the case of operator artery, we see, again, a variation. We can see that the operator artery is very small here. And all these three structures, the artery, vein, and the nerve, they're passing through this foramen here. This is the operator foramen. Instead, we can see that there's a very big contribution from this artery here. This is a branch from the inferior epigastric artery. And this is referred to as the accessory operator artery. Or in this particular case, it will be called as the replaced operator artery, which is present in 20% of the population. And because it runs in an arc around the lacunary ligament, it is also referred to as the corona mortis artery. So here we see that the main operator artery from the anterior division is very small, and it is supplemented by the accessory operator artery, which anastomosis with it. And then all three of them pass out through the operator foramen to the medial side of the thigh. That's the second branch of the anterior division. The third branch of the anterior division, because this is a female cadaver, there is no inferior epigastric artery. Instead, we have the uterine artery. My finger is pointing at the vesico uterine pouch. Anteriorly, this is the bladder. And posteriorly, this is the uterus. We can see this is the ureter. And the ureter is running towards the bladder. And running right above the ureter, we have this artery here, this one. This is the uterine artery. So here again, we have an important clinical correlation. Whenever we are doing any uterine surgery, especially hysterectomy, and we are clamping the uterine artery, we have to be very careful of the ureter. Because if we clamp this, then we can have a vesicular necrosis of the ureter. And this is a very important and a very serious complication which can happen during hysterectomy. So therefore, the rule of thumb to be remembered is that the ureter passes under the uterine artery. And there's a mnemonic for that. We say that the water flows under the bridge. Water being the ureter, bridge being the uterine artery. So that's the third branch. The fourth branch is supposed to be middle rectal artery. So for that, I'll pick up the rectum here. This is the sigmoid. And behind that, continuing down is the rectum. And we can see this artery. This is the middle rectal artery, which is anastomocene with the branches of the superior rectal artery, which is a continuous of the inferior mesentry. So this is the next branch of the anterior division of the internal iliac, the middle rectal artery. And we can see it is accompanied by the middle rectal veins. Then we have final two branches, gluteal and the internal pudendal. I've already told you this is the inferior gluteal artery. It is coming from the posterior division. And it exits the great sciatic foramen below the piriformis. The final branch is the internal pudendal artery. This is one cut end of the internal pudendal artery, exiting the greater sciatic foramen below the piriformis with the inferior gluteal artery. And this is the other cut end of it, coming off from the anterior division. So therefore, to summarize, the anterior division has got six branches, umbilical artery, giving rest to the superior vesicle. The operator artery, in this case, it is very small. Then we have the uterine artery, which passes above the ureter. Then we have the middle rectal artery. Then we have, in this case, the inferior gluteal artery is not coming from the anterior division. Then we have the internal pudendal artery. The internal pudendal artery accompanies the pudendal nerve and it enters the lesser sciatic foramen. It enters into the pudendal canal and supplies the perineum. So these are the branches that we can see of the internal iliac artery in the pelvis, both anterior division and posterior division of the left side. Thank you very much for watching. If you have any questions or comments, please put them in the comment section below. Dr. Sanjay Sanyal signing out. Have a nice day.