 Welcome to the Hindu News Analysis by Shankar IAS Academy, displayed at the list of news articles taken up for today's analysis along with the respective page numbers of Chennai, Bengaluru, Delhi and Thiruvananthapuram editions. The handwritten notes in PDF format and the time stamping of all the news articles taken up for today's analysis will be available in the description section and also in the comment section below for the benefit of the smartphone users. Let us now start our analysis. First, let us see the editorial title reimagining the Neethi Ayog. The analysis of this editorial will be helpful in your mains preparation, in your general studies paper 2 under functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein. And also in your general studies paper 3 under Indian economy and issues related to growth. First, the authors have started with the fact that the Indian economy, polity and demography, that is the population and the Indian society has undergone many changes since independence. The authors have suggested that India's fiscal federalism needs to be reconsidered from a different perspective and they have proposed four pillars for redesigning India's fiscal federalism. So, this entire editorial is about these four pillars for redesigning India's fiscal federalism. We know that politically federalism means a division of powers between the central government and different state governments. So, the power is divided between the center and the states. Now, fiscal means something which is related to the revenue or the finances. So, we can tell fiscal federalism as the division of financial powers. Now, let us see the first pillar that has been proposed by the authors. It is the finance commission. To know why finance commission's role is important, you first need to know the imbalances in the financial federal structure. The authors tell that typically countries that have financial federalism have two types of imbalances. One is the vertical imbalance and the other is horizontal imbalance. First, let us see the vertical imbalance. Vertical means central government at the top or the helm and the state governments at the next level. Now, the tax revenues have to be shared between the state and the center. If center gets more tax revenues than the state governments, then we can tell that there is a vertical imbalance. The authors tell that the constitution mandates relatively greater responsibilities to the state governments when compared to the central government. If you see post the introduction of GST, nothing but the goods and service tax, the share of states in the public expenditure is 60% while it is 40% for the center to perform their duties, as mentioned in the constitution. So, we can see that there is some balance achieved with the introduction of this GST. Now, horizontal imbalance means the imbalance between the different state governments in the India, which is nothing but this layer. Even though the money shared to all the state governments may be the same, few states may have more challenges because of its population. So, they have different level of development. The authors tell that traditionally the finance commissions have dealt with these imbalances in a very good manner. So, the authors propose that the finance commission should continue to be the first pillar of the new fiscal federal structure of India. That is why, this is the importance of the finance commission which the authors put forward. Now, we have discussed about finance commission in our ninth May analysis, just have a look at it. Next, to propose the second pillar, the authors have tried to explain further the horizontal imbalance that we just saw. They tell that this horizontal imbalance has two more types again, type 1 and type 2. Now, of this type 1 imbalances, more about providing adequate basic public goods and services between different states, while type 2 imbalances about transformational capital deficits. We know that India is growing, but at the same time, the infrastructure also needs to grow. Now, to build the infrastructure, you need some money which is nothing but your capital. If you get less money in the form of investments than the money which you require to build this infrastructure, then you can call this as transformational capital deficit in simpler terms. So, we can tell one activity is dependent on the other here. So, the authors mention that this type 2 horizontal imbalance is known to be historically condition of path dependent, which means depending on one or other parameters. So, to address these type 1 and type 2 horizontal imbalances, the authors tell that the Timbergen assignment principle should be followed. Now, according to this principle, the policy makers trying to achieve multiple economic targets need to have control over at least one policy tool for each policy target. So, for one goal, you at least need to have one policy tool. Now, to address this type 1 horizontal imbalance, the authors have proposed the Finance Commission, which is the first pillar that we just saw. And to address this type 2 horizontal imbalance, the authors have proposed Nithiyog version 2. So, the authors propose this Nithiyog version 2 as the second pillar of new fiscal federal structure. The authors tell that in the past, the Planning Commission used to give grants to the states as conditional transfers using the Gadgil Mukherjee formula. Now, just remember this formula name. It need not be seen in detail since the Planning Commission has been scrapped by the present government. So, these conditional transfers help the state governments in the past to address their development issues. Now, some can argue that the Finance Ministry is the other alternative to the Planning Commission or to what Planning Commission did in this regard. But the authors tell that the Finance Ministry's primary duty is to focus on the country's macroeconomic stability and the proper functioning of the financial system instead of focusing on the development of the states. Now, this is the reason why the authors are telling that the Finance Commission can address this type 1 horizontal imbalance and Nithiyog version 2 can address this type 2 horizontal imbalance. But we know that Nithiyog is just a think tank of the government and it has no financial powers. So, the authors have suggested that the newer version or the second version of Nithiyog should receive significant resources, say 1 percentage to 2 percentage of the entire GDP to address the type 2 horizontal imbalance. In short, it should be given some financial powers. If Nithiyog will focus on giving the money to the states, it will promote the growth of the states that are lagging and help overcome their historically conditioned infrastructure deficit. Thus, reducing their development imbalance. The authors also add that Nithiyog should be mandated to create an independent evaluation office to manage these grants that they give to the states in the future. Next, the authors propose decentralization to be the third pillar of the new fiscal federal structure. Now, we have three tiers of government, the center, then the state governments and then the local governments. The authors propose to create a consolidated fund for the local government, since the regional imbalances within the states are very higher. And also to honor the local governments such as the Panchayats and the municipalities which enjoy the constitutional status as per the 73rd and 74th constitutional amendment acts respectively. So, the problem of local public finance will be addressed by introducing this consolidated fund for the local bodies. Now, to create a consolidated fund, certain articles in the constitution needs to be amended and they have mentioned some constitutional articles like the article 266 which speaks about the consolidated funds and public accounts of India and also the states. Then your article 268 which speaks about the duties levied by the center but collected and maintained by the states. Then articles 243H and 243X which speaks about the powers to impose taxes by Panchayats and also regarding the funds to the Panchayats and the municipalities respectively. The authors tell that through such constitutional amendments the center and states should contribute an equal proportion of their central GST and state GST collections and send this money to the consolidated fund of the third year that is nothing but the local government. For example, if one six collections of the center GST and state GST shared with the local government then it can generate more than one percentage of the GDP every year. And this one percent GDP will be helpful in financing of public goods by the local bodies. So, this arrangement for decentralization will be the third pillar of fiscal federalism that has been proposed by the authors. Further to strengthen the decentralization efforts the authors proposed that the state finance commissions should be accorded the same status as the finance commission. And next is the three EPS of democratic centralization which the authors tell that the three EPS should be strongly implemented the three EPS are nothing but the funds functions and functionaries. So, all these actions would strengthen India's democratic framework. Next the authors propose a model goods and service tax as the fourth pillar to the new fiscal federal structure. They have welcomed the introduction of GST but commented that the present GST should be modified to make it as a model GST or a flawless GST. They have given some suggestions to improve the GST like it must further be simplified then the coverage needs to be extended to almost all the items that are being traded in India then single GST rates for all the items must be introduced then reforming the integrated goods and services tax that happens between the states and also reforming the evade bills. The authors have also suggested that the GST council should adopt transparency in its working. So, how is it possible means they have proposed to create a new secretariat with independent experts and also independent staffs. So, this will enable GST council to undertake further reforms in a very transparent manner. The authors find this GST the fourth pillar as a strong pillar for holding the other three pillars thus all the four pillars namely the finance commission that we saw then the second version of Neethi Aayu then your third pillar the decentralization efforts and the fourth pillar GST will all help India to create the new fiscal federal structure and thereby strengthening India's unique cooperative federalism. Now we need to know this term what is meant by cooperative federalism we know that federalism means separate governments at center in the state working separately in a very rigid manner like there will not be much interaction with respect to the functions of the functioning of these governments. But cooperative federalism means the center the states and the third tier of government which is the local bodies especially in the Indian context cooperate and work on the common problems. So, this cooperative working model is called the cooperative federalism. With this we come to the end of the analysis of this editorial have a look at the practice question let us move on to the next news article. This news article is about the development of antibodies against the chicken guinea disease. The analysis of this article will be relevant in your problems preparation in your current events of national and international importance and next in general science. It will also be relevant in your remains preparation in your general studies paper two under the area issues relating to health and it could also be linked to awareness in the field of biotechnology in your general studies paper three. Now this article talks about antibodies for a better understanding it is better to say it as an anti-toxic body that is it is an agent that works for an effective immune response against a toxin. Antibody will be generated when such a toxin attacks or enters human body. So, we can say that the antibodies are generated when it when this toxin comes therefore this toxin is called as antibody generator. It is this antibody generator which is called as anti-gen. Antibody can also be understood as anti-foreign body at the surface of the harmful foreign body there will be certain proteins. These proteins that are in the surface of the viruses, fungi or bacteria are the antigens. Now when these proteins enter human body they generate antibodies and antibodies will recognize attack and destroy these antigens and protect the human body from infections and diseases. But what if the human body is not able to produce the antibody against a particular virus in normal course the person will be infected by the virus and the virus may be hunted down by the antibodies. Some viruses may even take the life of the person but what if there is a virus for which human body is unable to develop antibody to give immunity response. Therefore the researchers in the field of biotechnology develop some antibodies in the lab and these antibodies will be administered later to the human bodies. Such antibodies develop will safeguard human beings from many dangerous viruses. One such disease is chikungunya. Now know that this chikungunya is a viral disease that is transmitted by infected mosquitoes. So, the mosquitoes are the aides aegypti and aides albopictus mosquitoes. So, they are the main transmitters to human beings. So, this carrier is also called as a vector. Therefore this disease can also be called as a vector born disease because these mosquitoes act as a vector. Now there are two main symptoms of this disease which are joint pain and joint swelling. So, you can observe pain in the joints and also swelling in the joints. Now the world health organization says that this chikungunya disease is rarely fatal that is rarely this virus causes death. The news article states that an antibody against this chikungunya virus has been developed by an Indian institute that is by the Institute of Life Sciences. Now according to the news article there is a no prior antibodies available to combat the chikungunya virus. Now let us see in brief about this institute of life sciences. It was established in the year 1989 as an autonomous institute under the administrative control of the government of Udisha. Later in the year 2002 it was taken over by the department of biotechnology and the government of India. Now this is an autonomous institute of the department of biotechnology which comes under the ministry of science and technology. See there are four antigens in the chikungunya virus and they will be on the surface of the virus. The antigen names are NSP1, NSP2, NSP3 and NSP4. Now we need not remember all these antigen names just know it for knowledge point of view. The Institute of Life Sciences has developed antibodies against all these antigens of the antibodies. Three are called as polychronal antibodies and one is called as the monochronal antibody. Now you remember these terms polychronal antibodies and monochronal antibody. For this NSP2 antigen of the chikungunya virus a monochronal antibody was developed and for other proteins polychronal antibodies were developed. Here mono means one and poly means many. So monochronal antibodies means a developed from a single cell of an antibody and polychronal antibodies are developed from many cells of several antibodies. And biotechnology fraternity states that it is very expensive to develop a monochronal antibody whereas it is relatively cheaper to develop a polychronal antibody. Now the polychronal antibodies attack different areas of the target protein or the target antigen but the monochronal antibody attacks or binds to single specific site of the target protein. So remember the difference between the polychronal and the monochronal antibodies from exam point of view. Now the news article states that the development of these antibodies will help in understanding the viral pathogenesis. In Greek pathos means disease and genesis means the origin of the virus or a disease in this context. So the new development will help us understand the origin and development of the virus and the disease. And this benefit is in addition to the empowerment of immunity against the chicken gunia virus. Now the team leader of this particular research team that has developed the antibodies has been selected for an award called as biotech product process development and commercialization award 2019 which has been given by the department of biotechnology. Now have a look at the practice question. Let us move on to the next news article. This article is about the recent report of Office of International Religious Freedom by United States State Department. The article discussion will be relevant in your problems preparation under current events of national and international importance. Then it can also be linked to your main preparation in your general studies paper one under the area Communalism and in your general studies paper two under international relations within which comes under your area bilateral grouping and agreements involving India and affecting Indian interests and also under effects of policies and politics of developed countries on India's interests. Yesterday we have seen in our news analysis about this report of International Religious Freedom which was released by the United States government. We saw the two categories of countries one is the countries of particular concern and the other being the tier two countries. There are two institutional mechanisms in U.S. government working for International Religious Freedom if you see. One report is given by the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom and the other report is given by the Office of International Religious Freedom which is part of the United States Department. The report the news article talks about is the report that is published by the United States Department. The United States Commission recommends certain countries to be designated as countries of particular concern. We have seen this things yesterday. Now the countries of particular concern means those countries that commit systematic ongoing violations of religious freedom. There is yet another list maintained by the U.S. government that is called as tier two countries. Tier two countries are those countries that does not require designation at present as countries of particular concern but these countries require close monitoring because of the nature and extent of violations of religious freedom. Now note that India has been placed as tier two country by the United States Commission for International Religious Freedom for the year 2018. We also saw that several things were highlighted by the United States government that are related to the religious freedom in India. The report highlighted how the rights of religious freedom of Muslim and Christian fraternities affected in our country. Now let us see today's news. Today's news is that the Ministry of External Affairs of India has rejected this report. This is very well expected if you see. Generally there are certain things at the international level which the governments do normally. Rarely exceptions happen if China brings out a report criticizing racial discrimination in USA. The U.S. government will simply reject the report. Similarly if U.S. brings a report highlighting the persecution of Uighur Muslims in China then China will reject the report. Also if Pakistan government is bringing a report criticizing the human rights violations in Kashmir India will reject the report. Also if India brings a report on human rights violations in Balochistan in Pakistan here Pakistan will surely reject the report. So these things happen usually. On 21st May during our analysis we have seen that India has rejected a event report that dealt with violations of human rights in Kashmir and India has also decided to highly reduce the relationship with the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights regarding this matter. So whenever you see such news you notice what justification are given by the country to reject such reports. These points could be helpful in your mains examination to either support it or to take a stand against it. India stated that foreign government has no local standard to pronounce on the rights of our citizens. That is the U.S. government has no right to talk or take the matter of how Indian citizens are enjoying their rights. The spokesperson of the Ministry of External Affairs has said that India was proud of its secular credentials. The spokesperson added that it is widely acknowledged that India is a vibrant democracy where the constitution provides protection of religious freedom. The preamble to Indian constitution states that India is a secular country also there is liberty of belief, faith and worship. The articles 25 to 28th in part 3 of Indian constitution deals with the right to freedom of religion. The part 3 of the Indian constitution deals with fundamental rights just know it. The democratic governance and the rule of law further to promote and protect the fundamental rights in our country. So a foreign government do not have the right to criticize how Indian citizens are enjoying their religious freedom. Because of these reasons the Ministry of External Affairs has rejected the report that has been published by the United States government on international religious freedom where it also dealt with India. Now have a look at the practice question. Let us move on to the next news article. This news article is about Rebus. The analysis of this news article will be relevant in your problems preparation under current events of national and international importance and next under general science. The analysis will also be relevant in your mains paper, in your general studies paper 2 under issues relating to health. The news article mentions that in the state of Karnataka the government hospitals are running out of or in shortage of the anti-Rebus vaccine which is in short called as ARV. So the patients are finding it difficult to get the life saving ARV shots. The reason for the shortage is reported to be the poor response to the tenders of ARV which was floated last year. The officials say that the tender was floated or circulated twice last year and no one has participated in the tender. As there was poor response to these tenders the government has asked the heads of the hospitals to procure the vaccine from open market. But the problem is that ARV is also in short supply even in the open market as well. So this is mainly because of the short supply by the manufacturers only. Hence as a result of the shortage the vaccine is not available in the primary health centers and peripheral areas which is pushing most of the patients to rush to the district hospitals. But if you see even there the vaccines are not available. So the patients are now approaching the private hospitals but here the cost of vaccine is very high and in turn the patients are compelled to pay more. So in this context let us see about the rabbi's disease. Now this rabbi's is a zoonotic disease that is a disease that is transmitted from animals to humans. And this rabbi's disease is caused by a rabbi's virus. This virus belongs to the Lysovirus genus within the family Rabdoviridae. This rabbi's disease is an acute viral disease that causes fatal encephalomyelitis in all the warm blooded animals including man. So we have seen three terms now acute encephalomyelitis and warm blooded animals. Whenever we say acute it means severe and warm blooded means having a body temperature that stays the same and that does not change with the temperature of the environment. If you see the mammals which includes humans are all warm blooded animals. Then the term encephalomyelitis it means the inflammation of the brain and spinal cord which is caused due to acute viral infection. Now this virus is also found in wild animals and also in some domesticated animals. And this is transmitted to other animals and to humans through their saliva. But the most common host of this rabbi's virus is the domestic dogs. As we saw rabbi's is fatal or the one which causes death. Globally if you see more than 99 percentage of human deaths are caused by dog mediated rabbi's. In India dogs are responsible for about 97 percentage of human rabbi's which is followed by cats which cause about 2 percentage of cases. Then even jackals, mongoose and other animals causes this rabbi's disease. Now human to human transmission of rabbi's through corneal or other organ transplantation is very rare but it is possible. So know that human to human transmission is possible. Such transmission has occurred among the recipients of transplanted corneas and also among recipients of solid organs and vascular tissues in the past. Now how is this virus transmitted from animals to humans? The rabbi's virus invades the nervous system of the mammals such as dogs. Then it is primarily transmitted from the rabbi's animals saliva to humans when it bites or scratches someone. Then the animal licking the wounds or grazed and broken skin or licking the lining of the mouth and nose of humans can also transmit the disease. After entering the human body the rabbi's virus progresses from the innermost layer of the tissue below the human skin or from muscle into the peripheral nerves that is the nerves in the body which are outside the brain or spinal cord. Then this virus migrates along the nerves to the spinal cord and brain. Next the infected person exhibits behavioral changes as a result of this and also some changes in the clinical science when the virus reaches the brain. Now let us see about the symptoms and signs of human rabbi's virus. First is the pain or itching at the side of the bite wound. Then this is followed by fever, malay or discomfort and headache that lasts for about 2 to 4 days. Then they also experience from hydrophobia that is fear of water. Then also there is intolerance to noise, bright light or air. Then the affected individuals also suffer from anger, irritability and depression. So we can see a lot of hyperactivity. Now the world organizations says that at a later stage by just the mere sight of water it may provoke spasms in the neck and throat of the infected individuals. Now the term spasm means a kind of involuntary muscular contraction like in the case of cesius. Rabbi's is endemic on all continents except Antarctica but majority of cases like about 95 percentage of cases are reported in Asia and Africa. Also remember that rabbi's is one of the neglected tropical diseases. Rabbi's predominantly affects poor and vulnerable population who live in remote rural locations. Even though effective human vaccines and immunoglobulins that is the antibodies exist for rabbi's they are not readily available or accessible to those in need. According to World Health Organization globally Rabbi's deaths are rarely reported and children between the ages 5 to 14 years are the frequent victims. We saw that Rabbi's is fatal but Rabbi's is a 100% vaccine preventable disease. The countries which have started on Rabbi's elimination programs have successfully experienced reductions in the Rabbi's cases and these programs have also led to the elimination of Rabbi's. The elimination programs often revolve around mass dog vaccination campaigns and in this campaigns at least 70 percentage of the dog population should be covered so that the cycle of transmission in dogs to humans is broken. If a person is bitten by an animal the wounds should be washed and flushed immediately with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes and if soap is not available just flushing with water only is fine and now both these recommendations are given by the World Health Organization and now according to this World Health Organization this method is the most effective first aid treatment against Rabbi's. In addition to this the development of Rabbi's can be prevented to a large extent if animal bites are managed appropriately and in time. In this regard the prime importance is given to post-exposure prophylaxis or treatment of animal bite cases. Now this post-exposure prophylaxis in short PEP is the intermediate treatment of a bite victim after Rabbi's exposure. Now this PEP prevents virus entry into the central nervous system of humans otherwise it will result in immediate death. This PEP consists of the extensive washing and local treatment of the wound as soon as possible after exposure. Then a course of potent and effective Rabbi's vaccine that meets World Health Organization standards should be administered and finally the administration of Rabbi's immunoglobulin which is in short called as RIG if it is suggested by the doctor. Now let us know about this Rabbi's immunoglobulin. It is a kind of passive immunity which is available in the form of ready made anti-Rabbi's antibodies. Now during our second topic discussion we saw what is meant by an antibody so that will be helpful to know what is meant by an antibody. Now this Rabbi's immunoglobulin helps the victim before it is physiologically possible for the victim to begin producing his or her own antibodies. The Rabbi's immunoglobulin has a property of binding with the Rabbi's virus and this binding results in the neutralization of the virus and loss of infectivity of the virus. This is important because effective treatment soon after the exposure to Rabbi's can prevent the onset of symptoms and death. Now in India we have a national Rabbi's control program. This program was approved under the 12th fire plan. Now this program has both human and animal health components we shall focus now on the human health component. This human health component is being implemented throughout the country. This includes training of health professionals next the strengthening of surveillance of human Rabbi's etc. This national center for disease control is the nodal center for the implementation of this national Rabbi's control program. The focus of human health component is on providing timely and appropriate animal bite management to all the animal bite victims. Since today's article is based on anti-rabbi's vaccine let us see some kinds of vaccines that are available in India. If you see they are available in different brand names like Indira, Rabbi Pur, Rabbi Vax, Vaxirab, Abherab, Verorab etc. So you cannot remember all these names because it is very difficult but you can identify these vaccines very easily because if you see they either end or start with Rabbi or Rab. Now have a look at the practice prelims question. Let us move on to the next news article. The final news article is about the Ranganathittu bird sanctuary which is located in the state of Karnataka. The analysis of this article will be helpful in your prelims preparation under current events of national importance and under general issues on environmental ecology and biodiversity. Now let us see about Ranganathittu bird sanctuary. This Ranganathittu bird sanctuary is situated in Srirangapatna which is in the Mandya district in Karnataka state. Now this particular sanctuary has six islands and six islets in the Kaveri river. The islets are the main breeding ground for variety of local birds and migratory birds if you see. It is said that over 200 species of migratory and also Indian native birds arrive here every year for nesting and breeding and it has also been stated that Dr. Salim Ali has carried the bird survey in these places as a part of this survey. Dr. Salim Ali had been a famous ornithologist in India and ornithologist are those who study about birds. Now islets are those islands that are very small having little or no vegetation and islets cannot support living for human beings. The islets of this Ranganathittu bird sanctuary are surrounded by water of a reservoir. This reservoir was formed by the construction of a veyer across river Kaveri. Now you need to know what is meant by a veyer? A veyer is a structure that is built across a river to raise the upstream water level and also to regulate the river water flow. Now this veyer was built when Kanthiravan Arasaraja Vodayar was the ruler of the Estwell Mysuru state during the period 1645 and 1648 AD. The turbulence in the river has led to the submergence and erosion in islands and this has severely disturbed the birds last year during the rainy season particularly in the last two weeks of July. In the upstream location of this bird sanctuary one can find the Krishnaraja Sagar reservoir. The heavy release of water from this dam is also a reason for the massive damage in the bird sanctuary. As a result of the heavy water release several trees were uprooted and many bird nests were just washed away. Now trees are very important part of habitat for the birds and if the tree population becomes less than the diversity and the population of the birds in the region will also decrease. Some steps are being taken to increase the tree count and also to prevent soil erosion during increased water flow and river Kaveri. Then soil stabilization measures have worked out and the state forest department is planned to widen the islands and strengthen the boundaries of islands with boulders. These measures will work against erosion during the increased water flow in the river. In addition to improving the thickness of the islands by dumping mud the forest department has taken efforts to keep the mud-filled bags as a protective layer for the islands and islands. Now these are some of the preventive steps that have been taken by the state forest department for island reclamation. To increase the number of trees planned of different species will be planted. Know that birds are the excellent indicators of health of an ecosystem and bird life international designates certain bird areas as important bird and biodiversity area. Now this designation is based on international significance of that particular area for the conservation of birds. Now know that there are four types of designation given by the bird life international as important bird and biodiversity area. The first one is A1. A1 corresponds to globally threatened species. That is if a site is designated as A1 important bird area then it means that the site has significant numbers of a globally threatened species. Then A2. A2 corresponds to restricted range species. This means that the site will have many number of birds that are endemic to a particular area. Next you have the A3 designation this corresponds to biome restricted species. This means that the site has a significant component of the group of species whose distributions are almost confined to one biome. And finally A4 designation this corresponds to congregations. This means that the site has congregations of one percent or more than one percent of the global population of one or more species on a regular basis. Now if you know that this Ranganathitu wildlife sanctuary is one of the important bird and biodiversity area that comes under this A1 and A4 designation. Let us now move on to the practice question discussion session. The first question is regarding antigen antibody. They have given two statements and have asked you to choose the correct answer. Now we have seen in our analysis that antibody can be understood as anti-foreign body. That is it is a protein that is working against the foreign substance. They have given the explanation of antibody for antigen. So the first statement is wrong here. Next we saw that antigens are the proteins that are found in the surface of incoming bacteria or virus or fungi. Here they have given the explanation of antigen for antibody. So both the explanations have been interchanged. So the second statement is also wrong. Now the question is asked for the correct statement. So the correct answer for this question is option D neither 1 nor 2. Moving on to the next question with reference to constitution of India consider the following statements. They have given three statements. Now let us see the first statement. The preamble of Indian constitution states the following. We the people of India having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a sovereign socialist secular democratic republic. So it does have the term secular. The term secular was introduced into the preamble of Indian constitution by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976. Before the amendment it was just sovereign democratic republic. So the words socialist and secular were added after this 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act. So the first statement here is incorrect. Now moving on to the second statement we have seen in our discussion that the preamble talks about the liberty of belief, faith and worship. The exact line for liberty in preamble is liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship. So the second statement is correct. The third statement it states the articles 25 to 28 are dealing with the right to freedom of religion. Are they enforceable or not? If you take the Indian constitution the directive principles of state policy which are given in part 4 of constitution are not enforceable. That is one cannot go to court and claim that the provisions in the directive principles of state policy is a matter of right and the state should implement its duty under this directive principles of state policy. This is because these are not enforceable. They are just a direction for the government to take into consideration for policy making. But if you see the fundamental rights are enforceable. So always keep this in mind, fundamental rights are enforceable. If a person feels that he could not enjoy her or his fundamental right, the person has right to constitutional remedy. The aggrieved person can directly go to the supreme court and the court will pass appropriate orders for the enjoyment of fundamental rights because fundamental rights are enforceable. These articles 25 to 28 is a part of fundamental rights and they are enforceable. Therefore, the third statement is wrong. So here the correct answer is option D2 only. Moving on to the next question, consider the following statements with reference to rabies. They have given three statements. Here the first statement is correct because it is a viral zoonotic disease which means it transfers from animals to humans. And they are told in the second statement that human to human transmission is possible. The second statement is also correct because we saw during our analysis that human to human transmission is possible through transplantation of cornea and vascular tissues. Now let us come to the third statement. We know that the rabies is transmitted by domestic dogs in 99 percentage of the reported cases worldwide. In India, if you see 97 percentage of the cases are transmitted by dogs and 2 percentage of the reported cases are transmitted by cats. We can find rabies being transmitted even by bats, mongos and even some other mammals. So the third statement given is incorrect because it has just given that rabies is transmitted only by so the question is asked for the correct statements. The correct answer is option D1 and 2 only. Moving on to the main question, India's fiscal federalism needs to be revisited and redesigned in the current scenario critically analyzed. This question is about fiscal federalism. Mention what is meant by fiscal federalism then mention the challenges that the states face with respect to horizontal imbalance that we have analyzed in our editorial. Then you can give suggestions to address the challenges like to give financial powers to Niti Ayo then moving towards a more decentralized common structure and then improving the GST region etc. Now we can also add on any other relevant suggestions if you have studied any other news articles as well. The question asks you to critically analyze so you can even have any points of appreciation like the current finance commission and like introduction of GST. If you have such points of appreciation you can definitely mention them in the answer. But this we come to the end of the analysis of all the news articles taken up for today's discussion and the practice question discussion session. Do like comment and share the video and do subscribe to Shankar IS Academy channel for latest videos and updates. Stay focused and motivated friends. Thank you.