 An induced pluripotent stem cell, we say iPSC, is a cell that can become any other cell. This paper sheds new light on the mechanism by which iPSCs are generated. We use a technique that was developed by Shinya Yamanaka. He found that if you just turn on these four genes in a cell, then you can get an iPSC over a period of a few weeks. That cell can become anything. What we found is that there's something else beyond the Yamanaka factors that are required for pluripotency. What was not known and what we discovered is that activation of innate immunity basically opens up the chromatin, it opens up the DNA. This paper that was published in stem cell goes a little bit more into the mechanism by which innate immune signaling causes the chromatin to open up. This process that I just described may be important not only for nuclear reprogramming, but this process may be important anytime a cell faces a challenge. Ultimately, we would like to translate this knowledge into something useful for our patients. For wound healing, for example, to improve the response to a heart attack, for example. Better healing responses.