 Yeah. Thank you. Thank you for having me. So I wanted to talk to you about language context in the borderlands of the western regions, the Hiyu. What's the background that we're talking about? So from most of you noted anyway, but from the second century on the communities along the trade routes of the ancient Silk Road in the Taran Basin, so to this Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China were kind of proto-urban centers of writing, copying, translating, and transmitting texts. Okay, so we're here in Xinjiang. One interesting kind of native or regional quote found in Fahsian's travel record is so all the kingdoms along, all the kingdoms only had their own peculiar barbarous speech, the kingdoms in the Taran Basin. The monks, however, who had given up worldly life and created their families were all students of Indian books and Indian language, which is interesting. And here you can see a map of all the languages that we have from there. Not everything is Buddhist, but there's a lot of Buddhism going on there. This is from the Turfann Berlin Academy Turfann research group. And you can see we have in total around 25 different languages from five to six different families. Some of the oldest extents, also Chinese manuscripts actually hail, well manuscripts, meaning paper manuscripts hail from the Taran Basin. We have a lot of languages that were not known before, like to carry my kind of specialty, but also Tangut and various other things. So that was a really interesting area. And basically, when all this stuff was discovered a little bit more than 100 years ago, that kind of changed a lot of fields and established a lot of new fields, as you know. And kind of the main centers, as you can see, were down there around Kothan here, around the Turfann area, and here the Turfann area. What's interesting is we basically have a lot of Indo-European languages there. And we also have one Indo-European language from there that was not known before, namely, to Carian. I think you all know the Indo-European languages and this kind of their distribution here. But basically, to Carian, is the easternmost, let's say, in the important historical times around the first millennium. It was the easternmost Indo-European language spoken in Eurasia. Yes, the branches that are of interest for us are in the Tarim Basin are Indic, especially Sanskrit, but also a couple of Middle Indic languages. Then to Carian, from around the 4th century, and then Saka, two Saka languages, so Kutani, Saka, and Tungshuki, is with the bulk like 95, or maybe even 97% coming actually from Kutani's Saka. So an eastern Iranian language. And these were kind of the major players around the Silk Road in the first millennium of our era. And here just to give you an overview of what we're dealing with, most of this stuff is, as you can see, written in an Indian script, a version of the Brahmi script. So this Sanskrit document, most of this stuff is exactly like this, so fragmentary. So there's no complete book, no complete leaves. So everything is in quite a fragmentary state. And Sanskrit and to Carian, and also Kutani, is that we'll see in a minute, use basically the same script. So I have right now a bigger project where we basically try to do polygraphic analysis, mainly not labula, but mainly to basically figure out kind of a relative chronology of the production of this fragment. Yeah, as I said, 300 languages, Sanskrit, to Carian Saka, written in an Indian script, Brahmi script, and on Chinese paper. But this was Chinese, a local Chinese paper production. We know now, by another big project in Paris, Professor Jean-Pierre Pinot, that did it not buy the paper from Chinese sources, but they acquired the knowledge of producing this paper and produced it locally. Yeah, here, this is Kutani's. And they're all really good. So for our chronology, these pages that I showed you are great, because most of the things that we have are actually much smaller than these ones that I showed you. Here, just a little overview to, oh, yeah, I forgot to delete this, sorry. Doesn't really matter, that's the problem you're trying to construct, we don't have to dwell on that anyway. But basically just that you see how closely related these languages are. So we have to Carian A, so conveniently called to Carian A and B, or so this one is called in local, into Carian A, this is called the language of Archi, that's a Chinese Yenchi. And to Carian B, locally called Cousinia, which means the language of Kutcher. And then we have Kutani's with English, of course, and here kind of the classical, in European languages Sanskrit, Greek and Latin. And let me just pick three items here. Let's do the word 400. To see Kunt, Kant, Sartor, Sartor, Hekaton, Kantor, reconstruction, Kuntom, very nice, very nicely related. Let's take the name word, Nyom, Niem, Nama, name of course, Naman, Onoma, Nomen, Nassman, the reconstruction. And let's take one verb, Pur, Pur, Bar, Bear, English, Sanskrit, Barati, Greek, Fero, Latin, Fero, and be reconstructed. The root is Fero, just to give an impression how related the European languages are. Much easier, for the most part, much easier than in other language families. Why is to Carian important? Because we have these two gentlemen, Lokav Shema, was a very important translator of Buddhist texts. And we kind of still, this also includes Nathan's Han project. We're all kind of trying to figure out what the language was they were translating from, likely Sanskrit, but also Middle Indic. And possibly there's some hints for that they were also translating stuff from to Carian into Chinese. So Lokav Shema is of course very important, but even more important is Kumara Chiba. Because with Kumara Chiba kind of the tradition started, or the tradition stopped of kind of equating Buddhism and Taoism, and Kumara Chiba's translations are still read today. That's what my Chinese Buddhist friends tell me. And I don't think it's true for Lokav Shema's translations. So these guys were very likely to Carians. But we know that they were kind of from this region, whether they really were native to Carians and natively spoke to Carian. We don't quite know, but it's highly likely. So to Carian in general is interesting, because it's kind of a bridge between Indo-European and Chinese. And of course we'll talk about this bridge function today. Here just kind of a thing that we're discussing right now in Indo-European and will be continuing to discuss. So usually if you saw an Indo-European kind of stammer of how the languages are related, you always had a big bang. Basically you had Indo-European and then all languages came out equally out of pro-Indo-European. And that's of course not very likely. We know, I don't know, for the Romance languages and for most of the Semitic languages and for a lot of other languages that this can't be true, because these kind of split-offs are defined by common innovations. And so this is kind of a proposal of how Indo-European diversified. But I would say it's kind of a standard view. What I would kind of object to, and we might be talking about it, is that Carian split-off of second and a true. We noted Anatolian with the flagship language, Heter split-off first, because it's really very different from the others. So Carian, I would argue, is actually quite close to Sanskrit and Greek, to kind of our classical languages in terms of morphology and so on. Okay, why am I showing you this, is because there is the assumption that Carian split-off second and quite early in the third century BC, that third millennium BC, and kind of ventured its way to the Altai mountains and then down to China. And as we will see, there is no strong linguistic evidence for that. This is mainly based on genetics. Why genetics? Because it's assumed that these guys belong to Yamnaya, special mitochondrial DNA and refined part of Yamnaya here and then in some of the mommies in the Taran basin, because as you know, probably the Taran basin is very famous for kind of attestation of mommies over almost three millennia from the late third millennium to almost around common era, basically, because they were only brought into the desert and then remade there because the Taklimakan desert is one of the driest deserts we have. Okay, yeah, so this is then actually from one of these DNA papers, Li et al. analysis of ancient human mitochondrial DNA from the Schiauche cemetery. So the Schiauche cemetery is here. This is our friend the Taran basin. Here we have this Afanasiebo culture where we find traces. This is an vulnerable culture, very likely they might or let's say there might be a relationship to in the Iranian. But anyway, and these are kind of great roots that are marked here. And you find basically Afanasiebo traces in a couple of, so mitochondrial DNA traces in a couple of Schiauche mommies. But generally these mommies are super mixed. So there's DNA from literally all over the place. In these mommies, but one trace is Afanasiebo and then people said, okay, well, if we have these traces, then we can assume these were maybe to Carians because later in the fourth century, our era we find two Carians there. They are Indo-European, so maybe there's a connection. Anyway, we don't know. Or yeah, actually we don't know if they were to Carians or not. As you know, we have a very good terminology for horse and carriage and everything that's connected to it in Indo-European. So basically these are the stylized things that we have in the different languages. I mean Celtic is relevant here. So we have basically the cart, the wheel, the fill, the axle, and the nave attested. And this is basically what this shows. It shows the parts and the words for it that are cognates in the different languages. And as you can see, Anatolian doesn't have that much of this wheel and chariot kind of terminology. And to Carian only has the wheel. And we'll talk about that in the next time. Okay. And here are all these words in the different languages because we are here in Ireland. Let me pick out some of the Irish words. So we have Roth here, the word for wheel. And we have a fan here, the word for wagon and so on. This is just to illustrate these different words in the different languages here. And of course, the English term for wheel is related to the Sanskrit term for wheel, chakra, chakra and wheel that Eric's related. This is actually a nice example for historical linguistics because they don't really at all alike, but they are direct cognates. Okay. So now, basically, this is a bit of my strawman here with which I want to start. So we have in Elena Kuzmino's work, the origin of the Indo-Iranians, the quote, in the region steps, metallurgy will transport and horse breeding will go back to the fourth millennium BCE. So far so good. That's very, very likely. And then we have based on fully blamed Northern Chinese populations may have received metal, wheat, barley, wheat, vehicles, the sheep and the wars from the Alphanacea tribes who came from the West. The words for all these were borrowed into Chinese from Indo-European, presumably to Karen. So that's a hypothesis. And so in this little first part, we can test this hypothesis in looking at these different things. Let's look at the metals. So we can basically reconstruct chaos for Proto-Indo-European, that's in IS, for example, in Sanskrit. And as you can see, in old Chinese, Korean, modern Chinese, that's no relation. And I'm using based on the gas reconstruction, which means possible. And this means not so secure. So there's the brackets, right? And copper also in words, the faeus in certain languages, the faeus word also is used for copper. We have a word for copper in Tukarian, but that's of course not related to faeus. And of course, the Chinese one is also not related at all to neither Tuker nor to faeus. We have bronze, probably also faeus. And again, no relation. Then the word for silver, we have into Tukarian, mi cante. This mutan is going back somehow to Ch'e'e'e'e'e'e'e'e'e'e'e'e'e'e'e', but also nren, this might work, but this is the best one of all these metals, but also not too strong of a claim here. Then the word for gold, we have in Tukarian, yassovis, but again, doesn't seem likely that this kind of what's borrowed from Tukarian or any other European language. So from the metals, the most likely might be this one, if there was a quarry. But there are not very good arguments for that yet, because the phonology is quite different. Then let's look at wheat and barley. We have a word for wheat in European gand. We actually have that in Tukarian, cante, which means bread, but the Chinese word is quite different. Murug is of course something else. Then barley, Tukarian, yassovis, again, I mean, these are related, but of course these are not related to Tukarian. And then sheep, and we will talk about sheep again today. We have hobi, we have it in Tukarian, and in all Chinese we have yang, or something giving modern Chinese yang, but of course the doesn't seem to be borrowed. So here with grasses and oba, there is no borrowing going on. And then let's look at horse and carriage. So we have the word for chariot. Some languages have at least chariot related things, probably in European hot, but that's not what chariot is in Tukarian. Tukarian we have kookal, and that goes back to the, basically to the chakka type word, kweklo. And old Chinese sukkra, and there's a second one, which looks quite similar. Tukra, of course, cannot go back either to the Tukarian one, nor to the proto-European one. So no no long word relation here. Then chariot here, we actually don't, we're not able to reconstruct the word for chariot here in proto-European. This one is just the derivative of course, as you can see from this one, and the old Chinese, it's very different. There is no point and therefore no long word relation. Then we have the wheel word, and it's funny because kweklo is the basis of kookal, and basically wheel turned as a past kototo into the word for carriage or chariot in that case, which is also not that weird. I think in English you can also say wheels to a car, at least in American English, I think. And then the word for wheel that we have in in Tukarian B and A, yakkonto burkund, does not go back to kweklo, and of course, neither proto-European nor Tukarian is the basis of old Chinese rune, which is funny and it's actually room. But no long word relation here. Then the famous axel word, and this is also of course in our word, in the English word, Germanic word for axel, is not the basis of shen, and neither axel nor shen are the basis for the rook. Then the nape word, we have a nape word in Tukarian, also in the text it actually appears with the chariot word and with a couple of other words for horses and carriages. Both does not go back to nape, that's actually what we also have in nable, and both of them are not the basis of old Chinese kook that we have here. Then konwe, weg, might be in Tukarian, but I think if it is in Tukarian it means something else, but both, so Tukarian is not here, but proto-European form is of course not the basis of old Chinese tsuus, so no long word relation. And then the same is true for drive, we have it, that's Latin algo and so on in Tukarian, but then in Chinese we have again something completely different. Then our horse word is there in Tukarian, yaku yuk, goes back to khepo, and that stands for dachwa, and latin echoes, and then some things that are not around anymore in English, but if you like Lord of the Rings it's in eowin, and the eow is the horse part, and then in all these names that start with eow. Old Chinese famously we have mra, that's one of the horse words, but again khepo is not the basis of mra. There is another horse word in Indo-European that usually gets connected with the Chinese one, that's Marko or something, but it's only in Germanic and Celtic, only, and it's far away from China, and seem to be alone into Germanic and Celtic from a different language, that's what's in English mare and so on, and it seems to be paired actually with the word for breaches, braka, horse, basically horse trousers, about which we also talked today about a different one, and these seem to be basically loanwords into Germanic and Celtic, and seem not to be related to this one, so and here I have to make an advertisement, a horse expression, so very likely the Old Chinese term mna, and maybe even going further back, is very likely possibly from Old Indic Arvand, the phonology is a bit intricate, but not impossible, and Nathan and I and a couple of other critics have a paper on that coming up shortly, so stay tuned, and there is one possible loanword, we already saw it today, and I will also refer you to our forthcoming paper, but this was suggested already by Puni Blenke, I think the first time, but basically that's the reconstruction, so kra, so consonant and then the kra in Chinese that gives ju and true in modern Chinese, basically they look like they're loanword, I mean why would you have two words that look very similar, so seem to be two kind of loanwords, and very likely also from Old Indic, and we can maybe then talk about why by Old Indic, but it makes phonological sense, and then it makes sense on kind of a horse and chariot perspective as well, so this was our horse and chariot excursion, and please read our paper, it will appear this end of this year, okay, so now let's talk about real loans, so we're basically going back from this little strawman I put up, so based on Puni Blenke a lot of people have claimed and still claim that mythology is certain grains, certain animals, and certain metals basically came from European languages to to China, so to Kerrin is not a source, and the pro-European is not a source, a possible source for horse and chariot might be Indic, but now let's focus on to Kerrin again and move basically a little bit closer to the to Kerrin at the station time before we move back and try to talk about more ancient contexts almost in the realm of, or basically in the realm of old Chinese again, but some loanwords we have and they're easy and nice, and they're related to kind of trade, not all of them, but a lot of them, so for example to Kerrin, Shang is from Middle Chinese or seemed to be from Middle Chinese Xing, Tao from Dou, Chuck from Tiek, another Chuck, but a different Chuck from Tiek, Chane from Tian, Kao from Kao, and Bolt of Silk which was basically used as money, Svaliank, Svaliank, Grain Tax from Svaliank, Grain Tax, so these are all nice and can be related to trade activities, and we find them in to Kerrin secular tax to deal with basically trade and kind of caravan passages and stuff like that. Then we have some officials that names for officials that appear in this secular documents like Tian Kun, General from Tian Kun, Easy, Sima, well you all know at least one, Sima, Hushi, An Boi, and these are kind of three nice titles that have been loaned from Middle Chinese. Then there are some where it's not that easy to establish the context, but maybe also trade related could be the word for blue, Zhen from Chen, and then maybe also trade related, the word for sauce, from Tian, so these are quite nice I believe. And then there are some later loans in later secular texts, so Fao, receipt from Chao, copy, Zun, inch, again another measure from Zun, inch, and so on. So these are fairly established, and then to escort or an escort for goods, again kind of the trade relation that we expect, and we have Ya Yu Yan from Ya Yun, so not that bad, but later things. Okay, so these are later things, these are quite nicely established, so it's really hot here, I'm sorry, that's, I'm sorry. But there is a window. Oh really? Yeah. Shouldn't be too loud. I'm almost distracted from my own. Sorry, and now everything's on record. Anyway, so these are quite established ones, but let's move, so we moved forward, but let's now move back again, and say something about Turkian archaeology. So actually there is no Turkian archaeological horizon anywhere between the ancient European homeland in the Pontic and the Tarim Basin that can be connected with the Turkarians with certainty. None of the archaeological sites within modern Xinjiang have any distinctive Turkarian flavor, and the material culture in the Tarim Basin at the beginning of our textual at the station around the fourth century is predominantly Iranian. Very likely because the Kushans took over kind of material culture from neighboring Iranian culture, and for some time were active in the Tarim Basin. But otherwise we have of course classical multicultural display of things that we expect in this Silk Road area. Yeah, different Indo-European potential groups and their migrations are mentioned in this general area. So somewhere between today's Gansu province and the Armudaria region in to the west, and we have this in ancient Greek and Chinese sources, and we'll come back to this later. None of these groups that are mentioned and that could potentially be in European can be safely identified with Turkarians yet, and to just take the excitement away already. So I will also not contribute anything reasonable to this question, but I will hopefully convince you of some connections, some early connections for Turkarians in China. Okay, let's start with sheep here because I want to show you some interesting loanwords that must have appeared in a very old period of contact between basically old Chinese and probably Turkarian speakers. So sheep were domesticated about 8,000 BC in the Near East, and woolly sheep occurred around 4,000 BCE, and the oldest wool that is extant and that we have is from Egypt and dates to the 4th millennium BCE. So this is another biologist, but who's interested? This is kind of the development of sheep, and this is kind of how this happened geographically, and then from their sheep spread to everywhere basically. Okay, what's interesting is that we have a lot of wool actually from the Tarim Basin, because as I said before, Taklamakan, one of the dryest deserts, there is a lot of actual real nice cloth preserved, and then there is a lot of wool. So this is a wool blanket, and this was wrapped around one of these mummies that we have, and it's from the from the Xiaofeng cemetery that we already mentioned today, and it's from from kind of middle, second millennium BC. This is also very nice, this is also a wrap of a mummy, and that's from the Jabrikul cemetery, also a second millennium BCE, and this is an infant mummy wearing a blue and red felt head, but it's shrouded in a wool cloth with kind of this bi-colored cord here, and famously we have this very first oldest hand ever from the Tarim Basin, so this is the oldest trousers, and we kind of know our trousers were developed for horse riding for obvious reasons that I don't have to go into in detail, and it's from Yangkrai graveyard, and it's from around 1000 BC, so end of second beginning of first millennium. Okay, so let's look at sheep and wool in in Indo-Pian again, so we have sovi and chevi, so basically they belong to the same paradigm, nominative and accusative are built on the Oostem, and the rest is built on the Eastem, and both is attested, so we have boys in Greek and boys in Latin, and they go back to the Oostem, and we have Ao, actually meaning you, into Carim B, and that goes back to the E-grade, so that's perfectly nice, and there's more a petite bitai, but we don't have to go into that. Then we have a fairly nicely established word for wool, and that's in in Hithalt's Hulana, in Sanskrit Urna, in Griglenos, Latin Lana, and so on, and also our word for wool goes also back to this, but so far there's no cognate for this word in into Carim. There is yok in both languages, but that seems to be, but basically there's no etymological connection, it seems to be not in European, so maybe this is, there were probably languages that we don't have recorded there in the Carim Basin, and this might be a word for wool that goes back to one of the languages that one of the mummies or several of the mummies spoke before the two parents came in, but there was already wool around, very likely, okay. So let's just look at some at the stations here, so this is from a secular text, and it basically says, so the Buddhist cloth made of white silk, maybe for caution, with a fringe of wool, one, so basically it's kind of a list of saying, okay, this isn't this garment, this isn't this cloth, and here we have the yok word, basically I just want to show you the at the station, and here from the Pratimoksha Sutra, so a non-secular text, a commentary on basically the Naisargika, so and these are transgressions punished with the confiscation of goods, basically, and if a monk gives to an unrelated nun some wool to work, this wool must be abandoned by him, and the nun probably can keep it, but they should not, I mean, you know, these Buddhist troops, they're kind of weird, and you don't always get what's going on, but basically we have this yok, Yakka is kind of the collective of yok here in these instances, this is just to show you where this stuff appears, and here's a magical text really appears, so if one has to decide to be long-lived, one has to weave browses out of like wool, for what reason ever, well, but maybe the same reason why you have to wear pants when you ride yours, anyway, here's another secular text that also brings the sheep in, but I want to get to something else, a name that's another word for wool, and it's kind of interesting, and it appears in a very famous story where, so basically it's a Buddhist story about the painter and the mechanic, and it appears in the Pune of Antajataka, and they kind of have a fight, and kind of everybody tries to show their skill, and of course there's a Buddhist reasoning at the very end, but then there's this story about a mechanical girl, basically a robot that the mechanic produced to fool the painter, and the painter is actually fooled, and then when he realizes that he is fooled, he paints a painting where he is shown being hanged, and then the mechanic comes in and looks at the painting and says, oh my god, he hanged himself because he played this practical joke on him, but the practical joke was this mechanical girl that the mechanic did, and let me just quote it here, so when the painter then full of love reached for the hand of the artificial girl, this one immediately broke the thunder, and the rags, that's robes and pins fell apart, and there was no longer a girl, or what awesome power of ignorance, when a human being is so intensely, so intensely falls in love with mere rags, just like of the ones composed of rags, rags, pins and robes, my imagination was this, just so of the ones composed of bones, flesh, and sinews, is the self-imagination of the beings, as my love was towards rags, just so it is to the living body in turn, so there's already the kind of the Buddhist moral here, like the painter fell in love with rags, we kind of fall in love, or are infatuated by our own kind of material being, but what we want to get at here is rags, and I hope you will get the pun in a minute. Okay, now we have another text, and it's from Tokerin B, that's again kind of a rule-based theme, so that's a commentary on the Sangha-Bavish, Sangha-Bhashi-Shah, and these are scenes punished with temporary excommunication out of the Sangha of the Buddhist community, and here is the Sanskrit version, and we turn to the commentary of the Sanskrit passage in Tokerin in a second, so intentional omission of semen, though it is a different matter if it is during sleep, is offense punishable by expulsion of the Sangha, that's the Sanskrit line, and then here we have the Tokerin B part, which basically is a commentary on this passage, if there are feelings of lust in the mind of the monk and his penis stands high, he touches it with the rag and he enjoys it, and his sperm comes out, then he commits the Sangha-Bhashi-Shah offense, if his sperm does not come out as often as he touches it with the rag, so often he commits a grave offense that has to be confessed to the whole community, and we have a Kled-Shetha, a Kled-Shetha, and again usually this is translated as a rag, and again, please don't take offense, but kind of a ranker-chief, in this case, and what is Kretzwe Kratzu? It goes back to Tokerin Kretzwe, and there are two possible scenarios to explain that word from Indo-European, so either we have a root noun, so this is basically just nouns in European that only have roots, no suffix attached, and it goes back to Kretzwe Kratzu, and then it will be related to German Kratzu and Kretzwe, and it will basically be kind of a scratchy cloth, something with which you can scratch for each, and then to get it to Kretzwe, it could just be an analogy, so basically to Saiwe, where we have the perfect Latin cognate, which means itching actually, and then analogically we would get Kretzwe, because you reinterpret the weh as kind of a suffix of coarseness or itchiness, but it will basically be similar like this analogy that you have in heights to depth and lengths, so basically just with other words that have the same ending, and you put it on there because they kind of belong to the same semantic category. Another possibility to do this from Indo-European would be to assume kind of a complicated derivational thing, you have an S-term and to this S-term you make a U-adjective, and to the U-adjective you make a U-abstract, and then again make an adjective possible, but then it could be related to Florian-European Kretz to spin, and then we could relate it to Kretzwe Kratzu, which means switched. So yeah, you all know what switched this, right? It s kind of a thing to basically spin wool on. Yeah, whatever we prefer, we now want to turn to Chinese again. What s interesting is modern Chinese tea, sorry, wrong ton, one cloth, a fishnet, a rag, goes back to Middle Chinese kiek, and that goes back in the back to cigar reconstruction to Kratzu. So it s kind of cool, and in the area, which is Warring States Period Dictionary, we have the gloss, it s a textile made, of course, it s quite nice, but we can do one better. In the Shouwen-Tzu, we have, which is a hung Period Dictionary, we have the following commentary on this character, namely wool cloth from Western Forums. Well, it actually says Beberian, of course, which, yeah, but that s of course very, very nice philological evidence to back this up. So basically, our preliminary conclusion is that Kretzwe Kratzu, based on kind of philological evidence, must be coarse wool cloth of some sort, and likely goes back to Kretz, and I would stick to my scratch etymology with the root noun, and pro-Tukarian Kretz was borrowed into old Chinese, and that means before the kind of virtual invented date of 2021 BCE, but around, so basically in, let s say, second half of the first millennium BCE. And that would fit nicely with other words that have been borrowed. So we have meat, of course, which is the word for honey, meat, and I would stick to this against my colleague and friend, Guillaume Schach, and another colleague and friend, Michel Beaud, and Kristi Meyer, I get very nicely against what Guillaume said, and I would stick to this etymology that it is actually borrowed from Tukarian, and it also makes sense archeologically, because similar to, let s say, horse and chariot that we were talking about before, honey kind of appears magically in the archipelago, it appears overhead more or less in the archeological record, like chariots and horse in the shank period. So quite sudden, which suggests that it was brought by by contact. And the time would fit basically what we believe about the Tukarian thing spoken in the second half of the first millennium BCE. Another Tukarian loanword is a plant called Devilsdang, so as a foetida. This itself is a borrowing into Tukarian from in the Iranians, and it is a space that basically comes from Iranian areas, so basically from Afghanistan, Pakistan, and then spread, but this was borrowed into this Chinese or Chinese monster word, but everything works out basically, so all the phonologies is basically correct and gives perfect sense if it s also Tukarian loanword. And there s another one, sorry, and now we look at the other direction. This has been claimed for a long time, but I think it s basically right, so old Chinese luv, the word for rice was borrowed into, or rice paddy was borrowed into into proto-Tukarian, and then this is another one that I discovered. So we have this reconstruction consonant manns in in Bexar and Sagar system for one, so myriad 10,000, and this must be the origin of proto-Tukarian tamana, and then the tamana and eight mann myriad 10,000. It cannot be from proto-Turkic tumen, because then you would expect pelletalization in Tukarian, and very likely proto-Turkic tumen also goes back to tamana. This connection was not believed because we were all not sure about the consonant here, but I think now we can be, it must be a team because of this Tukarian evidence. And maybe another one, not so clear, better we should actually reconstruct the consonant here, so the kind of other Chinese system of old Chinese reconstruction does not reconstruct the consonant, and this would fit with what we have in Tukarian here, so the last month of the year. So that's quite nice, I think. And then here's one where we should investigate more, because the direction is not quite clear. So we saw some old Chinese into Tukarian, some Tukarian into old Chinese, and here I have to say I'm not quite sure, because there are two types of goose, and one basically migrated from, or basically came from east to west, and there's another one who came with cultural transmission from west to east, so I don't know what to do. But we have basically came to goose into Tukarian, going back to something beyond, and we have gone in old Chinese, so something is going on. But right now I'm not certain in which direction this relation went. Okay, so we're nearing the end, so some conclusions. So the oldest linguistic context between speakers of old Chinese and Tukarian must have appeared before the beginning of the Middle Chinese period, roughly around the unification of China. Presumably in an area where agriculture of Chinese-speaking population and pastoralism of Tukarian-speaking population kind of converged, and pastoralism in the broadest sense, if you can call it pastoralism then that's what I mean. So basically rice and honey is kind of the two things here to have in mind. Also this must have been in an area of China where rice growing was possible, maybe Ganzu, before rice cultivation came to Xinjiang, and rice cultivation came to Xinjiang around 2000 years ago. This must have been reported, and Ganzu might be a likely candidate, and that would fit with some kind of historical sources that we have in Chinese, namely the population that was later identified with Tukarians the Yutru or Routru was kicked out by the Xiongnu, drove over the Taring basin into historical Tukaristan, which is bacterial, and one part gave rise to the Kushan empire and another part of this population moved back to the Taring basin. With this story, this kind of conjecture, this might be our pro-Tukarians. Yeah, and these contacts, so the ones between all Chinese and pro-Tukarian amount basically to the first evidence of Tukarians close to or in ancient China, everything else, so I would not basically expect too much on this genetic evidence because we know the genes and languages are super separate, and every linguistic or cultural argument solely based on genetics is just speculation at best. There can be a lot of other ugly things as well. Yeah, like in later times these contexts happened by the way of exchange of trade on the Silk Road, before the Silk Road, and I would call this the Wu Road. The other thing that's kind of linguistically important is that Lomert is able to inform the reconstruction of Chinese, so not expecting another hundred or we, because I have to mention Bill Bexter here, even though we have not worked on this for a long time for different reasons, but we will resume this work. I'm not expecting another hundred Lomerts or so in old Chinese or we don't expect it, but there might be a couple of more, but the thing is that Lomerts can inform the reconstruction of both languages, the phonological reconstruction, and in the case of Karatso, I think it makes all these brackets unnecessary, and in the case of MAHNs, we now know that this continent must have been a team. And with this in, as my postdoc never stops to remind me, non-ideometric to Karin B, I say, yes, Pausko Krittanen, yes, so thank you for your attention. Is it a tonal language? To Karin? No. But old Chinese was also not tonal, so very good. Yeah, but can I ask when did Chinese language develop the tone, but because in Korea? I mean, he knows more about it than I do. Really not unless. Ah, okay. Another archaeological one or cultural one, they have the mummy thing in that area as well? In, so Xinjiang actually has more mummies than Egypt. Okay. That's not a well-known fact, but that's the truth. So let's believe this forthcoming paper about the etymology of Aurovans, which means that the horse and the chariot come from the Proto-Indo-Aryans, yeah? Yep. So, but then you said that honey entered the archaeological record also in the Shang? No, no, I'm sorry, I was just saying that it like the horse and chariot, it kind of appears suddenly. So honey is later then? It's later. Okay. So the internal Chinese evidence for honey, I think the first text is from the fourth century BC. Okay, great. Okay, so that's easy. Then about goose, I mean, this is, or maybe this way to ask you, what's the standard Indo-Europeanists say about, you know, Hansa, Gans, kind of English goose, yeah? Because I think they probably don't say it's a variant from Chinese. No, exactly, but so what sticks out if you compare all the goose words is to Carian with O-grade. Oh, I see. Okay, so everyone has A-grade. Everyone has A-grade, but the thing is so the goose word in Germanic, Baltic and Slavic, there it's reconstructed, I mean, maybe there even shows really, but I mean Baltic and Slavic are close related, then you have Germanic, but all of these go back to an R, basically, but this R in Baltic, Slavic and Germanic could go back to O. Oh, yes, you can't tell in Baltic, Slavic and Germanic. It could be A or O, but like in, I mean, you can't tell in Sanskrit either, but... No, exactly. But somewhere you can tell it's an A-grade in German. So we don't know much about roots that have in here and R, but how they basically upload it. So I can see a world where you have O, R or O upload, or this kind of thing. Oh, okay, yeah, fine, yeah. And then that's fine. So I think, but if I linguistically, we cannot do much except stating the facts, is the goose question has to be decided by archaeologists and biologists. It's like you just pursue that a little bit more. We don't like roots with vowel R, right? Well, the Leiden people don't like roots. Yeah, okay, that's fine. You're perfect. Okay. I mean, like Astu in Greek, bastu, so post in Tukarian, bastu in Sanskrit past seven years. Oh, yeah, okay. But that's just one word. But put that point to a lone origin. Could that be taken as evidence of a lone origin? I mean, it wouldn't work for Chinese because that... No, exactly. So as I said, for the goose word, I think we just needed a little bit more evidence, what kind of goose travels in which direction. Yeah, okay. Although it could be on a Marui. Yeah, that's actually true. Okay, yeah, that's actually something I should have, I should say more prominent. Yeah, that's absolutely true. Yes, yeah. I increasingly think back to the explanation for dog. Oh, really? It's just dogs go, grrr. Yeah, right. I mean, you also have connections that are... Yeah, you're right. Yeah, okay. So my last question about rice, so rice, I don't know, if a student just came up to me and said, tell me about rice. I would say it was domesticated in southern China and that Chinese really like millet for a long time. So what... So can you just tell me a story about the kind of the archaeology and the historical linguistics for rice? I mean, I'm not a rice expert, but we know that rice came to Xinjiang as said before 2000 years ago and before that, we already had it in Guangzhou. And of course, it spread from the south and never, I mean, up to this day, never quite reached the real north, but it did, but it's not that popular. Yeah, exactly. But I mean, if we have it in Guangzhou in the first millennium, which we do, then it's perfectly fine. Yeah, basically, it's not necessary that it's like a major staple of the northern diet, it's just necessary that it's available on the market, exactly in Xinjiang. I mean, the question is how it then came to Xinjiang, for example, and it won't be nice, but of course, I mean, that's pure speculation, but it would be nice to say, well, we wanted to carry this when they entered the tarium basin, drop rice with them in the OECs. Oh, it's from China? Yeah. Yeah, yeah, yeah. But that's complete speculation, but one could make up the story and see whether it holds true.