 Well, my dear students, the course is Labour Policy Pakistan and the topic is Section 3 that relates with trade unions and freedom of association. Section 3 of the Industrial Relations Act 2012 states trade unions and freedom of association is heading for trade unions and freedom of association, Section 3 is heading. Section 3 says, subject to the provisions of this act. What is this phrase saying? That you have to be consistent with trade unions, only with the provisions of this law. And not withstanding any other law for the time being in force. And it is being said that whatever is written in any other law, it should not be considered as a means for trade unions or freedom of association. This section 3 of the Industrial Relations Act 2012 and the law should not be considered as a means for trade unions. Section 3 of the Industrial Relations Act 2012 says, workers without distinction whatsoever. So every type of worker shall have the right to establish the trade unions and have the right to follow the rules of the organisation. And they can join all international associations which are their choice and they can do this without any authorisation. There is no need to take any previous authorisation from anyone. But at the same time, a proviso is being set up, a proviso starts with provided. Provided means are related to a term which is called proviso. What proviso does is that the law that has been mentioned in the previous section has a condition, an addition or an exception. So what has been mentioned above is that trade unions can be involved in this and these international organisations or associations which are related to trade unions can join them. And they do not need any previous authorisation to join them. But the condition is that they have added an addition or an exception. Provided that in the establishment where women are also employed, the trade union shall include the women in the executive of the trade union with the same proportion in which they are employed in the establishment. So what is being done is that the women workers are also given the same proportion in the trade union in which they are employed in the organisation in which they are employed. Provided further, then proviso is being set up that no worker shall be entitled to be a member of more than one trade union. This is being set up by proviso. Proviso is given an addition, an addition or an exception. So what is being set up? The condition is that only one worker shall be a member of one trade union. If he takes a membership of two trade unions, then the first trade union will end up being a member of that trade union. Next, the provision is that employers without distinction whatsoever, i.e. every employer has the right to establish and establish with the organisation's rules any association that is of the employer and they can join international associations of their choice without previous authorisation. Next, the provision of this section tells that every trade union and employer's association shall frame its own constitution and rules to elect its representative in full freedom to organise its administration and activities and to formulate its programmes. That every trade union can frame its own constitution and rules to elect its representatives so that its administration, management and activities and programmes can be formulated. Next, the provision of this section tells that the unions and associations of workers and employers can join the federations and confederations. They can also affiliate themselves with international organisations and confederations of workers. Now let's move on to discuss what freedom of association is. If freedom of association exists, then trade union can be established and employer's association can be established. So freedom of association is that workers or employers can join the association or trade union or leave it with their own association and do the right exercise of collective bargaining so that the new ideas that they have can be exerted and done in dialogue and negotiations. My dear students, the human right describes that the right of collective bargaining is a very fundamental right and it is to promote, to pursue and to defend common interests.