 Book 10. CHAPTER 1 THROUGH SEVENTEEN OF THE CITY OF GOD. It is the decided opinion of all who use their brains that old men desire to be happy. But who are happy, or how they become so, these are questions about which the weakness of human understanding stirs endless and angry controversies in which philosophers have wasted their strength and expended their leisure. To adduce and discuss their various opinions would be tedious and is unnecessary. The reader may remember what we said in the eighth book, while making a selection of the philosophers with whom he might discuss the question regarding the future life of happiness, whether we can reach it by paying divine honors to the one true God, the Creator of all gods, or by worshiping many gods, and he will not expect us to repeat here the same argument, especially as, even if he has forgotten it, he may refresh his memory by re-perusal. For we made selection of the Platonists justly esteemed the noblest of the philosophers, because they had the wit to perceive that the human soul, immortal and rational or intellectual as it is, cannot be happy except by partaking of the light of that God by whom both itself and the world were made, and also that the happy life which all men desire cannot be reached by any who does not cleave with the pure and holy love to that one supreme good, the unchangeable God. But as even these philosophers, whether accommodating to the folly and ignorance of the people, or as the apostle says, becoming vain in their imaginations, supposed or allowed others to suppose that many gods should be worshiped, so that some of them considered that divine honor by worship and sacrifice should be rendered even to the demons, an error I have already exploded, we must now, by God's help, ascertain what is thought about our religious worship and piety by those immortal and blessed spirits who dwell in the heavenly places among dominations, principalities, powers, whom the Platonists call gods, and some either good demons, or like us, angels, that is to say, to put it more plainly, what are the angels desire us to offer sacrifice and worship, and to consecrate our possessions and ourselves to them, or only to God, theirs and ours. For this is the worship which is due to the divinity, or to speak more accurately to the deity, and to express this worship in a single word, as there does not occur to me any Latin term sufficiently exact, I shall avail myself, whenever necessary, of a Greek word. Latreo, whenever it occurs in Scripture, is rendered by the word service. But that service which is due to man, and in reference to which the apostle writes that servants must be subject to their own masters, is usually designated by another word in Greek, whereas the service which is paid to God alone by worship is always or almost always called Latreo, in the usage of those who wrote from the divine oracles. This cannot so well be called simply cultus, for in that case it would not seem to be due exclusively to God, for the same word is applied to the respect we pay either to the memory or the living presence of man. From it too we derive the words agriculture, colonists, and others. And the heathen call our gods cellicole, not because they worship heaven, but because they dwell in it, and as it were colonize it. Not in the sense in which we call those colonists who are attached to their native soil to cultivate it under the rule of the owners, but in the sense in which the great master of the Latin language says, there was an ancient city inhabited by Tyrian colonists. He called them colonists not because they cultivated the soil, but because they inhabited the city. So too cities that have hived off from larger cities are called colonies. Consequently, while it is quite true that using the word in a special sense, cults can be rendered to none but God, yet as the word is applied to other things besides, the cult due to God cannot in Latin be expressed by this word alone. The word religion might seem to express more definitely the worship due to God alone, and therefore Latin translators have used this word to represent Threskeia. Yet has not only the uneducated, but also the best instructed used the word religion to express human ties and relationships and affinities, it would inevitably introduce ambiguity to use this word in discussing the worship of God, unable as we are to say that religion is nothing else than the worship of God, without contradicting the common usage which applies this word to the observance of social relationships. Piety, again, or as the Greeks say, Eusebia, is commonly understood as the proper designation of the worship of God. Yet this word also is used of dutifulness to parents. The common people too use it of works of charity, which I suppose arises from the circumstance that God enjoins the performance of such works, and declares that he is pleased with them instead of, or in preference to, sacrifices. From this usage it has also come to pass that God himself is called Pius, in which sense the Greeks never use Eusebia, though Eusebia is applied to works of charity by their common people also. In some passages of scripture, therefore, they have sought to preserve the distinction by using not Eusebia, the more general word, but Theosebia, which literally denotes the worship of God. We, on the other hand, cannot express either of these ideas by one word. This worship, then, which in Greek is called Latreia, and in Latin Servitus, but the service due to God only. This worship, which in Greek is called Thresgeia, and in Latin religio, but the religion by which we are bound to God only. This worship, which they call Theosebia, but which we cannot express in one word, but call it the worship of God. This we say belongs only to that God, who is the true God, and who makes his worshippers gods. And therefore, whoever these immortal and blessed inhabitants of heaven be, if they do not love us and wish us to be blessed, then we ought not to worship them. And if they do love us and desire our happiness, they cannot wish us to be made happy by any other means than they themselves have enjoyed. For how could they wish our blessedness to flow from one source, theirs from another? CHAPTER II But with these more estimable philosophers, we have no dispute in this matter. For they perceived, and in various forms abundantly expressed in their writings, that these spirits have the same source of happiness as ourselves, a certain intelligible light, which is their God, and is different from themselves, that an illumines them, that they may be penetrated with light, and enjoy perfect happiness in the participation of God. Plotinus, commenting on Plato, repeatedly and strongly asserts that not even the soul which they believe to be the soul of the world derives its blessedness from any other source than we do, that is, from that light which is distinct from it and created it, and by whose intelligible illumination it enjoys light and things intelligible. He also compares those spiritual things to the vast and conspicuous heavenly bodies as if God were the sun and the soul the moon, for they suppose that the moon derives its light from the sun. That great Platonist, therefore, says that the rational soul, or rather the intellectual soul, in which class he comprehends the souls of the blessed immortals who inhabit heaven, has no nature superior to it save God, the creator of the world, and the soul itself, and that these heavenly spirits derive their blessed life and the light of truth from the same sources ourselves agreeing with the gospel where we read, There was a man sent from God whose name was John. The same came for a witness to bear witness of that light that through him all might believe. He was not that light, but that he might bear witness of the light. That was the true light which lighteth every man that cometh into the world. A distinction which sufficiently proves that the rational or intellectual soul such as John had cannot be its own light, but needs to receive illumination from another the true light. This John himself avows when he delivers his witness. We have all received of his fullness. This being so, if the Platonists or those who think with them, knowing God, glorified him as God, and gave thanks, if they did not become vain in their own thoughts, if they did not originate or yield to the popular errors, they would certainly acknowledge that neither could the blessed immortals retain nor we miserable mortals reach a happy condition without worshiping the one God of God's who is both theirs and ours. To him we owe the service which is called in Greek, Latrea, whether we render it outwardly or inwardly. For we are all his temple, each of us severally and all of us together, because he condescends to inhabit each individually in the whole harmonious body, being no greater in all than in each, since he is neither expanded nor divided. Our heart, when it rises to him, is his altar. The priest who intercedes for us is his only begotten. We sacrifice to him, bleeding victims, when we contend for his truth even unto blood. To him we offer the sweetest incense when we come before him, burning with holy and pious love. To him we devote and surrender ourselves and his gifts in us. To him, by solemn feasts and not appointed days, we consecrate the memory of his benefits, lest through the lapse of time ungrateful oblivion should steal upon us. Through him we offer, on the altar of our heart, the sacrifice of humility and praise, kindled by the fire of burning love. It is that we may see him so far as he can be seen. It is that we may cleave to him that we are cleansed from all stain of sins and evil passions and are consecrated in his name. For he is the fountain of our happiness, he the end of all our desires. Being attached to him, or rather, let me say reattached, for we had detached ourselves and lost hold of him. Seeing as I say reattached to him, we tend towards him by love that we may rest in him and find our blessedness by attaining that end. For our good, about which philosophers have so keenly contended, is nothing else than to be united to God. It is, if I may say so, by spiritually embracing him that the intellectual soul is filled and impregnated with true virtues. We are enjoined to love this good with all our heart, with all our soul, with all our strength. Through this good we ought to be led by those who love us and to lead those we love. Thus are fulfilled those two commandments on which hang all the law and the prophets, thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart and with all thy mind and with all thy soul, and thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself. For that man might be intelligent in his self-love, there was appointed for him an end to which he might refer all his actions that he might be blessed. For he who loves himself wishes nothing else than this. And the end set before him is to draw near to God. And so, when one who has this intelligent self-love is commanded to love his neighbor as himself, what else is enjoined than that he shall do all in his power to command to him the love of God? This is the worship of God. This is true religion. This right piety. This the service due to God only. If any immortal power, then, no matter with what virtue endowed loves us as himself, he must desire that we find our happiness by submitting ourselves to him in submission to whom he himself finds happiness. If he does not worship God, he is wretched because deprived of God. If he worships God, he cannot wish to be worshiped in God's stead. On the contrary, these higher powers acquiesce heartily in the divine sentence in which it is written, he that sacrifices unto any God, save unto the Lord only, he shall be utterly destroyed. CHAPTER IV By putting aside for the present the other religious services with which God is worshiped, certainly no man would dare to say that sacrifice is due to any but God. Many parts, indeed, of divine worship are unduly used in showing honor to men, whether through an excessive humility or pernicious flattery, yet, while this is done, those persons who are thus worshiped and venerated or even adored are reckoned no more than human, and whoever thought of sacrificing saved to one whom he knew, supposed or feigned to be a God. And how ancient a part of God's worship sacrifice is, those two brothers, Cain and Abel, sufficiently show of whom God rejected the elder's sacrifice and looked favorably on the youngers. CHAPTER V And who is so foolish as to suppose that the things offered to God are needed by him for some uses of his own? Divine Scripture in many places explodes this idea. Not to be worrisome, suffice it to quote this brief saying from a psalm. I have said to the Lord, Thou art my God, for Thou needest not my goodness. We must believe, then, that God has no need not only of cattle or any other earthly and material thing, but even of man's righteousness, and that whatever right worship is paid to God profits not him, but man. For no man would say he did a benefit to a fountain by drinking or to the light by seeing. And the fact that the ancient church offered animal sacrifices which the people of God nowadays read of without imitating proves nothing else than this that those sacrifices signify the things which we do for the purpose of drawing near to God and inducing our neighbor to do the same. A sacrifice, therefore, is the visible sacrament or sacred sign of an invisible sacrifice. Hence that penitent of the psalm, or it may be the psalmist himself, in treating God to be merciful to his sins, says, If thou desire its sacrifice I would give it, thou delightest not in whole-burnt offerings. The sacrifice of God is a broken heart, a heart contrite and humble God will not despise. Observe how, in the very words in which he is expressing God's refusal of sacrifice, he shows that God requires sacrifice. He does not desire the sacrifice of a slaughtered beast, but he desires the sacrifice of a contrite heart. Thus, that sacrifice which he says God does not wish is the symbol of the sacrifice which God does wish. God does not wish sacrifices in the sense in which foolish people think he wishes them, that is to gratify his own pleasure. For if he had not wished that the sacrifices he requires, as for example a heart contrite and humbled by penitent sorrow, should be symbolized by those sacrifices which he was thought to desire because pleasant to himself, the old law would never have enjoined their presentation, and they were destined to be merged when the fit opportunity arrived in order that men might not suppose that the sacrifices themselves, rather than the things symbolized by them, were pleasing to God or acceptable in us. Hence in another passage from another Psalm he says, If I were hungry, I would not tell thee, for the world is mine in the fullness thereof. Will I eat the flesh of bowls or drink the blood of goats? As if he should say, supposing such things were necessary to me, I would never ask thee for what I have in my own hand. Then he goes on to mention what these signify. Offer unto God the sacrifice of praise, and pay thy vows unto the most high, and call upon me in the day of trouble, I will deliver thee, and thou shalt glorify me. So in another prophet, wherewith shall I come before the Lord and bow myself before the High God? Shall I come before him with burnt offerings, with calves of a year old? Will the Lord be pleased with thousands of rams or with ten thousands of rivers of oil? Shall I give my first borne from my transgression the fruit of my body for the sin of my soul? heth he showed thee, O man, what is good, and what doth the Lord require of thee but to do justly, and to love mercy, and to walk humbly with thy God? In the words of this prophet these two things are distinguished and set forth with sufficient explicitness that God does not require these sacrifices for their own sakes, and that he does require the sacrifices which they symbolize. In the epistle entitled To the Hebrews it is said, To do good and to communicate, forget not, for with such sacrifice is God as well pleased. And so, when it is written, I desire mercy rather than sacrifice, nothing else is meant than that one sacrifice is preferred to another, for that which in common speech is called sacrifice, is only the symbol of the true sacrifice. Now mercy is the true sacrifice, and therefore it is said, as I have just quoted, with such sacrifices God is well pleased. All the divine ordinances, therefore, which we read concerning the sacrifices in the service of the tabernacle, or the temple, we are to refer to the love of God and our neighbor. For on these two commandments, as it is written, hang all the law and the prophets. CHAPTER 6 Thus a true sacrifice is every work which is done that we may be united to God in holy fellowship, and which has a reference to that supreme good and end in which alone we can be truly blessed. And therefore even the mercy we show to man, if it is not shown for God's sake, is not a sacrifice. For though made or offered by man, sacrifice is a divine thing as those who called it sacrifice meant to indicate. Thus man himself, consecrated in the name of God, and vowed to God, is a sacrifice insofar as he dies to the world that he may live to God. For this is a part of that mercy which each man shows to himself, as it is written, have mercy on thy soul by pleasing God. Our body, too, is a sacrifice when we chasten it by temperance, if we do so as we ought, for God's sake, that we may not yield our member's instruments of unrighteousness unto sin, but instruments of righteousness unto God. Exorting to this sacrifice the apostle says, I beseech you therefore, brethren, by the mercy of God, that ye present your bodies a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable to God, which is your reasonable service. If then the body, which being inferior the soul uses as a servant or instrument, is a sacrifice when it is used rightly, and with reference to God, how much more does the soul itself become a sacrifice when it offers itself to God, in order that being inflamed by the fire of his love it may receive of his beauty and become pleasing to him, losing the shape of earthly desire and being remolded in the image of permanent loveliness. And this indeed the apostle subjoins, saying, and be not conformed to this world, but be ye transformed in the renewing of your mind that ye may prove what is that good and acceptable and perfect will of God. Since therefore true sacrifices are works of mercy to ourselves or others done with a reference to God, and since works of mercy have no other object than the relief of distress or the conferring of happiness, and since there is no happiness apart from that good of which it is said, it is good for me to be very near to God, it follows that the whole redeemed city, that is to say the congregation or community of the saints, is offered to God as our sacrifice to the great high priest who offered himself to God in his passion for us, that we might be members of this glorious head according to the form of a servant. For it was this form he offered, in this he was offered, because it is according to it he is mediator, in this he is our priest, in this the sacrifice. Accordingly when the apostle had exhorted us to present our bodies a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable to God, our reasonable service, and not to be conformed to the world, but to be transformed in the renewing of our mind, though we might prove what is that good and acceptable and perfect will of God, that is to say the true sacrifice of ourselves, he says, for I say through the grace of God which is given unto me, to every man that is among you, not to think of himself more highly than he ought to think, but to think soberly according as God hath dealt to every man the measure of faith. For as we have many members in one body, and all members have not the same office, so we, being many, are one body in Christ, and every one member is one of another, having gifts differing according to the grace that is given to us. This is the sacrifice of Christians, we being many are one body in Christ, and this also is the sacrifice which the church continually celebrates in the sacrament of the altar known to the faithful in which she teaches that she herself is offered in the offering she makes to God. CHAPTER VII It is very right that these blessed and immortal spirits who inhabit celestial dwellings and rejoice in the communications of their Creator's fullness, firm in his eternity, assured in his truth, holy by his grace, since they compassionately and tenderly regard us miserable mortals, and wish us to become immortal and happy, do not desire us to sacrifice to themselves, but to him who sacrificed they know themselves to be in common with us. For we and they together are the one city of God, to which it is said in the psalm, Glorious things are spoken of the O city of God, the human part sojourning here below, the angelic aiding from above. For from that heavenly city in which God's will is the intelligible and unchangeable law from that heavenly council chamber, for they sit in council regarding us, that holy scripture descended to us by the ministry of the angels in which it is written, he that sacrifices unto any God save unto the Lord only, he shall be utterly destroyed. This scripture, this law, these precepts, have been confirmed by such miracles that it is sufficiently evident to whom these immortal and blessed spirits who desire us to be like themselves wish us to sacrifice. CHAPTER VIII I should seem tedious for I to recount all the ancient miracles which were wrought in attestation of God's promises which he made to Abraham thousands of years ago, that in his seed all the nations of the earth should be blessed. For who can marvel that Abraham's barren wife should have given birth to his son at an age when not even a prolific woman could bear children? Or again that when Abraham sacrificed a flame from heaven should have run between the divided parts? Or that the angels in human form whom he had hospitably entertained and who had renewed God's promise of offspring should also have predicted the destruction of Sodom by fire from heaven? And that his nephew Lodge should have been rescued from Sodom by the angels as the fire was just descending, while his wife, who looked back as she went, and was immediately turned into salt, stood as a sacred beacon warning us that no one who was being saved should long for what he is leaving. Now striking also were the wonders done by Moses to rescue God's people from the yoke of slavery in Egypt when the Magi of the Pharaoh, that is the king of Egypt, who tyrannized over this people, were suffered to do some wonderful things that they might be vanquished all the more signally. They did these things by the magical arts and incantations to which the evil spirits or demons are addicted, while Moses having as much greater power as he had right on his side and having the aid of angels easily conquered them in the name of the Lord who made heaven and earth. And in fact the magicians failed the third plague, whereas Moses dealing out the miracles delegated to him brought ten plagues upon the land so that the hard hearts of Pharaoh and the Egyptians yielded and the people were let go. But quickly repenting and assaying to overtake the departing Hebrews who had crossed the sea on dry ground, they were covered and overwhelmed in the returning waters. What shall I say of those frequent and stupendous exhibitions of divine power while the people were conducted through the wilderness, of the waters which could not be drunk but lost their bitterness and quenched the thirsty when a God's command a piece of wood was cast into them, of the manna that descended from heaven to appease their hunger and which begot worms and putrefied when anyone collected more than the appointed quantity, and yet though double was gathered on the day before the Sabbath, it not being lawful to gather it on that day remained fresh, of the birds which filled the camp and turned appetite into satiety when they longed for flesh which it seemed impossible to supply to so vast a population, of the enemies who met them and opposed their passage with arms and were defeated without the loss of a single Hebrew when Moses prayed with his hands extended in the form of a cross, of the seditious persons who arose among God's people and separated themselves from the divinely ordered community and were swallowed up alive by the earth, a visible token of an invisible punishment. Of the rocks struck with the rod and pouring out waters more than enough for all the host. Of the deadly serpent's bites sent in just punishment of sin but healed by looking at the lifted brazen serpent so that not only were the tormented people healed but assembled the crucifixion of death sat before them in this destruction of death by death. It was this serpent which was preserved in memory of this event and was afterwards worshipped by the mistaken people as an idol and was destroyed by the pious and God-faring king Hezekiah much to his credit. CHAPTER IX These miracles and many others of the same nature which it were tedious to mention were wrought for the purpose of commending the worship of the one true God and prohibiting the worship of a multitude of false gods. More over they were wrought by simple faith and godly confidence not by the incantations and charms composed under the influence of a criminal tampering with the unseen world of an art which they call other magic or by the more abominable title necromancy or the more honorable designation Theorgy. For they wished to discriminate between those whom the people call magicians who practice necromancy and are addicted to illicit arts and condemned and those others who seem to them to be worthy of praise for their practice of Theorgy. The truth, however, being that both classes are the slaves of the deceitful rights of the demons whom they invoke under the names of angels. For even porphyry promises some kind of purgation of the soul by the help of Theorgy though he does so with some hesitation and shame and denies that this art can secure to anyone a return to God so that you can detect his opinion vacillating between the profession of philosophy and an art which he feels to be presumptuous and sacrilegious. For at one time he warns us to avoid it as deceitful and prohibited by law and dangerous to those who practice it. Then again as if in deference to his advocates he declares it useful for cleansing one part of the soul not indeed the intellectual part by which the truth of things intelligible which have no sensible images is recognized but the spiritual part which takes cognizance of the images of things material. This part he says is prepared and fitted for intercourse with spirits and angels and for the vision of the gods by the help of certain theurgic consecrations or as they call them mysteries. He acknowledges however that these theurgic mysteries impart to the intellectual soul no such purity as fits it to see its god and recognize the things that truly exist. And from this acknowledgement we may infer what kind of gods these are and what kind of vision of them is imparted by theurgic consecrations if by it one cannot see the things which truly exist. He says further that the rational or as he prefers calling it the intellectual soul can pass into the heavens without the spiritual part being cleansed by theurgic art and that this art cannot so purify the spiritual part as to give it entrance to immortality and eternity. And therefore although he distinguishes angels from demons asserting that the habitation of the latter is in the air while the former dwell in the ether and imperian and although he advises us to cultivate the friendship of some demon who may be able after our death to assist us and elevate us at least a little above the earth. For he owns that it is by another way we must reach the heavenly society of the angels he at the same time distinctly warns us to avoid the society of demons saying that the soul expiating at sin after death execrates the worship of demons by whom it was entangled. And if theergy itself though he recommends that is reconciling angels and demons he cannot deny that it treats with powers which out of themselves envy the soul its purity or serve the arts of those who do envy it. He complains of this through the mouth of some Chaldean or other. A good man in Chaldea complains he says that his most strenuous efforts to cleanse his soul were frustrated because another man who had influence in these matters and who envied him purity had prayed to the powers and bound them by his conjuring not to listen to his request. Therefore, adds porphyry, what the one man bound the other could not lose. And from this he concludes that theergy is a craft which accomplishes not only good but evil among gods and men, and that the gods also have passions and are perturbed and agitated by the emotions which Apolaus attributed to demons and men, but from which he preserved the gods by that sublimity of residence which in common with Plato he accorded to them. CHAPTER X But here we have another and a much more learned platonist than Apolaus, porphyry to wit, asserting that by I know not what theergy, even the gods themselves are subjected to passions and perturbations. For by adjurations they were so bound and terrified that they could not confer a purity of soul, were so terrified by him who imposed on them a wicked command that they could not by the same theergy be freed from that terror and fulfill the righteous behest of him who prayed to them or do the good he sought. Who does not see that all these things are fictions of deceiving demons unless he be a wretched slave of theirs and an alien from the grace of the true liberator? For if the Chaldean had been dealing with good gods, certainly a well-disposed man who sought to purify his own soul would have had more influence with them than an evil disposed man seeking to hinder him. Or if the gods were just and considered the man unworthy of the purification he sought, at all events they should not have been terrified by an envious person, nor hindered his porphyry avows by the fear of a stronger deity, but should have simply denied the boon on their own free judgment. And it is surprising that that well-disposed Chaldean who desired to purify his soul by theurgical rites found no superior deity who could either terrify the frightened gods still more and force them to confer the boon or compose their fears and so enable them to do good without compulsion, even supposing that the good theergy had no rites by which he himself might purge away the taint of fear from the gods whom he invoked for the purification of his own soul. And why is it that there is a god who has power to terrify the inferior gods and none who has power to free them from fear? Is there found a god who listens to the envious man and frightens the gods from doing good? And is there not found a god who listens to the well-disposed man and removes the fear of the gods that they may do him good? Oh, excellent theergy! Oh, admirable purification of the soul! A theergy in which the violence of an impure envy has more influence than the entreaty of purity and holiness. Rather, let us abominate and avoid the deceit of such wicked spirits and listen to sound doctrine. As to those who perform these filthy cleansings by sacrilegious rites and see in their initiated state, as he further tells us, though we may question this vision, certain wonderfully lovely appearances of angels or gods, this is what the apostle refers to when he speaks of Satan transforming himself into an angel of light. For these are the delusive appearances of that spirit who longs to entangle wretched souls in the deceptive worship of many and false gods, and to turn them aside from the true worship of the true god by whom alone they are cleansed and healed, and who, as was said of Proteus, turns himself into all shapes, equally hurtful whether he assaults us as an enemy or assumes that his guise of a friend. CHAPTER 11 It was a better tone which porphyry adopted in his letter to Anibo the Egyptian, in which, assuming the character of an inquirer consulting him, he unmasks and explodes these sacrilegious odds. In that letter indeed he repudiates all demons whom he maintains to be so foolish as to be attracted by the sacrificial vapours, and therefore residing not in the ether, but in the air beneath the moon, and indeed in the moon itself. Yet he has not the boldness to attribute to all the demons all the deceptions and malicious and foolish practices which justly move his indignation. For though he acknowledges that as a race demons are foolish, he so far accommodates himself to popular ideas as to call some of them benignant demons. He expresses surprise that sacrifices not only incline the gods, but also compel and force them to do what men wish, and he is at a loss to understand how the sun and moon and other visible celestial bodies, for bodies he does not doubt that they are, are considered gods if the gods are distinguished from the demons by their incorporeality. Also, if they are gods, how some are called beneficent, and others hurtful, and how they, being corporeal, are numbered with the gods who are incorporeal. He inquires further, and still, as one in doubt, whether their diviners and wonder-workers are men of unusually powerful souls, or whether the power to do these things is communicated by spirits from without. He inclines to the latter opinion on the ground that it is by the use of stones and herbs that they lay spells on people and open closed doors and do similar wonders. And on this account, he says, some suppose that there is a race of beings whose property it is to listen to men, a race deceitful, full of contrivances capable of assuming all forms, simulating gods, demons, and dead men, and that it is this race which bring about all these things which have the appearance of good or evil, but that what is really good they never help us in, and are indeed unacquainted with, for they make wickedness easy, but throw obstacles in the path of those who eagerly follow virtue, and that they are filled with pride and rashness, delight in sacrificial odors, are taken with flattery. These and the other characteristics of this race of deceitful and malicious spirits, who come into the souls of men and delude their senses both in sleep and waking, he describes not as things of which he is himself convinced, but only with so much suspicion and doubt as to cause him to speak of them as commonly received opinions. We should sympathize with this great philosopher and the difficulty he experienced in equating himself with and confidently assailing the whole fraternity of devils, which any Christian old woman would unhesitatingly describe and most unreservedly detest. Perhaps, however, he shrank from offending an Ebo to whom he was writing, himself the most eminent patron of these mysteries, or the others who marvel at these magical feats as divine works, and closely allied to the worship of the gods. However, he pursues this subject, and, still in the character of an inquirer, mentions some things which no sober judgment could attribute to any but malicious and deceitful powers. He asks why, after the better class of spirits have been invoked, the worst should be commanded to perform the wicked desires of men. Why, they do not hear a man who has just left a woman's embrace, while they themselves make no scruple of tempting men to incest and adultery. Why, their priests are commanded to abstain from animal food for fear of being polluted by the corporeal exhalations, while they themselves are attracted by the fumes of sacrifices and other exhalations. Why, they initiated or forbidden to touch a dead body, while their mysteries are celebrated almost entirely by means of dead bodies. Why, it is that a man addicted to any vice should utter threats, not to a demon or to the soul of a dead man, but to the sun and moon or some of the heavenly bodies, which he intimidates by imaginary terrors that he may ring from the Morial Boon, for he threatens that he will demolish the sky in such like impossibilities that those gods, being alarmed like silly children with imaginary and absurd threats, may do what they are ordered. Porphyry further relates that a man, Keraman, profoundly versed in these sacred or rather sac religious mysteries, had written that the famous Egyptian mysteries of Isis and her husband Osiris had very great influence with the gods to compel them to do what they were ordered, when he who used the spells threatened to divulge or do away with these mysteries, and cried with a threatening voice that he would scatter the members of Osiris if they neglected his orders. Not without reason is Porphyry surprised that a man should utter such wild and empty threats against the gods, not against gods of no account, but against the heavenly gods and those that shine with sidereal light, and that these threats should be effectual to constrain them with resistless power and alarm them so that they fulfill his wishes. Not without reason does he, and the character of an inquirer into the reasons of these surprising things, give it to be understood that they are done by that race of spirits, which he previously described as if quoting other people's opinions. Spirits who deceive not, as he said, by nature, but by their own corruption, and who simulate gods and dead men, but not, as he said, demons, for demons they really are. As to his idea that by means of herbs and stones and animals and certain incantations and noises and drawings, sometimes fanciful and sometimes copied from the motions of the heavenly bodies, men create upon earth powers capable of bringing about various results, all that is only the mystification which these demons practice on those who are subject to them, for the sake of furnishing themselves with merriment at the expense of their dupes. Either then Porphyry was sincere in his doubts and inquiries, and mentioned these things to demonstrate and put beyond question that they were the work not of powers which aid us in obtaining life, but of deceitful demons, or to take a more favorable view of the philosopher, he adopted this method with the Egyptian who was wedded to these errors, and was proud of them, that he might not offend him by assuming the attitude of a teacher, nor discompose his mind by the altercation of a professed assailant, but by assuming the character of an inquirer, and the humble attitude of one who is anxious to learn, might turn his attention to these matters, and show how worthy they are to be despised and relinquished. Towards the conclusion of his letter, he requests Sannebo to inform him what the Egyptian wisdom indicates as the way to blessedness. But as to those who hold intercourse with the gods, and pester them only for the sake of finding a runaway slave, or acquiring property, or making a bargain of a marriage, or such things, he declares that their pretensions to wisdom are vain. He adds that these same gods, even granting that on other points their utterances were true, were yet so ill advised, and unsatisfactory in their disclosures about blessedness, that they cannot be either gods or good demons, but are either that spirit who is called the deceiver, or mere fictions of the imagination. CHAPTER XII Since by means of these arts, wonders are done which quite surpass human power, what choice have we but to believe that these predictions and operations would seem to be miraculous and divine, in which at the same time form no part of the worship of the one God, in adherence to whom as the Platonists themselves abundantly testify, all blessedness consists, are the pastime of wicked spirits, who thus seek to seduce and hinder the truly godly. On the other hand, we cannot but believe that all miracles, whether wrought by angels or by other means, so long as they are so done as to commend the worship and religion of the one God in whom alone is blessedness, are wrought by those who love us in a true and godly sort, or through their means, God Himself working in them. For we cannot listen to those who maintain that the invisible God works no visible miracles, for even they believe that He made the world which surely they will not deny to be visible. Whatever marvel happens in this world that is certainly less marvelous than this whole world itself, I mean the sky and earth and all that is in them, and these God certainly made. But as the Creator Himself is hidden and incomprehensible to man, so also is the manner of creation. Although therefore the standing miracle of this visible world is little thought of, because always before us, yet when we arouse ourselves to contemplate it, it is a greater miracle than the rarest and most unheard of marvels. For man himself is a greater miracle than any miracle done through his instrumentality. Therefore God, who made the visible heaven and earth, is not disdain to work visible miracles in heaven or earth, that He may thereby awaken the soul which is immersed in things visible to worship Himself, the invisible. But the place and time of these miracles are dependent on His unchangeable will, in which things future are ordered as if already they were accomplished. For He moves things temporal without Himself moving in time. He does not in one way know that things are to be, and in another things that have been, neither does He listen to those who pray, otherwise than as He sees those that will pray. For even when His angels hear us, it is He Himself who hears us in them, as in His true temple not made with hands, as in those men who are His saints, and His answers, though accomplished in time, have been arranged by His eternal appointment. Chapter 13 Now there need we be surprised that God, invisible as He is, should often have appeared visibly to the patriarchs. For as the sound which communicates the thought conceived in the silence of the mind is not the thought itself, so the form by which God, invisible in His own nature, became visible was not God Himself. Nevertheless, it is He Himself who was seen under that form, as that thought itself is heard in the sound of the voice, and the patriarchs recognized that though the bodily form was not God, they saw the invisible God. For though Moses conversed with God, yet He said, If I have found grace in thy sight, show me thyself that I may see and know thee. And as it was fit that the law which was given not to one man or a few enlightened men, but to the whole of a populous nation, should be accompanied by awe-inspiring signs, great marvels were wrought by the ministry of angels before the people on the mount where the law was being given to them through one man, while the multitude beheld the awful appearances. For the people of Israel believed Moses, not as the Lacedemonians believed their lycurgis, because he had received from Jupiter or Apollo the laws he gave them. For when the law which enjoined the worship of one God was given to the people, marvelous signs and earthquakes, such as the divine wisdom judged sufficient, were brought about in the sight of all, that they might know that it was the Creator who could thus use creation to promulgate his law. CHAPTER XIV The education of the human race, represented by the people of God, has advanced, like that of an individual, through certain epics, or as it were, ages, so that it might gradually rise from earthly to heavenly things, and from the visible to the invisible. This object was kept so clearly in view that even in the period when temporal rewards were promised, the one God was presented as the object of worship, that men might not acknowledge any other than the true Creator and Lord of the Spirit, even in connection with the earthly blessings of this transitory life. For he who denies that all things, which are either angels or men, can give us, are in the hand of the one Almighty, is a madman. The Platonist Plotinus discourses concerning providence, and from the beauty of flowers and foliage proves that from the Supreme God, whose beauty is unseen and ineffable, reaches down even to these earthly things here below, and he argues that all these frail and perishing things could not have so exquisite and elaborate a beauty, were they not fashioned by him whose unseen and unchangeable beauty continually pervades all things. This is proved also by the Lord Jesus, where he says, Consider the lilies, how they grow, they toil not, neither do they spin, and yet I say unto you that Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these. But if God so clothed the grass of the field, which today is, and tomorrow is cast into the oven, how much more shall he clothe you, O ye of little faith? It was best therefore that the soul of man, which was still weakly desiring earthly things, should be accustomed to seek from God alone even these petty temporal boons and the earthly necessaries of this transitory life, which are contemptible in comparison with eternal blessings, in order that the desire even of these things might not draw it aside from the worship of him to whom we come by despising and forsaking such things. CHAPTER XV And so it is pleased divine providence, as I have said, and as we read in the Acts of the Apostles, that the law in joining the worship of one God should be given by the disposition of angels. But among them the person of God himself visibly appeared, not indeed in his proper substance, whichever remains invisible to mortal eyes, but by the infallible signs furnished by creation and obedience to its creator. He made use, too, of the words of human speech, uttering them syllable by syllable successively, though in his own nature he speaks not in a bodily, but in a spiritual way. Not to sense, but to the mind, not in words that occupy time, but if I may say so eternally, neither beginning to speak nor coming to an end. And what he says is accurately heard not by the bodily, but by the mental ear of his ministers and messengers who were immortally blessed in the enjoyment of his unchangeable truth, and the directions which they in some ineffable way receive, they execute without delay or difficulty in the sensible and visible world. And this law was given in conformity with the age of the world, and contained in the first earthly promises, as I have said, which, however, symbolized eternal ones, and these eternal blessings few understood, though many took apart in the celebration of their visible signs. Nevertheless, one can sense both the words and the visible rites of that law enjoying the worship of one God. Not one of a crowd of gods, but him who made heaven and earth, and every soul and every spirit which is other than himself. He created, all else was created, and both for being and well-being, all things need him who created them. CHAPTER XVI What angels, then, are we to believe in this matter of blessed and eternal life, those who wish to be worshipped with religious rites and observances, and require that men sacrifice to them, or those who say that all this worship is due to one God, the Creator, and teach us to render it with true piety to him, by the vision of whom they are themselves already blessed, and in whom they promise that we shall be so. For that vision of God is the beauty of a vision so great and is so infinitely desirable that Plotinus does not hesitate to say that he who enjoys all other blessings and abundance, and has not this, is supremely miserable. Since therefore miracles are wrought by some angels to induce us to worship this God, by others to induce us to worship themselves, and since the former forbid us to worship these, while the latter dare not forbid us to worship God, which are we to listen to? Let the Platonists reply, or any philosophers, or the theurgists, or rather periurgists, for this name is good enough for those who practice such arts. In short, let all men answer, if at least there survives in them any spark of that natural perception which, as rational beings, they possess when created. Let them, I say, tell us whether we should sacrifice to the gods or angels who order us to sacrifice to them, or to that one to whom we are ordered to sacrifice, by those who forbid us to worship out of themselves or these others. If neither the one party nor the other had wrought miracles, but had merely uttered commands, the one to sacrifice to themselves, the other forbidding that, and ordering us to sacrifice to God, a godly mind would have been at no loss to discern which command proceeded from proud arrogance, and which from true religion. I will say more. If miracles had been wrought only by those who demand sacrifice for themselves, while those who forbade this, and enjoy in sacrificing to the one God only, thought fit entirely to forego the use of visible miracles, the authority of the latter was to be preferred by all who would use, not their eyes only, but their reason. But since God, for the sake of commending to us the oracles of his truth, has, by means of these immortal messengers who proclaim his majesty and not their own pride, wrought miracles of surpassing grandeur, certainty and distinctness, in order that the weak among the godly might not be drawn away to false religion by those who require us to sacrifice to them, and endeavor to convince us by stupendous appeals to our senses, who is so utterly unreasonable as not to choose and follow the truth when he finds that it is heralded by even more striking evidences than falsehood. As for those miracles which history ascribes to the gods of the heathen, I do not refer to those prodigies which the intervals happen from some unknown physical causes, in which are arranged and appointed by divine providence, such as monstrous burrows, an unusual meteorological phenomena, whether startling only, or also injurious, and which are said to be brought about and removed by communication with demons and by their most deceitful craft. But I refer to these prodigies which manifestly enough are wrought by their power and force, as that the household gods which Aeneas carried from Troy in his flight moved from place to place, that Tarquin cut a whetstone with a razor, that the Epidaurian serpent attached himself as a companion to Escalepius and his voyage to Rome, that the ship in which the image of the Phrygian mother stood and which could not be moved by a host of men and oxen, was moved by one weak woman who attached her girdle to the vessel and drew it as proof of her chastity, that a vessel whose virginity was questioned removed the suspicion by carrying from the tiber a sieve full of water without any of it dropping. These then and the like are by no means to be compared for greatness and virtue to those which we read were wrought among God's people. How much less can we compare those marvels which even the laws of heathen nations prohibit and punish? I mean the magical and theurgic marvels of which the great part are merely illusions practiced upon the senses, as the drawing down of the moon, that as Lucan says, it may shed a stronger influence on the plans. And if some of these do seem to equal those which are wrought by the godly, the end for which they are wrought distinguishes the two, and shows that ours are incomparably the more excellent. For those miracles commend the worship of a plurality of gods who deserve worship the less the more they demand it, but these of ours commend the worship of the one God, who both by the testimony of his own scriptures and by the eventual abolition of sacrifices proves that he needs no such offerings. If therefore any angels demand sacrifice for themselves, we must prefer those who demand it not for themselves, but for God the creator of all whom they serve. For thus they prove how sincerely they love us, since they wish by sacrifice to subject us not to themselves, but to him by the contemplation of whom they themselves are blessed, and to bring us to him from whom they themselves have never strayed. If on the other hand any angels wish us to sacrifice not to one, but to many, not indeed to themselves, but to the gods whose angels they are, we must in this case also prefer those who are the angels of the one God of gods, in who so bid us to worship him as to preclude our worshiping any other. But further, if it be the case as their pride and deceitfulness rather indicate that they are not a good angels nor the angels of good gods, but wicked demons, who wish sacrifice to be paid not to the one only in supreme God, but to themselves, what better protection against them can we choose than that of the one God whom the good angels serve, the angels who bid us sacrifice not to themselves, but to him whose sacrifice we ourselves ought to be? CHAPTER 17 On this account it was that the law of God, given by the disposition of angels, in which commanded that the one God of gods alone receives sacred worship, to the exclusion of all others, was deposited in the Ark, called the Ark of the Testimony. By this name it is sufficiently indicated not that God, who was worshiped by all those rites, was shut up and enclosed in that place, though his responses emanated from it along with signs appreciable by the senses, but that his will was declared from that throne. The law itself, too, was engraven on tables of stone, and, as I have said, deposited in an Ark, which the priests carried with due reverence during the Sojourn and the Wilderness, along with the Tabernacle, which was in like manner called the Tabernacle of the Testimony. And there was then an accompanying sign, which appeared as a cloud by day and as a fire by night. When the cloud moved, the camp was shifted, and where it stood, the camp was pitched. Besides these signs and the voices which proceeded from the place where the Ark was, there were other miraculous testimonies to the law. For when the Ark was carried across Jordan on the entrance to the Land of Promise, the upper part of the river stopped in its course, and the lower part flowed on, so as to present both to the Ark and the people dry ground to pass over. Then when it was carried seven times round the first hostile and polytheistic city they came to, its walls suddenly fell down, though assaulted by no hand, struck by no battering ram. Afterwards, too, when they were now resident in the Land of Promise, and the Ark had, in punishment of their sin, being taken by their enemies, its captors triumphantly placed it in the temple of their favorite God, and left it shut up there. But on opening the temple the next day, they found the image they used to pray to fall into the ground, and shamefully shattered. Then, being themselves alarmed by portents, and still more shamefully punished, they restored the Ark of the Testimony to the people from whom they had taken it. And what was the manner of its restoration? They placed it on a wagon, and yoked it to cows from which they had taken the calves, and let them choose their own course, expecting that in this way the divine will would be indicated. And the cows, without any man driving or directing them, steadily pursued the way to the Hebrews without regarding the lowering of their calves, and thus restored the Ark to its worshippers. To God, these and such like wonders are small, but they are mighty to terrify and give wholesome instruction to men. For if philosophers, and especially the Platonists, are with justice esteemed wiser than other men, as I have just been mentioning, because they taught that even these earthly and insignificant things are ruled by divine providence, inferring this from the numberless beauties which are observable not only in the bodies of animals, but even in plants and grasses, how much more plentiful do these things attest the presence of divinity which happened at the time predicted, and in which that religion is commended which forbids the offering of sacrifice to any celestial, terrestrial, or infernal being, and commands it to be offered to God only, who alone blesses us by his love for us, and by our love to him, and who, by arranging the appointed times of those sacrifices, and by predicting that they were to pass into a better sacrifice by a better priest, testified that he has no appetite for these sacrifices, but through them indicated others of more substantial blessing. And all this, not that he himself may be glorified by these honors, but that we may be stirred up to worship and cleave to him, being inflamed by his love, which is our advantage rather than his. CHAPTER 18 Will someone say that these miracles are false, that they never happened, and that the records of them are lies? Whoever says so, and asserts that in such matters no records whatever can be credited, may also say that there are no gods who care for human affairs, for they have induced men to worship them only by means of miraculous works, which the heathen histories testify, and by which the gods have made a display of their own power, rather than done any real service. This is the reason why we have not undertaken in this work, of which we are now writing the tenth book, to refute those who either deny that there is any divine power, or contend that it does not interfere with human affairs, and that there are no gods who care for human affairs. But those who prefer their own god to our god, the founder of the holy and most glorious city, not knowing that he is also the invisible and unchangeable founder of this visible and changing world, and the truest bestower of the blessed life which resides not in things created, but in himself. For thus speaks his most trustworthy prophet, it is good for me to be united to god. Among philosophers it is a question, what is that end and good to the attainment of which all our duties are to have a relation. The psalmist did not say, it is good for me to have great wealth, or to wear imperial insignia, purple, scepter, and diadem, or as some even of the philosophers have not blushed to say, it is good for me to enjoy sensual pleasure, or as the better men among them seem to say, my good is my spiritual strength, but it is good for me to be united to god. This he had learned from him whom the holy angels with the accompanying witness of miracles presented as the sole object of worship. And hence he himself became the sacrifice of god whose spiritual love inflamed him and into whose ineffable and incorporeal embrace he yearned to cast himself. Moreover, if the worshippers of many gods, whatever kind of gods they fancy their own to be, believe that the miracles recorded in their civil histories, or in the books of magic, or of the more respectable theology, were wrought by these gods, what reason have they for refusing to believe the miracles recorded in those writings to which we owe a credence as much greater as he is greater to whom alone these writings teach us to sacrifice? Chapter 19 As to those who think that these visible sacrifices are suitably offered to other gods, but that invisible sacrifices, the graces of purity of mind and holiness of will, should be offered as greater and better to the invisible god, himself greater and better than all others, they must be oblivious that these visible sacrifices are signs of the invisible as the words we utter are the signs of things. And therefore, as in prayer or praise, we direct intelligible words to him to whom in our heart we offer the very feelings we are expressing, so we are to understand that in sacrifice we offer visible sacrifice only to him to whom in our heart we ought to present ourselves in invisible sacrifice. It is then that the angels and all those superior powers who are mighty by their goodness and piety regard us with pleasure and rejoice with us and assist us to the utmost of their power. But if we offer such worship to them, they decline it, and when on any mission to men they become visible to the senses, they positively forbid it. Examples of this occur in holy writ. Some fancy they should, by adoration or sacrifice, pay the same honor to angels as is due to God, and were prevented from doing so by the angels themselves in order to render it to him to whom alone they knew it to be due. And the holy angels have in this been imitated by holy men of God, for Paul and Barnabas, when they had wrought a miracle of healing and Lyconia, were thought to be gods, and the Lyconians desired to sacrifice to them, and they humbly and piously declined this honor and announced to them the God in whom they should believe. In those deceitful and proud spirits who exact worship do so simply because they know it to be due to the true God. For that which they take pleasure in is not, as Porphyry says in some fancy, the smell of the victims, but divine honors. They have in fact plenty odors on all hands, and if they wished more they could provide them for themselves. But the spirits who arrogate to themselves divinity are delighted not with the smoke of carcasses, but with the suppliant spirit which they deceive and hold in subjection and hinder from drawing near to God, preventing him from offering himself and sacrifice to God by inducing him to sacrifice to others. Chapter 20. And hence that true mediator, insofar as, by assuming the form of a servant, he became the mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus, though in the form of God he received sacrifice together with a father, with whom he is one God. Yet in the form of a servant he chose rather to be than to receive a sacrifice, that not even by this instance anyone might have occasion to suppose that sacrifice should be rendered to any creature. Thus he is both the priest who offers and the sacrifice offered. And he designed that there should be a daily sign of this in the sacrifice of the church, which, being his body, learns to offer herself through him. Of this true sacrifice the ancient sacrifices of the saints were the various and numerous signs, and it was thus variously figured, just as one thing is signified by a variety of words, that there may be less weariness when we speak of it much. To this supreme and true sacrifice all false sacrifices have given place. Chapter 21. The power delegated to the demons had certain appointed and well-adjusted seasons that they may give expression to their hostility to the city of God by stirring up against it the men who were under their influence, and may not only receive sacrifice from those who willingly offer it, but may also extort it from the unwilling by violent persecution. This power is found to be not merely harmless, but even useful to the church, completing as it does the number of martyrs whom the city of God esteems as all the more illustrious and honored citizens because they have striven even to blood against the sin of impiety. If the ordinary language of the church allowed it, we might more elegantly call these men our heroes. For this name is said to be derived from Juno, who in Greek is called Herre, and hence, according to the Greek myths, one of her sons was called Heros. And these fables mystically signified that Juno was mistress of the heir, which they supposed to be inhabited by the demons and the heroes, understanding by heroes the souls of the well-deserving dead. But for a quite opposite reason would we call our martyrs heroes, supposing, as I said, that the usage of ecclesiastical language would admit of it, not because they lived along with the demons and the heir, but because they conquered these demons or powers of the heir, and among them Juno herself, be she what she may, not unsuitably represented, as she commonly is by the poets, as hostile to virtue and jealous of men of Mark aspiring to the heavens. Virgil, however, unhappily gives way and yields to her. For though he represents her as saying, I am conquered by Aeneas, Hellenus gives Aeneas himself this religious advice. Pay vows to Juno, overbear her queenly soul with gift and prayer. In conformity with this opinion, Porphyry, expressing, however, not so much his own views as other peoples, says that a good god or genius cannot come to a man unless the evil genius has been first of all propitiated, implying that the evil deities had greater power than the good. For until they have been appeased and give place, the good can give no assistance, and if the evil deities oppose, the good can give no help, whereas the evil can do injury without the good being able to prevent them. This is not the way of the true and truly holy religion. Not thus do our martyrs conquer Juno, that is to say, the powers of the air, who envy the virtues of the pious. Our heroes, if we could so call them, overcome Harry not by supply and gifts, but by divine virtues. As Shipio, who conquered Africa by his valour, is more suitably styled Africanus than if he had appeased his enemies by gifts, and so won their mercy. It is by exercising it, not by propitiating it, and they overcome all the temptations of the adversary by praying, not to him, but to their own god, against him. For the devil cannot conquer or subdue any but those who are in league with sin, and therefore he is conquered in the name of him who assumed humanity, and that without sin, that himself, being both priest and sacrifice, he might bring about the remission of sins, that is to say, the evil deities of God. He might bring it about through the mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus, by whom we are reconciled to God, the cleansing from sin being accomplished. For men are separated from God only by sins, from which we are in this life cleansed not by our own virtue, but by the divine compassion, through his indulgence, not through our own power. For whatever virtue we call our own is itself bestowed upon us by his goodness, and we might attribute too much to ourselves while in the flesh unless we lived in the receipt of pardon until we laid it down. This is the reason why there has been vouchsafed to us, through the mediator, this grace, that we who are polluted by sinful flesh should be cleansed by the likeness of sinful flesh. By this grace of God wherein he has shown his great compassion toward us, we are both governed by faith in this life, and after this life are led onwards to the fullest perfection by the vision of immutable truth. He says too in the same place that principles can purify, lest it should be supposed from his saying that sacrificing to the sun and moon cannot purify, that sacrificing to some other of the host of gods might do so. And what he as a Platonist means by principles we know, for he speaks of God the Father and God the Son, whom he calls, writing in Greek, the intellect or mind of the Father. But of the Holy Spirit he says either nothing or nothing plainly, for I do not understand what other he speaks of as holding the middle place between these two. For if, like Platonists in his discussion regarding the three principle substances, he wished us to understand by this the soul of nature, he would certainly not have given at the middle place between these two, that is between the Father and the Son. For Platonists places the soul of nature after the intellect of the Father, while porphyry, making it the mean, does not place it after, but between the others. No doubt he spoke according to his light or as he thought expedient, but we assert that the Holy Spirit is the Spirit not of the Father only, nor of the Son only, but of both. For philosophers speak as they have a mind to, and in the most difficult matters do not screwble to offend religious ears. But we are bound to speak according to a certain rule, lest freedom of speech beget impiety of opinion about the matters themselves of which we speak. Accordingly, when we speak of God, we do not affirm two or three principles, nor more than we are at liberty to affirm two or three Gods. Although speaking of each, of the Father, or of the Son, or of the Holy Ghost, we confess that each is God. And yet we do not say, as the Sibelian heretics say, that the Father is the same as the Son, and the Holy Spirit the same as the Father and the Son. But we say that the Father is the Father of the Son, and the Son the Son of the Father, and that the Holy Spirit of the Father and the Son is neither the Father nor the Son. It was therefore truly said that man is cleansed only by a principle, although the Platonists aired in speaking in the plural of principles. But Porphyry, being under the dominion of these envious powers whose influence he was at once ashamed of and afraid to throw off, refused to recognize the Christ as the principle by whose incarnation we are purified. Indeed he despised him because of the flesh itself which he assumed that he might offer a sacrifice for our purification. A great mystery, unintelligible to Porphyry's pride, which that true and benevolent redeemer brought low by his humility, manifesting himself to mortals by the mortality which he assumed, in which the malignant and deceitful mediators are proud of wanting, promising, as the boon of immortals, a deceptive assistance to wretched men. Thus the good and true mediator showed that it is sin which is evil and not the substance or nature of flesh. For this, together with the human soul, could without sin be both assumed and retained, and laid down in death and changed to something better by resurrection. He showed also that death itself, although the punishment of sin, was submitted to by him for our sakes without sin, and must not be evaded by sin on our part, but rather, if opportunity serves, be born for righteousness' sake. For he was able to expiate sins by dying because he both died and not for sin of his own. But he has not been recognized by Porphyry as the principle, otherwise he would have recognized him as the purifier. The principle is not of the flesh nor the human soul in Christ, but the word by which all things were made. The flesh therefore does not by its own virtue purify, but by virtue of the word by which it was assumed, when the word became flesh and dwelt among us. For speaking mystically of eating his flesh, when those who did not understand him were offended and went away, saying, this is an hard saying, who can bear it? He answered to the rest who remained, it is the spirit that quickeneth, the flesh, profiteth nothing. The principle therefore, having assumed a human soul and flesh, cleanses the soul and flesh of believers. Therefore, when the Jews asked him who he was, he answered that he was the principle. And this weak, carnal, and feeble man, liable to sin and involved in the darkness of ignorance, could not possibly understand unless we were cleansed and healed by him, both by means of what we were and of what we were not. For we were men, but we were not righteous, whereas in his incarnation there was a human nature, but it was righteous and not sinful. This is the mediation whereby a hand is stretched to the lapsed and fallen. This is the seed ordained by angels, by whose ministry the law also was given in joining the worship of one God, and promising that this mediator should come. Chapter 25 It was by faith in this mystery and godliness of life that purification was attainable even by the saints of old, whether before the law was given to the Hebrews, for God and the angels were even then present as instructors, or in the periods under the law, although the promises of spiritual things being presented in figure seemed to be carnal, and hence the name of Old Testament. For it was then the prophets lived, by whom, as by angels, the same promise was announced, and among them was he whose grand and divine sentiment regarding the end and supreme good of man I have just now quoted. It is good for me to cleave to God. In this psalm the distinction between the Old and New Testaments is distinctly announced. For the psalmist says that when he saw that the carnal and earthly promises were abundantly enjoyed by the ungodly, his feet were almost gone, his steps had well nigh slipped, and that it seemed to him as if he had served God in vain when he saw that those who despised God increased in that prosperity which he looked for at God's hand. He says too that in investigating this matter with the desire of understanding why it was so he had labored in vain until he went into the sanctuary of God and understood the end of those whom he had erroneously considered happy. Then he understood that they were cast down by that very thing, as he says, which they had made their boast, and that they had been consumed and perished for their iniquities, and that that whole fabric of temporal prosperity had become as a dream when one awakeeth, and suddenly finds himself destitute of all the joys he had imaged in sleep. And as in this earth or earthly city they seem to themselves to be great, he says, O Lord in thy city thou wilt reduce their image to nothing. He also shows how beneficial it had been for him to seek even earthly blessings only from the one true God in whose power are all things, for he says, as a beast was I before thee and I am always with thee. As a beast he says, meaning that he was stupid, for I ought to have sought from thee such things as the ungodly could not enjoy as well as I, and not those things which I saw them enjoying in abundance, and hence concluded I was serving thee in vain because they who declined to serve thee had what I had not. Nevertheless I am always with thee, because even in my desire for such things I did not pray to other gods. And consequently he goes on, thou hast holden me by my right hand, and by thy counsel thou hast guided me, and with glory hast taken me up, as if all earthly advantages were left hand blessings, though when he saw them enjoyed by the wicked his feet had almost gone. For what, he says, have I in heaven, and what have I desired from thee upon earth? He blames himself and is justly displeased with himself, because, though he had in heaven so vast a possession, as he afterwards understood, he yet sought from his god on earth a transitory and fleeting happiness, a happiness of mire, we may say. My heart and my flesh, he says, fail, O God of my heart. Happy failure from things below to things above. Enhanced in another Psalm, he says, my soul longeth, yea, even faileth, for the courts of the Lord. Yet, though he had said of both his heart and his flesh that they were failing, he did not say, O God of my heart and my flesh, but O God of my heart, for by the heart the flesh is made clean. Therefore, says the Lord, cleanse that which is within and the outside shall be clean also. He then says that God himself, not anything received from him, but himself, is his portion, the God of my heart and my portion forever. Among the various objects of human choice, God alone satisfied him. For lo, he says, they that are far from thee shall perish, thou destroyest all them that go ahoring from thee, that is, who prostitute themselves to many gods. And then follows the verse for which all the rest of the Psalm seems to prepare, it is good for me to cleave to God, not to go far off, not to go ahoring with a multitude of gods. And then shall this union with God be perfected when all that is to be redeemed in us has been redeemed. But for the present we must, as he goes on to say, place our hope in God. For that which is seen, says the apostle, is not hope. For what a man sees, why does he yet hope for? But if we hope for that we see not, then do we with patience wait for it. Being then for the present established in this hope, let us do what the psalmist further indicates, and become in our measure angels or messengers of God, declaring his will and praising his glory and his grace. For when he had said, to place my hope in God, he goes on, that I may declare all thy praises in the gates of the daughter of Zion. This is the most glorious city of God. This is the city which knows and worships one God. She is celebrated by the holy angels who invite us to their society and desire us to become fellow citizens with them in this city. For they do not wish us to worship them as our gods, but to join them in worshiping their God and ours, nor to sacrifice to them, but together with them to become a sacrifice to God. Accordingly, whoever will lay aside malignant obstinacy and consider these things shall be assured that all these blessed and immortal spirits who do not envy us, for if they envied they were not blessed, but rather love us and desire us to be as blessed as themselves, look on us with greater pleasure and give us greater assistance when we join them in worshiping one God, Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, than if we were to offer to themselves sacrifice and worship. Chapter 26 I know not how it is so, but it seems to me that Porphyry blushed for his friends the theurgists, for he knew all that I have induced, but did not frankly condemn polytheistic worship. He said in fact that there are some angels who visit earth and reveal divine truth to theurgists and others who publish on earth the things that belong to the Father, His height and depth. Can we believe then that the angels whose office it is to declare the will of the Father wishes to be subject to any but Him whose will they declare? And hence even this Platonist himself judiciously observes that we should rather imitate than invoke them. We ought not then to fear that we may offend these immortal and happy subjects of the one God by not sacrificing to them, for this they know to be due only to the one true God, in allegiance to whom they themselves find their blessedness, and therefore they will not have it given to them, either in figure or in the reality which the mysteries of sacrifice symbolized. Such arrogance belongs to proud and wretched demons whose disposition is diametrically opposite to the piety of those who are subject to God and whose blessedness consists in attachment to Him. And that we also may attain to this bliss they aid us as is fit with sincere kindness and usurp over us no dominion, but declare to us Him under whose rule we are then fellow subjects. Why then, O philosopher, do you still fear to speak freely against the powers which are inimical both to true virtue and to the gifts of the true God? Already you have discriminated between the angels who proclaim God's will and those who visit theurgists, drawn down by I know not what art. Why do you still ascribe to these latter the honor of declaring divine truth? If they do not declare the will of the Father, what divine revelations can they make? Are not these the evil spirits who were bound over by the incantations of an envious man, that they should not grant purity of soul to another and could not, as you say, be set free from these bonds by a good man anxious for purity and recover power over their own actions? Do you still doubt whether these are wicked demons, or do you perhaps feign ignorance that you may not give offense to the theurgists who have allured you by their secret rites and have taught you, as a mighty boon, these insane and pernicious devilries? Do you dare to elevate above the air and even to heaven these envious powers, or pests, let me rather call them, less worthy of the name of sovereign than of slave, as you yourself own? And are you not ashamed to place them even among your sidereal gods, and so put a slight upon the stars themselves? Chapter 27 How much more tolerable and accordant with human feeling is the error of your Platonist co-sectory Apollaeus? For he attributed the diseases and storms of human passions only to the demons who occupy a grade beneath the moon, and makes even this avowal as by constraint regarding gods whom he honors. But the superior and celestial gods who inhabit the ethereal regions, whether visible as the sun, moon, and other luminaries whose brilliancy makes them conspicuous, or invisible but believed in by him, he does his utmost to remove beyond the slightest stain of these perturbations. It is not then from Plato, but from your Chaldean teachers, you have learned to elevate human vices to the ethereal and imperial regions of the world, and to the celestial firmament, in order that your theurgis might be able to obtain from your gods divine revelations. And yet you make yourself superior to these divine revelations by your intellectual life, which dispenses with these theurgic purifications as not needed by a philosopher. But by way of rewarding your teachers, you recommend these arts to other men who, not being philosophers, may be persuaded to use what you acknowledge to be useless to yourself who are capable of higher things, so that those who cannot avail themselves of the virtue of philosophy, which is too arduous for the multitude, may at your instigation but take themselves to theurgists by whom they may be purified, not indeed in the intellectual but in the spiritual part of the soul. Now, as the persons who are unfit for philosophy form incomparably the majority of mankind, more may be compelled to consult these secret and illicit teachers of yours than frequent the Platonic schools. For these most impure demons, pretending to be ethereal gods, whose herald and messenger you have become, have promised that those who are purified by theology in the spiritual part of their soul shall not indeed return to the Father, but shall dwell among the ethereal gods above the aerial regions. But such fancies are not listened to by the multitudes of men whom Christ came to set free from the tyranny of demons. For in him they have the most gracious cleansing in which mind, spirit, and body alike participate. For in order that he might heal the whole man from the plague of sin, he took without sin the whole human nature. Would that you had known him, and would that you had committed yourself for healing to him rather than to your own frail and infirm human virtue, or to pernicious and curious arts? He would not have deceived you, for him your own oracles on your own showing acknowledged holy and immortal. It is of him too that the most famous poet speaks poetically indeed, since he applies it to the person of another, yet truly, if you refer it to Christ, saying, By which he indicates that by reason of the infirmity which attaches to this life, the greatest progress in virtue and righteousness leaves room for the existence, if not of crimes, yet of the traces of crimes, which are obliterated only by that Saviour of whom this verse speaks. For that he did not say this, at the prompting of his own fancy, Virgil tells us, in almost the last verse of that verse, Virgil tells us, in almost the last verse of that fourth eclog, when he says, The last age predicted by the Chomean Sibyl has now arrived, whence it plainly appears that this had been dictated by the Chomean Sibyl. But those theurgists, or rather demons, who assume the appearance and form of gods, pollute rather than purify the human spirit by false appearances and the delusive mockery of unsubstantial forms. How can those whose own spirit is unclean cleanse the spirit of man? Were they not unclean, they would not be bound by the incantations of an envious man, and would neither be afraid nor grudge to bestow that hollow boom which they promise. But it is sufficient for our purpose that you acknowledge that the intellectual soul, that is, our mind, cannot be justified by theology, and that even the spiritual or inferior part of our soul cannot, by this act, be made eternal and immortal, though you maintain that it can be purified by it. Christ, however, promises life eternal, and therefore to him the world flocks, greatly to your indignation, greatly also to your astonishment and confusion. What avails your force to vow that theurgy leads men astray and deceives vast numbers by its ignorant and foolish teaching, and that it is the most manifest mistake to have recourse by prayer and sacrifice the angels and principalities when, at the same time, to save yourself from the charge of spending labor in vain on such arts, you direct men to the theurgists, that by their means men, who do not live by the rule of the intellectual soul, may have their spiritual soul purified. Chapter 28 You drive men, therefore, into the most palpable error, and yet you are not ashamed of doing so much harm, though you call yourself a lover of virtue and wisdom. Had you been true and faithful in this profession, you would have recognized Christ, the virtue of God, and the wisdom of God, and would not, in the pride of vain science, have revolted from his wholesome humility. Nevertheless, you acknowledge that the spiritual part of the soul can be purified by the virtue of chastity without the aid of those theurgic arts and mysteries which you wasted your time in learning. You even say sometimes that these mysteries do not raise the soul after death, so that after the termination of this life they seem to be of no service even to the part you call spiritual, and yet you recur on every opportunity to these arts for no other purpose, so far as I can see, than to appear an accomplished theurgist and gratify those who are curious in illicit arts or else to inspire others with the same curiosity. But we give you all praise for saying that this art is to be feared, both on account of the legal enactments against it and by the reason of the danger involved in the very practice of it, and would that in this, at least, you were listened to by its wretched votaries, that they might be withdrawn from entire absorption in it, or might even be preserved from tampering with it at all. You say indeed that ignorance and the numberless vices resulting from it cannot be removed by any mysteries but only by the patricos nos, that is, the Father's mind or intellect conscious of the Father's will. But Christ is this mind you do not believe, for him you despise on account of the body he took of a woman and the shame of the cross, for your lofty wisdom spurns such low and contemptible things and soars to more exalted regions. But he fulfills what the holy prophets truly predicted regarding him, I will destroy the wisdom of the wise and bring to naught the prudence of the prudent. For he does not destroy and bring to naught his own gift in them but what they irrigate to themselves and do not hold of him. And hence the apostle, having quoted this testimony from the prophet, adds, Where is the wise? Where is the scribe? Where is the disputer of this world? heth not God made foolish the wisdom of this world? For after that in the wisdom of God the world by wisdom knew not God, it pleased God by the foolishness of preaching to save them that believe. For the Jews require a sign and the Greeks seek after wisdom, but we preach Christ crucified unto the Jews a stumbling block and unto the Greeks foolishness, but unto them which are called, both Jews and Greeks, Christ the power of God and the wisdom of God, because the foolishness of God is wiser than men and the weakness of God is stronger than men. This is despised as a weak and foolish thing by those who are wise and strong in themselves, yet this is the grace which heals the weak who do not proudly boast a blessedness of their own but rather humbly acknowledge their real misery. Chapter 29 You proclaim the father and his son whom you call the father's intellect or mind and between these a third by whom we suppose you mean the Holy Spirit and in your own fashion you call these three gods. In this though your expressions are inaccurate you do in some sort and as through avail see what we should strive towards, but the incarnation of the unchangeable son of God whereby we are saved and are unable to reach the things we believe or in part understand this is what you refuse to recognize. You see in a fashion although at a distance although with filming eye the country in which we should abide but the way to it you know not. Yet you believe in grace for you say it is granted to few to reach God by virtue of intelligence. For you do not say few have thought fit or have wished but it has been granted to few distinctly acknowledging God's grace not man's sufficiency. You also use this word more expressly when in accordance with the opinion of Plato you make no doubt that in this life a man cannot by any means attain to perfect wisdom but that whatever is lacking is in the future life made up to those who live intellectually by God's providence and grace. Oh had you but recognized the grace of God and Jesus Christ our Lord and that very incarnation of his wherein he assumed a human soul and body you might have seemed the brightest example of grace. But what am I doing? I know it is useless to speak to a dead man, useless at least so far as regards you but perhaps not in vain for those who esteem you highly and love you on account of their love of wisdom or curiosity about those arts which you ought not to have learned and these persons I address in your name. The grace of God could not have been more graciously commended to us than thus that the only son of God remaining unchangeable in himself should assume humanity and should give us the hope of his love by means of the mediation of a human nature through which we from the condition of men might come to him who was so far off, the immortal from the mortal, the unchangeable from the changeable, the just from the unjust, the blessed from the wretched, and as he had given us a natural instinct to desire blessedness and immortality he himself continuing to be blessed but assuming mortality by enduring what we fear taught us to despise it than what we long for he might bestow upon us. But in order to your acquiescence in this truth it is lowliness that is requisite and to this it is extremely difficult to bend you. For what is there incredible especially to men like you a custom to speculation which might have predisposed you to believe in this? What is there incredible I say in the assertion that God assumed a human soul and body? You yourselves ascribe such excellence to the intellectual soul which is after all the human soul that you maintain that it can become consubstantial with that intelligence to the Father whom you believe in as the son of God. What incredible thing is it then if some one soul be assumed by him in an ineffable and unique manner for the salvation of many? Moreover our nature itself testifies that a man is incomplete unless a body be united with a soul. This certainly would be more incredible were it not of all things the most common for we should more easily believe in a union between spirit and spirit or to use your own terminology between the incorporeal and the incorporeal even though the one were human, the other divine, the one changeable and the other unchangeable than in a union between the corporeal and the incorporeal. But perhaps it is the unprecedented birth of a body from a virgin that staggers you. But so far from this being a difficulty it ought rather to assist you to receive our religion that a miraculous person was born miraculously. Or do you find a difficulty in the fact that after his body had been given up to death and had been changed into a higher kind of body by resurrection and was now no longer mortal but incorruptible he carried it up into heavenly places? Perhaps you refuse to believe this because you remember that porphyry in these very books from which I have cited so much and which treat of the return of the soul so frequently teaches that a body of every kind is to be escaped from in order that the soul may dwell in blessedness with God. But here in place of following porphyry you ought rather to have corrected him especially since you agree with him in believing such incredible things about the soul of this visible world and huge material frame. For as scholars of Plato you hold that the world is an animal and a very happy animal which you wish to be also everlasting. How then is it never to be loosed from a body and yet never to lose its happiness if in order to the happiness of the soul the body must be left behind? The sun too and the other stars you not only acknowledge to be bodies in which you have the cordial ascent of all seeing men but also in obedience to what you reckon are profounder insight you declare that they are very blessed animals and eternal together with their bodies. Why is it then that when the Christian faith is pressed upon you you forget or pretend to ignore what you habitually discuss or teach? Why is it that you refuse to be Christians on the ground that you hold opinions which in fact you yourselves demolish? Is it not because Christ came in lowliness and ye are proud? The precise nature of the resurrection bodies of the saints may sometimes occasion discussion among those who are best read in the Christian scriptures yet there is not among us the smallest doubt that they shall be everlasting and of a nature exemplified in the instance of Christ's risen body. But whatever be their nature since we maintain that they shall be absolutely incorruptible and immortal and shall offer no hindrance to the soul's contemplation by which it is fixed in God and as you say that among the celestials the bodies of the eternally blessed are eternal why do you maintain that in order to blessedness every body must be escaped from? Why do you thus seek such a plausible reason for escaping from the Christian faith if not because as I again say Christ is humble and ye proud? Are ye ashamed to be corrected? This is the vice of the proud. It is forsooth a degradation for learned men to pass from the school of Plato to the discipleship of Christ who by his spirit taught a fisherman to think and to say in the beginning was the word and the word was with God and the word was God the same was in the beginning with God all things were made by him and without him was not anything made that was made. In him was life and the life was the light of men and the light shineth in darkness and the darkness comprehended it not. The old saint Simplicianus afterwards bishop of Milan used to tell me that a certain Platonist was in the habit of saying that this opening passage of the Holy Gospel entitled According to John should be written in letters of gold and hung up in old churches in the most conspicuous place. But the proud scorned to take God for their master because the word was made flesh and dwelt among us so that with these miserable creatures it is not enough that they are sick but they boast of sickness and are ashamed of the medicine which could heal them and doing so they secure not elevation but a more disastrous fall. Chapter 30 If it is considered unseemly to amend anything which Plato has touched why did Porphyry himself make emendations and these not a few? For it is very certain that Plato wrote that the souls of men return after death to the bodies of beasts. Platonist also Porphyry's teacher held this opinion yet Porphyry justly rejected it. He was of opinion that human souls return indeed into human bodies but not into the bodies they had left but other new bodies. He shrank from the other opinion lest a woman who had returned into a mule might possibly carry her own son on her back. He did not shrink however from a theory which admitted the possibility of a mother coming back into a girl and marrying her own son. How much more honorable a creed is that which was by the holy and truthful angels uttered by the prophets who were moved by God's spirit preached by him who was foretold as the coming savior by his four running heralds and by the apostles whom he sent forth and who filled the whole world with the gospel. How much more honorable I say is the belief that souls return once for all to their own bodies than that they return again and again to diverse bodies. Nevertheless Porphyry as I have said did considerably improve upon this opinion in so far at least as he maintained that human souls could transmigrate only into human bodies and made no scruple about demolishing the bestial prisons into which Plato had wished to cast them. He says too that God put the soul into the world that it might recognize the evils of matter and return to the father and be forever emancipated from the polluting contact of matter. And although here is some inappropriate thinking for the soul is rather given to the body that it may do good for it would not learn evil unless it did it. Yet he corrects the opinion of other Platonists on that on a point of no small importance in as much as he avows that the soul which is purged from all evil and received to the father's presence shall never again suffer the ills of this life. By this opinion he quite subverted the favorite platonic dogma that his dead men are made out of living ones so living men are made out of dead ones. And he exploded the idea which Virgil seems to have adopted from Plato that the purified souls which have been sent into the Elysian fields, the poetic name for the joys of the blessed, are summoned to the river Leith, that is to the oblivion of the past, that earthward they may pass once more remembering not the things before and with a blind propension re-earned to fleshly bodies to return. This found no favor with porphyry and very justly, for it is indeed foolish to believe that souls should desire to return from that life which cannot be very blessed unless by the assurance of its permanence and to come back into this life into the pollution of corruptible bodies as if the result of perfect purification were only to make defilement desirable. For if perfect purification affects the oblivion of all evils, and the oblivion of evils creates a desire for a body in which the soul may again be entangled with evils, then the supreme felicity will be the cause of infelicity and the perfection of wisdom, the cause of foolishness and the purest cleansing, the cause of defilement. And however long the blessedness of the soul lasts, it cannot be founded on truth if in order to be blessed it must be deceived. For it cannot be blessed unless it be free from fear. But to be free from fear, it must be under the false impression that it shall be always blessed, the false impression, for it is destined to be also at some time miserable. How then shall the soul rejoice in truth? How then shall the soul rejoice in truth whose joy is founded on falsehood? Porphyry saw this and therefore said that the purified soul returns to the Father that it may never more be entangled in the polluting contact with evil. The opinion, therefore, of some platinists that there is a necessary revolution carrying souls away and bringing them round again to the same things is false. But were it true, what were the advantage of knowing it? Would the platinists presume to be a superiority to us because we were in this life ignorant of what they themselves were doomed to be ignorant of when perfected in purity and wisdom in another and better life in which they must be ignorant of if they are to be blessed? If it were most absurd and foolish to say so, then certainly we must prefer Porphyry's opinion to the idea of a circulation of souls through constantly alternating happiness and misery. And if this is just, here is a man who saw what Plato did not see and who did not shrink from correcting so illustrious a master, but preferred truth to Plato. Chapter 31 Why, then, do we not rather believe the divinity in those matters which human talent cannot fathom? Why do we not credit the assertion of divinity that the soul is not co-eternal with God, but is created and once was not? For the platinists seem to themselves to allege an adequate reason for their rejection of this doctrine when they affirmed that nothing could be everlasting which had not always existed. Plato, however, in writing concerning the world and the gods in it whom the Supreme made, most expressly states that they had a beginning and yet would have no end, but by the sovereign will of the Creator would endure eternally. But by way of interpreting this the platinists have discovered that he meant a beginning, not of time, but of cause. For as if a foot, they say, had always been from eternity and dust, there would always have been a print underneath it and yet no one would doubt that this print was made by the pressure of the foot nor that, though the one was made by the other, neither was prior to the other. So, they say, the world and the gods created in it have always been their Creator always existing and yet they were made. If then the soul has always existed are we to say that its wretchedness has always existed? For if there is something in it which was not eternity, but began in time, why is it impossible that the soul itself, though not previously existing, should begin to be in time? His blessedness, too, which, as he owns, is to be more stable and indeed endless after the soul's experience of evils, this undoubtedly has a beginning in time and yet is to be always though previously it had no existence. This whole argumentation, therefore, to establish that nothing can be endless except that which no beginning falls to the ground. For here we find the blessedness of the soul which has a beginning and yet has no end and therefore let the incapacity of man give place to the authority of God and let us take our belief regarding the true religion from the ever-blessed spirits who do not seek for themselves that honor which they know to be due to their God and ours and who do not command us to sacrifice save only to him whose sacrifice, as I have often said already and must often say again, we and they ought together to be offered through that priest who offered himself to death a sacrifice for us in that human nature which he assumed and according to which he desired to be our priest. CHAPTER 32 This is the religion which possesses the universal way for delivering the soul, for except by this way none can be delivered. This is a kind of royal way that alone leads to a kingdom which does not totter like all temporal dignities but stands firm on eternal foundations. And when porphyry says towards the end of the first book they regress you anime that no system of doctrine which furnishes the universal way for delivering the soul has as yet been received either from the truest philosophy or from the ideas and practices of the Indians or from the reasoning of the Chaldeans or from any source whatever and that no historical reading had made him acquainted with that way he manifestly acknowledges that there is such a way but that as yet he was not acquainted with it. Nothing of all that he had so laboriously learned concerning the deliverance of the soul nothing of all that he seemed to others if not to himself to know and believe satisfied him for he perceived that there was still wanting a commanding authority which it might be right to follow in a matter of such importance and when he says that he had not from any truest philosophy a system which possessed the universal way of the soul's deliverance he shows plainly enough as it seems to me either that the philosophy of which he was a disciple was not the truest or that it did not comprehend such a way and how can that be the truest philosophy which does not possess this way for what else is the universal way of the soul's deliverance than that by which all souls universally are delivered and without which therefore no soul is delivered and when he says in addition or from the ideas and practices of the Indians or from the reasoning of the Chaldeans or from any source whatever he declares in the most unequivocal language that this universal way of the soul's deliverance was not embraced in what he had learned either from the Indians or the Chaldeans and yet he could not forbear stating that it was from the Chaldeans he had derived these divine oracles of which he makes such frequent mention what therefore does he mean by this universal way of the soul's deliverance which had not yet been made known by any truest philosophy or by the doctrinal systems of those nations which were considered to have great insight in things divine because they indulged more freely in a curious and fanciful science and worship of angels what is this universal way of which he acknowledges his ignorance if not a way which does not belong to one nation as its special property but is common to all and divinely bestowed Porphyry a man of no mediocre abilities does not question that such a way exists for he believes that divine providence could not have left him in destitute of this universal way of delivering the soul for he does not say that this way does not exist but that this great boon and assistance has not yet been discovered and has not come to his knowledge and no wonder for Porphyry lived in an age when this universal way of the soul's deliverance in other words the Christian religion was exposed to the persecutions of idolaters and demon worshipers and earthly rulers that the number of martyrs or witnesses for the truth might be completed and consecrated and that by them proof might be given that we must endure all bodily sufferings in the cause of the holy faith and for the commendation of the truth Porphyry being a witness of these persecutions concluded that this way was destined to a speedy extinction and that it therefore was not the universal way of the soul's deliverance and did not see that the very thing that thus moved him and deterred him from becoming a Christian contributed to the confirmation and more effectual commendation of our religion this then is the universal way of the soul's deliverance the way that is granted by the divine compassion to the nations universally and no nation to which the knowledge of it has already come or may hereafter come ought to demand why so soon or why so late for the design of him who sense it is impenetrable by human capacity this was felt by Porphyry when he confined himself to saying that this gift of God was not yet received and had not yet come to his knowledge for though this was so he did not on that account pronounce that the way itself had no existence this I say is the universal way for the deliverance of believers concerning which the faithful Abraham received the divine assurance in thy seed shall all nations be blessed he indeed was by birth a Chaldean but that he might receive these great promises and that there might be propagated from him a seed disposed by angels in the hand of a mediator in whom this universal way thrown open to all nations for the deliverance of the soul might be found he was ordered to leave his country and kindred and father's house then was he himself first of all delivered from the Chaldean superstitions and by his obedience worshiped through God whose promises he faithfully trusted this is the universal way of which it is said in holy prophecy God be merciful unto us and bless us and cause his face to shine upon us that thy way may be known upon earth thy saving health among all nations and hence when our savior so long after had taken flesh of the seed of Abraham he says of himself I am the way the truth and the life this is the universal way of which so long before it had been predicted and it shall come to pass in the last days that the mountain of the Lord's house shall be established in the tops of the mountains and shall be exalted above the hills and all nations shall flow unto it and many people shall go and say come ye and let us go up to the mountain of the Lord to the house of the God of Jacob and he will teach us of his ways and we will walk in his paths for out of Zion shall go forth the law and the word of the Lord from Jerusalem this way therefore is not the property of one but of all nations the law and the word of the Lord did not remain in Zion and Jerusalem but issued thence to be universally diffused and therefore the mediator himself after his resurrection says to his alarmed disciples these are the words which I spake unto you while I was yet with you that all things must be fulfilled which were written in the law of Moses prophets and in the Psalms concerning me then hoping to their understandings that they might understand the scriptures and said unto them thus it is written and thus it behooved Christ to suffer and to rise from the dead the third day and the repentance and remission of sins should be preached in his name among all nations beginning at Jerusalem this is the universal way of the souls deliverance which the holy angels and the holy prophets formally disclosed where they could among the few men who found the grace of God and especially in the Hebrew nation whose commonwealth was as it were consecrated to prefigure and foreannounced the city of God which was to be gathered from all the nations by their tabernacle and temple and priesthood and sacrifices in some explicit statements and in many obscure foreshadowings this way was declared but laterally came the mediator himself in the flesh whose blessed apostles revealing how the grace of the New Testament more openly explained what had been obscurely hinted to preceding generations in conformity with the relation of the ages of the human race and as a pleased God in his wisdom to a point who also bored them witness with signs and miracles some of which I have cited above for not only were their visions of angels and words heard from those heavenly ministrants but also men of God armed with simple piety cast out unclean spirits from the bodies and senses of men and healed deformities and sicknesses the wild beasts of earth and sea the birds of air inanimate things the elements the stars obeyed their divine commands the powers of hell gave way before them the dead were restored to life I say nothing of the miracles peculiar and proper to the Savior's own person especially the nativity and the resurrection in the one of which he wrought only the mystery of a virgin maternity while in the other he furnished an instance of the resurrection which all shall at last experience this way purifies the whole man and prepares the mortal in all his parts for immortality for to prevent us from seeking for one purgation for the part which porphyry calls intellectual and another for the part he calls spiritual and another for the body itself our most mighty and truthful purifier and savior assume the whole human nature except by this way which has been present among men both during the period of the promises and the proclamation of their fulfillment no man has been delivered no man is delivered no man shall be delivered as to porphyry's statement that the universal way of the soul's deliverance had not yet come to his knowledge by any acquaintance he had with history I would ask what more remarkable history can be found than that taken possession of the whole world by its authoritative voice or what more trustworthy than that which narrates past events and predicts the future with equal clearness and in the unfulfilled predictions of which we are constrained to believe by those that are already fulfilled for neither porphyry nor any platinist can despise divination and prediction even of things that pertain to this life and earthly matters though they justly despise ordinary soothsaying and the invitation to be connected with magical arts they deny that these are the predictions of great men or are to be considered important and they are right for they are founded either on the foresight of subsidiary causes as to a professional eye much of the course of a disease is foreseen by certain pre-monetary symptoms or the unclean demons predict what they have resolved to do and that they may thus work upon the thoughts and desires of the wicked with an appearance of authority or impure actions it is not such things that the saints who walk in the universal way care to predict is important although for the purpose of commending the faith they knew and often predicted even such things as could not be detected by human observation nor be readily verified by experience but there were other truly important and divine events which they predicted insofar as it was given them to know the will of God for the incarnation of Christ and the marvels that were accomplished in him and done in his name the repentance of men and the conversion of their wills to God the remission of sins, the grace of righteousness the faith of the pious and the multitudes in all parts of the world who believe in the true divinity the overthrow of idolatry and demon worship and the testing of the faithful by trials the purification of those who persevered and their deliverance from all evil the day of judgment, the resurrection the dead, the eternal damnation of the community of the ungodly and the eternal kingdom of the most glorious city of God ever blessed in the enjoyment of the vision of God these things were predicted and promised in the scriptures of this way and of these we see so many fulfilled that we justly and piously trust that the rest will also come to pass as for those who do not believe and consequently do not understand that this is the way which leads straight to the vision of God and the eternal fellowship with him according to the true predictions and statements of the holy scriptures they may storm in our position but they cannot storm it and therefore in these ten books though not meeting I dare say the expectation of some yet I have as the true God and Lord has vouchsafed to aid me satisfied the desire of certain persons by refuting the objections of the ungodly who prefer their own gods to the founder of the holy city of these ten books the first five were directed against those who think we should worship the gods for the sake of the blessings of this life and the second five against those who think we should worship them for the sake of the life which is to be after death and now in fulfillment of the promise I made in the first book I shall go on to say as God shall aid me what I think needs to be said regarding the origin, history, and deserved ends of the two cities which as already remarked and implicated with one another End of Book Ten, Chapters 18-32 Recording by Darren L. Slider Fort Worth, Texas www.logoslibrary.org