 Bolehkah saya datang ke sini? Selamat pagi, selamat datang ke National Museum of Singapore. Selamat datang ke National Heritage Festival. Hari ini, program ini adalah Amatria Geniturial UU. Hari ini, kakak saya adalah Tuan Roland Turner. Dan saya akan beritahu kakak tentang dia sebelum dia mulakan. Jadi, jika kakak berjalan-jalan, tolong berubah kakak untuk beritahu kakak untuk berjalan-jalan. Jadi, kakak akan berinterak. Dan kemudian, kakak akan mengalami keputusan. So, tentang kakak untuk hari ini, Tuan Roland Turner ingin hidup di dunia yang membuat teknologi sebagai keputusan dan ekspresi. Selain itu, kemudian kemudian, keputusan yang lebih biasa untuk menjaga kehidupan. Jadi, dia adalah memberi sebuah pembentangan di Kekas Space SG, pembentangan sebuah pembentangan di Kekas Space SG, mengadu sebuah sumber teknologi dikorek, mengadu sebuah sumber jfdi, dan juga sebuah pembentangan di Trust Field. Tapi, dia membuat aplikasi yang digunakan dari teknologi syarikat. Dia berlaku kepada Soda di Age 7, kemudian kemudian kemudian kemudian kemudian kemudian di Age 10 dan mencuba sebuah alih 14. Dia adalah pembelahan di Singapura selama 8 tahun, tetapi tidak ingin berlaku di norak dan tinghut. Technologi juga bergabung dengan pengambilan dan pengabilan. Untuk berniat-berniat dia... Bukan saya sangat tepat untuk berjumpa dengan itu. Ia harus diterima ketiga-tiga. Jadi, terima kasih dan saya dengan kurang berlaku, juga diberi Seems for a Sunda afternoon. Saya terima kasih untuk berjumpa dengan anda. Mereka berbicara beberapa w eighths di slide. Saya rasa perasaan perlu berlaku, terutamanya wujan representative Singapura. Kami dapat berlengar dapat tahu bahawa saya bukan Singapura. Jadi, musim telah melakukannya dengan Media Corp telah memperkenalkan 80 tahun radio di Singapura dan di atas itu, membuat banyak berbicara dan mempunyai sekitar 5 tahun yang telah diperkenalkan sehingga berbicara untuk berbicara memutuskan untuk memutuskan lebih jauh daripada berbicara sehingga ia mengambilkan Club Amor Radio dan ya, sebuah sebuah sebuah sebuah Uncle Singapura yang telah berbicara untuk berbicara tiada orang yang akan berbicara Puan-puan yang berbicara dan memperkenalkan saya, tapi kamu telah berbicara dalam radio selama lama sehingga 10 tahun kamu akan berbicara? Ya, tapi saya bukan Singapura jadi, baiklah kamu akan berbicara dengan masalah global tentang radio Amor Radio yang telah berbicara jadi, ia berkata bahawa saya yang berbicara lebih daripada berbicara berbicara dengan sebuah serta radio yang lain berbicara radio, dan radio mereka semua perlukan jelaskan sebuah sebuah sebuah sebuah sebuah radio, ia sebabnya akurat sebuah sebuah sebuah radio di rumah yang mereka menggunakan dari segera dan kembali, mereka ada sebuah sebuah sebuah tapi juga ada sebuah radio di bawah dan sebuah sebuah sebuah sebuah sebuah sebuah sebuah dia adalah yang berbicara dengan cara jelas mengubah radio saya tidak yakin tentang kedua dan ketiga sebut jelasnya jelas ok, kita tinka dan atau ibu bapa bermain dengan orang yang berbicara dengan radio bahawa Amor Radio tak mengambilkan sering dengan serius dan sebenarnya ia akan membuat orang-orang dan kadang-kadang adalah wanita bermain dengan radio ini definisi R&D idea itu Ia bermaksud bahawa ia mempunyai komunikasi untuk orang yang berminat dalam radio dan, penting, tak mempunyai peringkatan. Jadi, peringkatan yang mereka mencari, dan peringkatan yang tersebut yang tersebut, dan yang tersebut, dan yang tersebut, dan yang tersebut, peringkatan yang mereka mencari adalah sebenarnya tentang jika anda membuat duit yang anda lakukan. Itu bukan cara sahaja untuk memikirkan, tetapi itu pilihan yang terbaik. Untuk apa yang terjadi, peringkatan yang mencari adalah, jika untuk peringkatan yang mencari, saya akan berkongsi peringkatan. Saya belum berjalan-jalan lagi, tetapi peringkatan yang akan berlaku pada akhirnya. Jadi, anda selamat datang ke fotografi anda, tetapi saya akan berkongsi peringkatan. Jadi, mencari peringkatan yang tersebut, seperti peringkatan kereta, dan peringkatan yang membuat peringkatan. Jika anda menghubungi peringkatan, peringkatan yang tersebut, anda tidak perlu peringkatan. Mereka adalah peringkatan yang tersebut. Jadi, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, microphone wireless, peringkatan yang berlaku, peringkatan yang berlaku, segala-galanya. Biasanya, peringkatan yang tersebut, peringkatan yang tersebut, dan, ya, apa yang mencari adalah, peringkatan yang tersebut. Untuk para yang perlu dipercayai, jika berkongsi, peringkatan yang tersebut, atau jika anda berkongsi, peringkatan yang berlaku, mereka adalah pengguna besar. Mereka ada peringkatan yang tersebut, peringkatan yang berlaku union dengan peringkatan yang data. Di mana voitak sabem awal apakah pen bangunan yangги. Al bakalım peringkatan yang ada, peningkatan yang perlu dipercayai, berkongsi yang perlu dipercayai, peringkatan ia komputer diverse. Ia sangat senampu. Keungg Trade Office, dan peluang Link Biobas atau di mana-mana pun, anda mendapat kawasan anda, anda menerima stasiun anda, anda mereka mempunyai inspeksi dan kemudian anda dapat meletakkan. Untuk amedas, tiada inspeksi. Dan ia adalah kategori yang hanya untuk orang-orang yang dapat membuat keadaan mereka dan tidak mempunyai inspeksi sebelum mereka mulai bergerak. Tetapi ini sorti-sorti water is, tapi kenapa? Kenapa amedar radio ini? Dan sejujurnya saya akan beritahu, ada 4 perkara yang menarik untuk membuat amedar radio. Satu perkara yang menarik untuk saya adalah berada di tempat yang menarik untuk membuat amedar radio. Kita selalu berharap amedar radio akan bekerja, tapi jika anda tinggal di Haiti, Napaal, atau beberapa tahun lalu di Louisiana, anda dapat menjelaskan bahawa itu tidak benar-benar. Dan itu boleh menjadi benar-benar tempat yang ada banyak orang. Dan sejujurnya, apabila semuanya gagal semula. Jadi, ya, kita patut mempunyai amedar radio, tapi kita patut juga mempunyai jalan-jalan dan mempunyai amedar radio dan juga membuat amedar water. Anda tidak dapat membuat semuanya sepanjang masa. Jadi, ada beberapa tempat di mana amedar beroperasi sebagai amedar-amedar, apabila mereka berada di tempat yang tidak dapat membuat amedar-amedar, atau mereka berfungsi sebagai kapasiti kecuali untuk menjelaskan bahagian, apabila orang sibuk melakukan perkara lain. Memperkenalkan tempat yang tidak memperkenalkan, dan itu mungkin lebih menarik saya, adalah tempat yang besar. Tetapi juga, bagaimanapun di Australia dan di U.S., ini adalah sebuah area yang besar, terdapat amedar-amedar dan tempat yang tidak terlalu kelihatan untuk amedar-amedar tersebut untuk membuat amedar-amedar di mana amedar-amedar ini digunakan sebab amedar-amedar itu tidak berada di tempat yang berharga untuk berpunyai. Amedar-amedar DRI ini juga penting untuk saya, dan untuk amedar-amedar, kemungkinan untuk memajar an format amedar radio, untuk melukis, dan kemudian kemudian kemungkinan tinggi beratang. Jadi, dalam prinsipa, dengan banyak berkualifikasi dan sedikit beruntung yang baik, mungkin untuk mempunyai amat di sini, di Singapura, memperkenalkan pilihan standar, dengan pilihan HF Transmitter, yang baik dan memperkenalkan banyak beruntung. Untuk mempunyai amat diperkenalkan, memperkenalkan sama seperti yang diperkenalkan di sisi dunia, yang seperti yang saya katakan kepada saya, dan ia menggunakan sebuah syarikat sebagai aduk. Kemudian, kenapa anda tidak memperkenalkan? Ia tidak memperkenalkan. Ia sedikit arti, tetapi ia sebenarnya memperkenalkan. Yang penting adalah ia memperkenalkan banyak kuasa. Dan itu mempunyai konsekuensi aman. Jika anda tidak tahu apa yang anda lakukan, anda akan memperkenalkan diri anda di negara. Jadi, untuk menjadi amat, anda perlu mengawal periksaan, bukan hanya keberadaan, tetapi juga pada keadaan radio, keadaan elektronik dan keadaan berlainan. Anda perlu menerima bahawa anda tahu hal ini sebelum anda memperkenalkan untuk membuat. Jadi, ini sebab sebab kenapa? Pertanyaannya adalah, apa yang amat berlainan? Dan jawapan itu sebenarnya sangat besar kerana ia apa-apa pun yang menanggap amatnya, mereka tidak melakukannya untuk pekerjaan. Dan keadaan ini sangat besar. Ini bukan sebuah kata-kata. Ini adalah keadaan 15 perkara yang saya... Ia berlainan dengan saya, yang sangat menarik, dari beberapa kata-kata yang saya cari apabila saya melihatnya. Pertanyaan publik yang saya menerimanya, ia juga berlainan untuk keadaan berlainan dalam keadaan di dalam keadaan mobil. Jadi, lagi dalam keadaan rural dan keadaan keadaan di Australia dan U.S. di mana orang berlainan sepanjang keadaan atau berlainan apabila tidak ada keadaan mobil. Amat menerima keadaan. Amat menerima keadaan berlainan. Mereka berlainan dengan kompetiti. Apabila amat dapat menghantar berlainan. Jadi, beberapa hari semasa, ada kompetiti yang menerima sepanjang keadaan. Amat menerima berlainan sepanjang keadaan. Mereka berlainan dengan orang di tempat yang berlainan dan menggunakan mode berlainan. Ini mempunyai pengalaman publik di dalam keadaan. Jika anda mempunyai amat yang sangat bagus dan berlainan dengan cepat, apabila anda menerima sepanjang keadaan, anda mempunyai orang yang dapat berlainan. Dx berlainan berlainan. Jadi, saya beritahu bahawa pengalaman amat berlainan adalah sebuah amat tradisional. Bukan seorang yang menarik, tetapi adalah sebuah bahagian yang sangat popular di radio Amat. Dan sangat popular di Singapura, sebenarnya, untuk orang yang lebih kecil dari Amat yang berlainan, lebih daripada sejauh. Saya harap anda dapat melihat Dx. Repetiti. Jadi, radio berlainan yang berlainan tidak sangat kuat dan mempunyai berlainan di bahagian yang teruk. Jadi, ia berlainan untuk berlainan di tempat tinggi yang berlainan dan berlainan bersama-sama. Kita akan berlainan dan berlainan dan berlainan bersama-sama. Jadi, anda sebenarnya berlainan dengan berlainan dengan berlainan. Walaupun jika radio anda tidak dapat berlainan, kita ada satu di Singapura. Satellite berlainan di Singapura. Ini adalah sebuah repetiti yang berlainan di spacecraft yang berlainan dengan berlainan. Ini hanya teknikal dan sangat hebat. Saya tidak akan mengerti mengapa. Ini bukan berlainan teknikal. Tapi ia adalah perkara yang anda boleh lakukan dan bahawa ada satellite yang berlainan daripada keadaan space-age. Bukan perkara baru. Ia sangat menarik. Keadaan tinggi berlainan untuk mengambil keadaan yang berlainan tapi mengambil keadaan yang berlainan. Ada orang berlainan 1,000 km, 2,000 km berlainan pada sebuah perjalanan menggunakan lebih daripada 5W. Jadi, ini sebuah prosesi digital dan yang sangat hebat berlainan dengan radio. Ia tidak menerima berlainan dengan berlainan tapi berlainan dengan berlainan untuk menggunakan keadaan yang berlainan. Jadi, ia adalah keadaan teknikal lebih daripada apa-apa pun. Menggabungkan keadaan space-age dan berlainan berlainan berlainan atau berlainan-lainan. Ini sangat menarik. Ini menggunakan lainan sendiri sebagai reflektor pasif. Ia susah. Berlainan berlainan yang boleh digunakan berlainan yang berlainan sehingga yang berlainan adalah 100 triliunat yang berlainan dalam space-age. Ia menggunakan keadaan berlainan dan sehingga 90% berlainan di reflektor pasif. Kemudian, berlainan berlainan berlainan. Ia menggunakan keadaan yang berlainan dengan berlainan yang berlainan. Jadi, ini sebuah mode berlainan untuk menggunakan semua mode berlainan. Ia menggunakan keadaan yang sangat menarik. Ia tidak menerima keadaan yang berlainan. Sebenarnya, apa yang saya mahu lakukan adalah bahawa Singapura adalah tempat yang susah untuk lakukan. Ia menggunakan keadaan berlainan. Orang-orang, dan terutamanya, sesuatu dari polektik di sini berlainan bagi beberapa kebenaran yang berlainan di masa space-age dengan berlainan. Hidangan adalah keadaan berlainan. Yang terbaik untuk menggunakan keadaan berlainan adalah di jauh. Bukan ada yang memasukkan sehingga dia berlainan. Dan di mana anda boleh menggunakan keadaan berlainan. Melakukan keadaan berlainan tidak sangat menarik sebab keadaan anda menerima keadaan itu tidak sangat bagus. Ia adalah betul-betul tempat yang menarik di mana tiada kebiasaan mobil. Jadi jika anda mempunyai network mobil, jika anda berminat mengenai objek anda dan berbicara di mana-mana semasa ia berlalu kembali ke Earth dengan kecemasan luas, anda tidak akan mencari. Jadi sebuah suatu amat yang baik anda dapat memperkenalkan di atas radio amat yang berlaku ke dalam kebiasaan ini dan kemudian memasuk di luar semasa ia berlaku ke bawah, bermaksud bahawa maka kebiasaan itu mempunyai kecemasan yang berlaku dengan kecemasan yang berlaku sejauh semasa ia tidak menyebabkan atau sesuatu yang sama. Media skata, ini sebuah mode sejujurnya dan saya tidak fikir saya akan mencari. Apabila media masuk ke ionis, sehingga 60-1000 km di atas adalah sebuah gas ionis atau plasma, apabila media berlaku, ia mempunyai gas ionis yang berlaku yang berlaku untuk mempunyai radio. Sejujurnya sepuluh sekitar 30s, tak lama lagi. Mereka mempunyai amat yang memakai sebuah amat yang berlaku sejujurnya terdapat berlaku di antara siasat. Mereka mempunyai air kraft yang lebih susah untuk memakai air kraft yang berlaku. Mereka menghargai ke-reka ke-reka yang lebih susah maka berlaku sejujurnya sehingga sejujurnya di atas air kraft. Tetapi, jauh-jauh jauh dan ke-reka dan kemungkinan, jauh-jauh jauh jauh jauh-jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh jauh ITU Treaty yang memulakan perkembangan masyarakat. Singapura adalah 9V. Pada perjalanan yang sama, ia digunakan untuk kemahiran. Jika kita mempunyai kemahiran SQ, mereka selalu mempunyai 9V- sesuatu. Hanya selalu sebuah digit. Singapura tidak terdengar cukup besar untuk mencubanya ke 10 kawasan, jadi selalu 1. Kemudian, kawasan untuk kemahiran individu, RT, ia saya. Cara lain yang saya bercakap tentang amat itu tidak itu kawasan mereka, tetapi mereka mempunyai sesuatu yang memperkenalkan apa yang mereka lakukannya. Ia tidak mempunyai kemahiran sebuah kawasan. Jadi, terdengar sebuah kawasan, tetapi sesuatu yang memperkenalkan sebuah kawasan. Sebenarnya, terdengar sebuah kawasan, tetapi bagi saya, saya bekerja di software, di networks, di radio, tetapi ada sebuah kawasan yang besar. Sebuah sebuah kawasan yang baik yang saya bercakap tentang hari ini, adalah lebih banyak kawasan kawasan kawasan kawasan kawasan kawasan. Tetapi, sebenarnya, ada juga sebuah kawasan kawasan kawasan. Mereka sebenarnya membuat kerja profesional, tetapi mereka tidak menjadi bekerja oleh sesiapa-siapa. Mereka memperkenalkan diri sendiri. Biasanya, kebiasaan yang berlainan kepada apa yang mereka lakukannya dan apa yang mereka lakukannya akan membuat. Jadi, sebuah kawasan ini, saya bercakap dengan orang yang membuat apa yang mereka lakukannya daripada sebuah kawasan daripada sebuah kawasan yang tidak memperkenalkan. Sebenarnya, kemahiran itu mempunyai bahawa bahawa orang yang memperkenalkan berbeza atau yang berkembang dengan kawan-kawan mereka. Sebenarnya, kemahiran itu memperkenalkan untuk seorang pekerja yang kita mungkin tidak pernah ketemu. Jadi, ini cara yang berlainan untuk membuat kemahiran yang berlainan. Dan saya beritahu bahawa ini akan mempunyai apa yang orang lakukannya. Jadi, perkara yang saya perlu bercakap dengan adalah radio. Dan, terutamanya, kemahiran elektromagnetik. Ini bukan sebuah kawasan kawasan kawasan, sebuah kawasan kawasan kawasan besar yang akan mencuba melalui kawasan kawasan kawasan yang lebih cepat. Ini tidak begitu tidak tahu. Jika anda pernah menyeramkan radio anda sudah menerima spectrum AM. Bagi kemahiran ini tidak berlainan. Mereka beritahu anda bahawa kemahiran yang berlainan atau yang berlainan, jika anda suka, radio kawasan radio yang anda gunakan untuk menggunakan kawasan kawasan kawasan. Di kawasan ini, ia adalah 102.3 MHz atau 102,3 millioner jika anda menerima spectrum AM. 100 MHz adalah di sini dan kawasan kawasan kawasan kawasan kawasan lebih besar daripada sebuah kawasan kawasan. Kawasan kawasan yang sama menerima kawasan kawasan kawasan. Optikal, ultraviolet, X-ray dan kawasan kawasan kawasan. Mereka semua perkara yang sama. Mereka semua berlainan atau berlainan dengan kawasan kawasan kawasan. Bukan sebuah kawasan kawasan. Kelebihan yang saya bercakap tentang hari ini adalah elektronik yang terlalu susah sehingga kelebihan berjalan. Dan sebab itu radio bergerak di bawah bawah dan kelihatan bergerak dan kelihatan bergerak Saya akan bercakap tentang 3 perkara yang saya berkiru yang saya berkiru dan itu akan menjadi sebuah kebiasaan yang kecil tapi itu sebab saya berminat. Anggara Saya berkiru bagi website yang saya berkiru dan saya akan melihat kelihatan bergerak dan itu yang saya berkiru kelihatan bergerak yang tidak mungkin yang seorang yang akan menunggu tetapi radio bergerak lebih penting dan saya akan melakukan sebuah kelihatan bergerak selama 120 tahun sebuah kelihatan bergerak sepenuh tahun yang diperkenalkan oleh amat dan bukan kelihatan. Sebuah kelihatan bergerak ia okey itu betul ia benar saya ada lebih banyak gambar saya ada lebih banyak gambar saya ada sebuah gambar saya ada sebuah gambar saya perlu jelaskan dengan cepat kelihatan bergerak Makoni mempunyai monopoli kelihatan bergerak dia mempunyai sebuah kelihatan teruk kelihatan bergerak dia tidak mempunyai kelihatan bergerak kelihatan bergerak ia lebih penting yang Makoni memperkenalkan dengan kelihatan kelihatan bergerak amat sudah membuat kelihatan dan sebenarnya ada kelihatan yang lebih lebih baik kelihatan bergerak semua perkara yang membuat radio lebih baik untuk dikawal atau membuat kelihatan lebih baik untuk membuat kelihatan yang lebih baik amat adalah sebuah kelihatan dan sebuah kelihatan yang lebih lama Makoni mempunyai apa yang dia perlukan dia mempunyai network morse untuk menghentikan teleografi dan radio yang dia menghadapi pada masa itu dia membuat pengalaman yang terkenal dengan amat tetapi amat perlukan perlukan perlukan perlukan perlukan dengan memperkenalkan radio ada masalah sangat sama dengan yang kita lihat hari ini dengan sebuah kelihatan di online ia adalah pengalaman pertama yang banyak orang memiliki untuk memperkenalkan secara anginan dan jadi ada perkara yang kita sekarang disebut kelihatan bergerak bukan daripada perempuan tapi daripada kelihatan ia memperkenalkan kelihatan seperti kelihatan bergerak di sebuah kelihatan yang kita akan memperkenalkan dengan memperkenalkan amat perlukan perlukan itu telah memulai banyak perlukan mungkin kelihatan tidak memperkenalkan mungkin tidak tapi kelihatan ini terjadi dan jika anda berdua mengambil jika anda tidak mengambil jika anda tidak mengambil itu bukan apa yang berlaku beberapa media media mempunyai perkara yang salah dan memperkenalkan perkara itu kita perlu berkata bahawa mereka terbuka bahawa itu tidak benar tidak dapat dapat melihat kelihatan dan saya berisik tidak ada yang akan berlaku tapi media media perlu memperkenalkan dan memperkenalkan dan kelihatan paling cepat adalah memperkenalkan amat yang terlibat jadi sekarang anda ada masalah anda memiliki banyak perlukan tentang beri amat serius dan anda sekarang memperkenalkan tidak sebab banyak minta minta sebab itu berlaku tapi sebab kelihatan terbesar yang membuat sebuah kelihatan dan jadi pada tahun 1912 Pertahunan US Congress memperkenalkan kelihatan dan memperkenalkan amat kelihatan lebih dari 1.5 MHz anda dengar betul sebuah kelihatan yang kita sekarang mempunyai radio FM mereka memperkenalkan kelihatan yang tidak berlaku jadi kelihatan tersebut memperkenalkan amat akan memperkenalkan ini lebih mudah daripada mengatakan tidak anda memperkenalkan kelihatan terbesar tapi anda perlu memperkenalkan kelihatan terbesar dan memperkenalkan kelihatan terbesar jadi anda boleh memperkenalkan kelihatan terbesar 1.5 MHz yang kita tidak boleh menggunakan kelihatan kelihatan terbesar dan tidak ada banyak kelihatan terbesar sebab kelihatan Marconi dia memperkenalkan jadi dia membuat permintaan terbesar di London dengan Dan Melly-Milba ibu bapa yang sangat berkongsi tentang permintaan terbesar di USA dan tidak memperkenalkan kelihatan jadi mereka memperkenalkan kelihatan terbesar selama dua tahun akhirnya ia menjadi tidak berlaku jadi mereka menghubungi perlukan untuk pembedahan dan perlukan monopoli sebab memperkenalkan satu perlukan satu perlukan yang berlaku itu adalah perlukan yang masih berlaku adalah perlukan yang berlaku adalah perlukan yang paling terbesar dari dunia jadi perlukan yang berlaku adalah perlukan yang akan berlaku dalam sebuah kehidupan yang sangat berlaku perlukan yang berlaku hanya lebih daripada 1.5 MHz berlaku menjadi perlukan yang terbaik perlukan yang berlaku perlukan yang berlaku adalah antara 1.6 MHz sebaiknya antara 8 MHz atau jalan yang lebih tinggi tiada siapa yang boleh menerima tapi dia telah berlaku dan mencuba dan dapat bekerja ini adalah perlukan dia di ruang radio yang berlaku pada tahun 1925 ekspedisi Mek Milen juga ada perlukan yang sama di ekspedisi dan apabila mereka berlaku lebih daripada perlukan yang berlaku dia boleh kerana dia telah membuat perlukan perlukan yang berlaku dan dia mempunyai perlukan yang sama jadi mereka dapat menjaga perlukan yang berlaku apabila perlukan Mek Milen jadi terlalu berlaku perlukan yang berlaku dan itu sangat penting dia adalah perlukan yang berlaku di ruang radio Amor tapi Mek Mokoni masih berlaku jadi Amor berlaku lebih daripada 10% dari perlukan yang berlaku didunjukkan untuk perlukan lain there is not much of the story i am gonna cover that touches on Singapore but one of the pieces relates directly to why i am here way and that is early broadcasting the original broadcast in Singapore Mereka berada di Malaysia. Mereka berada di Amatahwila Society of Malaya. Pada tahun 1925 dan 1928, Mereka telah menghubungi perniagaan lain, tetapi bukan perniagaan perniagaan perniagaan ini. Mereka ada perniagaan perniagaan di sana. Ya, itu Fortun Bay. Ini Kolea Key. Saya percaya ini adalah salah satu perniagaan pejabat. Tetapi itu adalah salah satu perniagaan yang lebih besar pada masa. Mereka ada sebuah kota di atas. Mereka membuang air kraft. Air kraft bukan radio terbuka. Mereka menggunakan itu untuk melakukan perniagaan keberadaan. Mereka membantuan beberapa hal yang membuat pilihan. Tetapi keadaan Kolea di Kolea adalah keadaan dragnis. Untuk beberapa sebab, seharusnya sejauh sejauh sebelum keadaan Kolea mengagumkan untuk membuat perniagaan keberadaan di kota yang sama di Kolea. Yang beri keberadaan keberadaan tahun 1936. Kita akan berkongsi tahun ini. Mereka ada beberapa perniagaan perniagaan di kota. Mereka akan menghargai perniagaan untuk menggunakan perniagaan keberadaan. Dan kadang-kadang perniagaan akan mengenai untuk menggunakan perniagaan keberadaan. Ini adalah kota yang mengenai Kenapa BNBC yang pertama perniagaan di sini di tahun 1939 menggunakan perniagaan menggunakan perniagaan keberadaan. Kerana perniagaan keberadaan itu membuat perniagaan memperkenalkan bahawa perniagaan ini berusaha. Jadi ia adalah perkara yang penting. Mereka tak dapat menggunakan perniagaan menggunakan perniagaan keberadaan untuk menggunakan perniagaan keberadaan. Baiklah. Jadi jemput sedikit. Mereka memperkenalkan perniagaan yang dipanggil Jankski. Mereka telah melihat perniagaan perniagaan ini dan perniagaan. Jadi dia memperkenalkan perniagaan ini. Mereka adalah penerbangan dari Model T Ford. Ini adalah tahun 1920. Ini adalah penerbangan HF untuk radio 20 MHz dan itu penerbangan. Jadi dia berada di dalam sebuah masa yang menggunakan perniagaan keberadaan di mana cara mereka berada. Dia merasakan bahawa tiga perniagaan yang berlainan dan dia dapat bekerja dengan cara yang dapat mendengar perniagaan yang dapat menghantar penerbangan. Orang-orang yang dapat mendengar perniagaan tapi mereka tidak dapat mendengar mereka. Tapi mereka akan berada di mana-mana-mana. Kemudian, sebuah kebanyakan yang sederhana dan dia tidak mendengar perniagaan. Ia adalah penerbangan sekolah. Dan ia berada sekitar 24 jam. Jadi ada sesuatu yang boleh dibuat dengan penerbangan. Itu adalah penerbangan. Jadi dia memperkenalkan perniagaan ini dan melalui beberapa tahun yang berlainan. Tentu-tentu, tidak saja. Tentu-tentu perniagaan yang berlainan. Ia tidak berlainan dengan penerbangan. Inilah ia berlainan dengan penerbangan tapi pada masa itu dia tidak menerbangan penerbangan lagi dan perniagaan itu berada 23 jam dan 56 minit. Ada pelajaran di dalam bilik? Pada masa ini, ia adalah hari sederhana. Jika anda melihat sesuatu di tengah hari ini, jika anda melihat perkara yang sama di tempat yang sama setiap hari, ia berlainan sepanjang minit. Ia diberi di sebuah halaman kita di sekitar masa yang berlainan atau pada tahun yang berlainan. Ia berlainan dengan senjata hari ini dan dengan senjata pada bulan November adalah keadaan yang sama. Jadi anda tidak menghentikan keadaan yang sama. Apa yang itu berlainan adalah sebuah halaman ini di luar sistem. Bukan sebuah halaman di luar sistem. Ia berlainan di luar sistem. Ia berlainan di belakang dan berkata, Wow, lihat apa yang saya menemukan. Saya ingin berlainan dengan sebuah halaman 30 meter untuk menghentikan sebuah halaman ini. Dan belakang seperti, tidak, tidak, tidak, ini tidak akan membantu kami membangun sistem telepon. Jadi, kita tidak berlainan. Jadi, ia berlainan. Well, Tentu. Ia adalah keadaan yang berlainan. Dia dengar tentang Jan Ski kerja dan berkata, Oh, oh, oh, oh, itu sangat menerima! Saya ingin bergantung dengan saya untuk ini. Kita berlainan dengan teknik jobot. Mungkin. Dia mengambil keadaan dari belakang pada sebuah halaman. Dan mereka berkata, tidak, tidak, keadaan itu sedikit keras. Saya ingin keadaan yang teruk semasa keadaan yang teruk yang teruk teruk teruk teruk teruk yang teruk yang telah diteluang. Jadi belakang tidak menerima keadaan di pekerjaan yang diperlukan. Jadi, Reba, dia tidak memahami, He didoori reasonable unemployed engineer in the middle of the worst recession that the world had ever seen would do. He built a three story high dish in his backyard and said about mapping the radio emissions from the Milky Way. Really, as far as I can tell, there's nothing even slightly stricter about that. He actually did this. And in fact for ten years he was the only radio astronomer in the world. He was publishing. So one of his early results he published in 1940 was this. Apologies that he didn't quickly find a way to put it alongside the Milky Way. But the horizontal line is the plane of the ecliptic. The plane in which the earth orbits the sun and also the sun orbits the middle of the Milky Way. So when you look at the Milky Way, that horizontal line lines up with the centre of the Milky Way. That highest contour on the right there is Sagittarius. So it's both the brightest light source in the Milky Way but also the brightest radio source. And at the time it was assumed that it was somehow star-related but couldn't be stars. Because if it was, the hiss that Jansky had been receiving would have been quieter than the noise around our own sun. We now know it's something called synchrotron light but that's not a discussion for today. He published in about 1940. He was then offered a position at a research institution and I'm not clear on why he reacted but he did. He kept right on with his work and he kept publishing. Then of course World War II happened. He kept going. A couple of other researchers had started to look but they were working for institutions which had wartime secrecy obligations and therefore couldn't publish. So for a full decade this was the only radioastronom in the world. He only published one. Post World War II, astronomy exploded. What he had done was proven that it was worthwhile looking at the universe with something other than optical light. That was unthinkable at the time. Astronom was a visual discipline. He said, no, look radio. Well we now know, astronomers, I showed you the EM spectrum, we have radio, microwave, infrared, optical, ultraviolet, X-ray and gamma astronomy. They're all particularly normal that we do all these things. We even have two non-electromagnetic astronomy disciplines now, the neutrinos and as of two months ago, the gravitational. But this was not something that astronomers had even begun to think about. And so it was somewhat operating in an amic capacity, absolutely determined, academia wouldn't touch it. Business had looked at it and shelled it. It took someone operating in his own capacity to go, this is just so awesome it has to be chased, to give us radioastronomy. I'll skip the rest of that. So next example during World War II, Hedy Lamar is an actress, or was an actress, and reasonably famous one of the time. But she was aware of, I don't know why she had an understanding or interest, but was aware of a difficulty with the radio control systems for torpedoes and the risk that they could be jammed. So if you're firing a torpedo at another ship, you can do it passively, just fire and forget, and hope it hits the target. Or if you're firing at a longer range, you want to be able to steer it. Some use a very long wire, some use radio. If you're using radio and the enemy or target knows what frequency you're using and they can work it out by listening, you're sending a powerful signal, they can jam it. She reasoned, this is a player piano. So it's a piano that has built into it and it's a thing that reads paper rolls, which have songs built in. This is before you can get MP3 players. And you'd load the thing up and sort of press the button and the piano would play. And it's like, aha! So these notes are like different frequencies, like radio. These are mechanical waves, rather than elatoinetic. But the inside is valid. She proposed and in fact patented. I forget what she called it, but what we now call frequency hopping. It's the basis or the simplest form of spread spectrum. And it's not just useful against someone jamming, it's useful against accidental interference as well. And it's the reason why with 20 phones in this room right now, half of them with their Wi-Fi and Bluetooth turned on, they're all able to function because they're all using spread spectrum. Something invented by an actress, not a licensed amateur, not an engineer, at the time acting, but then talking to a friend going, ah, this would help. This keeps happening. And it's sort of my basic argument is this just keeps happening. There's something about people who are pursuing things that are not necessarily what they're being paid to do that allows categories of thinking and exploration to occur that others wouldn't occur. And so all these sort of profound changes come about exactly because people are outside their professional capacity. I'm going to have to pace it up. Heinz Kaminski. Ham, like many, has a station set up in his basement. In October 1957, he recorded something. He recorded this. He was the first person outside the Soviet bloc to hear and record that start of the space race. And it was not professional astronomer and it was not NASA. NASA didn't exist. It took nine months for the US Congress to go, oh my God! And so they passed the space act. They upgraded NACA to NASA. Gave it special powers to purchase outside the usual bureaucracy because, dammit, it was a hurry. Those powers still exist and that will matter later in this presentation. But that was the... Once again, it was an amateur who was looking where no one was looking. Obviously the Soviets knew what it was. They launched it and were watching very closely. But it was an amateur sitting in West Germany in his basement, ham station who was like, huh! What's that? I mentioned Amateur Satellite Celia. This is Oscar I. Orbiting Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio which is what Oscar stands for. This went up in December 1961. The same year that both Yuri Gagera and John Glenn, oh dear, was the first US as well in space. The amateurs were in on the ground floor. There was guys at one of the contractors who were also radio amateurs who were like, we can put radio repeaters up in space. And so they were catching rides on CIA funded satellites. Really. They put the first voice transponder into orbit. They did the first private communication satellite, the first communication satellite built outside the US or the USSR. Astralis Oscar V was built at the University of Melbourne and launched in January 1970. At this point I'll sort of divert now to my early involvement. Guy named Dick Smith, also a ham, built a chain of electronics stores, a bit like Radio Shack in the US. And he wrote a book called Dick Smith's Fun Way Into Electronics. And I had this, that about sort of 9 out of 10. I had already learnt to solder before I got my hands on this. It has 20 circuits in it, no soldering required including a beer powered radio. I use lemons. But in particular, a transmitter. So this is a paper overlay. You put on a little bit of particle board and the components were all screwed down and soldering at all. This is a working radio. Or it is once you add the radio transmitter, once you add the components. It's AM band, low power, works over 50 metres. The next big step for me was a thing called Jota. So scouts, organised jamborees, gigantic camps once every four years as a way of bringing together the scouts from all over the world and to sort of forging kids this sort of awareness of other people and other cultures. But they're expensive and not if you can get to them. Just again about the mid-50s, scouts have run jamboree on the air. And so this is the same idea but instead of flying to a place norbeing the one place, it's radio. It's again shortwave or HF radio over long distances. And so for me as a 14-year-old in Sydney, which is a long way from even the next major cities, six to eight hours drive away. This was pretty amazing. I don't have any photos from that, but I don't recall in particular being very impressed with the mast. I had to basically put a mast on a farm. We camped. It wasn't that scuffle. We went out on a camp but we had a radio station set up. And yeah, I spent five to many hours talking over great distances. So inspired in fact that I was loaned a copy of the American The American Radio Realtor League's radio handbook which as you can see is fairly thick. Studied its contents, set my exams and in fact gained a license. I set my exams when I was about 17 and busy with university and other things. Didn't get a license till I was sort of 25-ish. And I wanted to do an experiment with anyway on a mountain top I won't get into why. And so astonishingly there's a photograph of it. A photographer was walking in the mountains that day taking photos for his portfolio. He walked up onto the top of this mountain. Australia's third highest. He's like, what? Which is why there's a photo of it at all. But then I began travelling. And so for sort of the succeeding 15, 18 years was never really sort of pinned down. And even when I came to Singapore in about 2007 hadn't expected to stay. So I didn't wish to accumulate radios and antennas and power supplies and test gear and all that stuff. So sort of stopped doing anything with radio for a while. So I'll come back to that a bit later. Stepping into once again sort of amateur origin innovations. AMSAT of America which was the successor project to OSCA. Realize that they were incurring so much cost in designing these tiny little satellites that no commercial or military operator was interested in that they may as well just make a sort of standardised form factor. Make them modular and then carry a variety of different payloads in them. This is nine by nine inches by nine inches. And it's got the the two radios one VHF, one UHF with different antennas. That was announced 89. They put eight of them reached orbit between 1990 and 1996. Great. They're moving after themselves. But we now take nanosets for granted. This is what's called the one unit nanoset. It's 10 by 10 by 10 centimetres. They're available in two and three unit forms about the size of a shoebox along with him shoebox. These are launched so the first actually Singapore now has a space office. The first was for a launch by Microsoft Space Rapid two years ago. Last year six Singapore satellites were launched out of Delhi. Two of them, Kom satellites, four of them, experimental nanosatellites. But there are hundreds of these things being launched all over the world. These are the successes of what AmSat in North America was doing in the 90s with its micro-sets. And again it came out because the military and telco customers weren't interested in low size, low power, low weight satellites. They had no application form. Zipping forward to the end of the 90s. So digital had become important to ameters. And a bit like using the internet you had sort of email and those kinds of things. But it was beginning to remove ameters from direct involvement in the radio to transmit and receive process. And so an ameter whose name I forget decided to produce a digital mode which was hands-on. So this is like chat except that every character gets transmitted as you do it. There's no error correction so there are some errors in it. But what's important about it is how much spectrum it uses. We're looking at here less than an ameter voice channel. Less than a tenth of a FM broadcast channel. There are five or six strong sorry, this is a waterfall diagram. It's left to right as frequency. For the bottom half it's immediate amplitude. And the top is a sort of historical ripple that looks like a waterfall. So if you're seeing it it's moving down slowly. So what you're seeing is over the last 10 seconds there's been strong signals that have had eight places and there's another dozen. These are tiny. Maybe 30 hertz wide. There's 600th of a FM broadcast channel or 2,000th of a TV broadcast channel. This is obviously ameters doing stuff that's only valuable to ameters. No one could possibly have any use for this. Fun for ameters who wanted to make a little more hands-on with digital. Except that we now have a thing called the Internet of Things. We want Singapore expects so I forget the number. So 10, 20 million devices, network connected devices in Singapore within the next decade. They can't all use as much spectrum as a 3G phone. And so here we have an example of a thing that's a parking sensor. If you're in an indoor parking lot you've got sensors built in that's fine. In an outdoor parking lot you can't build all that stuff. So you bury this thing it's half the size of a soft drink can. You bury it just below the surface. It has a battery in all the last four years. A big part of the reason is no mobile network. The radio's just off. And it pops up and transmits a very narrow signal at very low power. Much like PSK31. So an idea that ameters were inventing 15, 20 years ago to solve their own problem and it was obviously useless for any commercial purpose is now about to change the world. So that's sort of broad part of our argument. This just keeps happening. But there is a problem. There's a gestation period. These ideas each have about 10, 15, 20-year gestation which means I don't actually have any more examples because we're now too close. And so it's always possible if I was making this argument at any point in the last 50 years it would always have been possible to say but Roland that was all 15 years ago. There's nothing going on. So okay maybe this time it's real. It's finally over. You'll be unsupposed to hear I don't believe that. However there's an even worse problem and I do apologise but I just did not come ahead from an advance. There is a longer history available. This is the number of active licenses in the United States. And although the trend for left would be useful it's just a long slow growth from about 1970 forwards. And then quite suddenly in 2000 to a few hundred thousand people so sorry 30,000 people over a three-year period failed to renew the licenses or there was a deficit of renewals versus new. And it sort of felt this was broadband internet and smart phones. We're now completely hypnotised with our phones and all of our long distance communication needs are met so why would you bother? And it's portable. It just looks like okay let's just give the spectrum to telcos and move on. But two things. One this is the Google Trends line for the term maker movement. So almost exactly the same timing that suddenly this thing has appeared who are sort of craving building stuff with their own hands in response to their motivations rather than creating only in a corporate context. It's part of who we are we human beings. And so the really, really amazingly good news is this. And I missed the there's one more year of data and it went up again. Another 35,000 people became active licensees in the US last year. This is about a quarter of the world's amateurs. About half are in Japan and the other quarter are scattered over the place. It happens that the US publishes numbers. Yeah, half are in Japan. What is going on in Japan and sadly most of the websites in Japanese so I really don't have a good answer. So getting nose at time but my I will talk about it. So the reasons for my becoming licensed again and this has happened in the last 18 months so we're back on the timeline. A few things. I have a project running that's been a bit idle for a while to map Hayes move it in Singapore and one of my problems was getting data back and at one point I started thinking huh, radio. I had just become a PR I became a PR 18 months ago it's time so I did my exams and as you saw earlier went to IDN and got a license so I'm now licensed again. What I'm particularly interested in is space and a few things. Certainly satellite work and I've done currently receive only but we'll hopefully get up to transmit before make a fair. One satellite in particular happens to contain people and it's the ISS. More than half of the astronauts and cosmonauts onboard the International Space Station are amateur licensees and there is an amateur station but it's a repeater but also a station onboard the ISS. We're probably in the wrong place there's a problem with time zones but they all work on London time but it's a fairly straightforward and I suspect in this part of the world not contentious in the US it's incredible the time they fly over the US during hours the radio just lights up. So that's we'll see. Qatar telco telcomable QTelable people is about to put a geostationary satellite into orbit because they're a telco they do that kind of thing it'll have an amateur transponder on board. This is the first time I think ever or certainly in a long time that there's been an amateur transponder on board a geostationary satellite. Geostationaries are most satellites are 100 to 500 km above and they're important because the time they take to orbit in a stable orbit is exactly 24 hours which means they appear to be above the same place on the round all the time. So anyway we see a fixed satellite dish it's pointing at a satellite that's 36,000 km up because the only position where a satellite can appear to be stationary in the sky so we'll have an amateur we should have an amateur transponder as soon as January yes but it's footprint covers a third of the world and certainly I've seen the footprint it well until the cover Singapore. So for us it's 40,000 km it's a little bit harder but it's we're certainly inside the footprint and it's not going anywhere unlike all the other satellites that run around all the other amateur satellites. The longer term objective however and I'm sorry I haven't got a picture for it I mentioned it was to bounce radio signals off the moon and mostly because it's tough it's a very difficult problem and little none of it has ever been done in dense I won't believe with the details today that are in use in contemporary radio and contemporary radio astronomy that amateurs haven't been getting involved in their ways to make and in particular make antennas not move so we now do for mobile phones we do signal processing instead of turning antennas around and also the transistors for the front ends of the amplifiers have been made cheap because of the needs of telcos the fact that they're buying millions of these things or billions of them so it's there are techniques to try this new ground to cover but who knows part of the border is if you're doing it and this is part of why I was involved in hackerspace or am involved in hackerspace I would like to be surrounded by people who enjoy playing with technology certainly in the hackerspace case that's been a success we happen to set it up at just the right time and now there's a community of three 4,000 people I think who are on the Facebook group about the same on the mailing list I don't think we'll get to those numbers with amateur radio amateur radio requires that you pass a radio communications engineering exam it's quite a significant investment as he is currently discovering but certainly to have more than 50 and preferably to have the average age at the club be less than 60 would be desirable because right now this is happening in the US as well the club populations are aging and there's a risk of the hobby dying with it and I would very much like to prevent that from happening in Singapore if I can so that's sort of my interest and why do it I can't give you innovations more recent than 1998 that have had profound commercial impact because it's too soon so instead I'll give you a few examples of things that people are doing either as radio amateurs or in an amateur capacity that point to two things one that there remains and in fact is the space in which amateurs can do useful stuff is growing it's not like oh like amateurs last century discovered all the stuff amateurs could discover everything is now done in professional institutions simply not true and the other is resources I don't know enough about how Grote Reba did what he did but he must have had access to money to build a three-story high dish as hard at any time to do in the middle of the Great Depression so haven't found out how he did that so I want to make the point that that is also not a constraint in fact again the reverse is true so three examples the first is the Kepler Mission this is a telescope that was launched in 2009 it's brief it's fairly simple stare at 150,000 stars in a very small piece of the sky and watch for tiny changes in the brightness of the star what they're looking for is planets this is the planet hunter if a planet transits in front of a star take an earth-size planet transitive out of the sun it will occlude about 1% of the light so if you're watching the intensity of the star very carefully of a long period and it has a particular shape dip of about 1% that's about 2 hours wide you've spotted a planet and so that was the purpose of the Kepler Mission okay so NASA has a the amount of data involved is staggering and if you're watching 150,000 stars for five years that's a lot of data NASA has a history of being pretty open with the data and so it made a very large amount of it available publicly it had built software that was looking for things that looked like planet transits and you had I'll skip that story so it's filter data finding the stuff it needed and it found a couple hundred planets for 400 planets in fact so it did what it was supposed to do but there were some surprises and it was not NASA that found them this was the first one in 2011 so the things to look at are this is the brightness and it's normalised one means the normal brightness of the star zero means complete blackness and this is the mission time in days not hours, days so whatever this event is it went on for about two days and it temporarily occluded 15% of the sun's light whatever this thing is it's huge if this was our solar system we're talking about something a thousand times the size of the earth can't do accruing much larger than Jupiter not a thousand times but a large multiple the size of Jupiter a really big object two days no narrow to what is this but worse and this is the really confounding bit it's not symmetrical you pass a sphere in front of another you know this is basic high school trig the curve has to be symmetrical this is real first thing is okay the data is wrong because no they checked it's real it's been confirmed with our instruments this is real two years later however you thought this was a bit odd just for the day so it's like you being too picky this happened yeah couple of days 20% of the stars light and not even close to symmetrical just random and the longest it was 80 days it was the longest event so whatever they're looking at it's not planets but what could it possibly be no because it's still spherical whatever it is it's not a spherical object and it's not orbiting at least not smoothly otherwise and it's huge like what is this so yeah a bit frustrating like we found something absolutely amazing and we cannot even guess at what it is so if you look at the initials of the title where is the yeah it's like we didn't discover this thing we've checked the data it's real and we haven't the faintest idea what it is I won't skip the explanation of the second least like second least improbable explanation because it's just too crazy really sci-fi crazy but yeah the best option they've got is yeah this is a cloud of comets thousands of them somehow doing this non-uniform thing that's it that's the best that's the least improbable theory we've got and then they get weirder the point being it's arguably one of the most important astronomical discoveries in the history of astronomy and it was not made by professionals it was made by people acting in an amateur capacity so that we haven't run out of important stuff for amorist to do the next this is staggering ICE or IC3 it was a spacecraft launched in the mid 70s one of the more interesting spacecraft ever it's an initial mission was to sit between the earth and the sun it was called a Lagrange point where the gravitational pull in both directions is about the same so you can sort of sit there with a bunch of instruments early work on solar went it was then repurposed or retasked with a rendezvous with the I can even pronounce it a comet making it the first spacecraft ever do so it was then retasked again to rendezvous with a tale of Halley along with six other spacecraft it's called the Halley Posse making it the first and only spacecraft to rendezvous with two comets but okay by 1987 they had done the final course correction and left it in a sort of orbit around the sun and it's one that will intersake the earth at about 20 year intervals since 1987 1997 stopped talking to it there's been one or two further contacts in between but by and large it's space junk they gifted it to the Smithsonian in orbit that's the end of the story or it was until some slightly crazy people said I see three is coming in with the range of the earth in 2013 and it's still got fuel in the tank wouldn't it be cool to put it back when it's an original mission this is not institutional this is three individuals having a beer unfortunately they forgot to stop having this crazy idea so they set about a river project they approached the Smithsonian we were like sure but do you have any idea how to do this no we have to talk to NASA can you write us a letter so they approached NASA and NASA was like sure that the 1958 space act that allowed NASA to enter into what's called the nonreimbursable contract no other government agency can do it this is a remnant from the cold war that even made this project possible it meant that NASA could cooperate it could provide expertise the documentation of course well, first of all, the radio had long since been scrapped the documentation was on yellowing paper in people's garages it had never been digitized there was no reason to but they were able to find enough A to talk to the craft and B to operate it so okay, their problems have really only begun fortunately it's no longer necessary to build radios this is the 21st century we now program radios so they found manufacturers of the highest end software defined radios in the world in fact two of them and ask them to become sponsors and they both agreed to so they had multiple ground stations and they had sponsored radios in each case and they also had help from those organizations in programming the radios to perform the modulation that had been devised in the 70s for this device they kept stumbling into ITAR problems if international trade on arms regulations because how to come out of spacecraft is considered a munition you can't just have one ground station the earth is spinning so you need at least three so they had one an aerosaber the world's biggest dish in Puerto Rico it's 300 meters across one in Germany and I forget what the further one was but that was awkward but okay, they had time and they thought about it the orbital dynamics is a well understood problem and one of the three happened to be an engineer whose expertise was orbital dynamics so he was able to plan the mission profile and the idea was to do a slingshot around the moon and to put it back onto an orbit that would put it around this L1 point between earth and the sun so it could resume its original mission the third thing you need is spacecraft operations and here things got a bit difficult because finding the documentation took time and getting up to speed on an entire spacecraft systems by one guy in eight weeks bit tricky in the context in which the satellite was produced it was a team of 100 people who had been working on it for five years oh, I'm sorry, Mr. Step they didn't have so that's the takable problems but okay, the emitters how do they fund this so the Smithsonian allowed them to use their craft the radio guys and antennas were sponsored a bunch of things were helped they found a disused McDonald's seriously in Houston to use as their mission control but okay, they were still needed to incur some costs in travel and software development and a bunch of other stuff and so this is the the Grote Reaver question and I don't yet know how Grote Reaver funded what he did but one of the objections is oh, we can't do that like we're working people where the hell do we get the money to do that this is the 21st century and crowdfunding websites have been invented so if you have an awesome project and you think you can't fund it you aren't thinking hard enough the other objection here of course is there really can't be that many satellites or other spacecraft that no one's got round to discovering or waking up in fact, if you'd asked me three years ago I would have agreed with you and I would have been wrong 1965 but the height of the space race the US had not established a clear advantage it launched a series of satellites called the Lincoln Experimental Satellites about nine of them the first two were launched in January 1965 half a year before declaration of Singapore its mission completed by 67 and its radio went offline by 69 it's believed that the battery went short-circuit the same thing happened to one of the amateur satellites so Oscar 7, the oldest amateur satellite was offline for 20 years the short-circuit then opened well because you've got a it's a chemical battery sitting in a radiation field weird stuff happening to it so this is Les 1 went offline in 1969 in 2013 an amateur and apologies I haven't got the sound found a signal who liked me as interested in satellites but a bit further along found a signal that he could not identify so he worked out the track of the origin he has a direct antenna looked up a database of orbiting objects and well that looks like it might be Les 1 but of course the thing went offline 40-something years ago the frequency it was using is not known so he purchased NASA says so are NASA and yes it's Les 1 the satellite has mysteriously returned to operation can't do much with it, it's a beacon and it's tumbling out of control and I've got a 4-second interval and it doesn't have solar panels on the underside and so every time it turns its backside to the sun the radio shuts down and then it comes up again so you get this sort of ghostly sound that comes and goes so it's really just an interesting target to spot if you're learning how to point at a satellite antenna and how to automate the tracking but it's just for full decade older than IC3 and we discovered it about the same time once again I will guess and no doubt be wrong that there are no other 40-plus year old spacecraft out there to play with but more importantly I would suggest that and back to my original thesis that the areas where amateurs look are exactly the places where others aren't looking and so the scope for useful stuff to happen hasn't gone away and so this is not so much get out and do amateurs of what I think you should it's it's worth recognizing self-directed, self-motivated amateur activity as being a strong source of innovation as business and academia is not that they get the same things they don't in fact the whole point is they don't get the same things but they need the whole lot and in societies Singapore like every other affluency in the world has suddenly noticed that economic sustainability is critically dependent upon being a centre of innovation not just getting access to others if you wanted to foster that that means business, academia and amateurs not just the first two