 Hello. In the e-lecture, Speech Anatomy, we discussed the central mechanisms of speech production, among them the respiratory system and the production of pulmonic air. In fact, in most languages, the majority of speech sounds is initiated by outward going air from the lungs, that is, by a pulmonic air stream, which we are going to discuss first in this e-lecture, an air stream where the lungs are the initiators. However, there are additional ways of producing an air stream and these will also be discussed in this e-lecture. For example, the glottalic air stream, where a glottalic closure is the initiator and the velaric air stream initiated by means of a velar closure. Let us look at the pulmonic air stream first. Air coming out of the lungs is the source of power in nearly all speech sounds. This air stream is referred to as pulmonic, that is, as lung-based air stream. In speech, the air is normally forced out, like this, again, and this forcing out of air is caused by a downward movement of the rib cage and or an upward movement of the diaphragm. These two movements are the initiators of what is referred to as a pulmonic, egressive air stream. Sounds made with inward going air are called ingressive. So here we have an ingressive air stream and it works like this. Again, now such an air stream is sometimes used to express sympathy or pain like this. Oh no! And in some cases, when one is out of breath. Okay, so we have a pulmonic egressive air stream and a pulmonic ingressive air stream, where the egressive air stream is used in normal speech. The ingressive air stream is only confined to exceptional cases. Let's look at the glottalic air stream next. In order to demonstrate how this air stream works, let's first of all draw a sort of vocal tract. So something like this. Okay, so this is a vocal tract. Well, almost. And in order to produce a glottalic air stream, we need two closures. One closure occurs in the glottis. So we close off the air stream here. At the same time, a closure is produced somewhere in the vocal tract. Let's assume we have a closure here. And this is the air that will be used in the glottalic air stream. Now, there are two variants of this air stream. One is referred to as glottalic egressive. This type of air stream uses the larynx in a sort of upward movement. So if the larynx is moved upward during these two closures and the oral closure is released, the air stream is called glottalic egressive. Let's name the closure. So this is the oral closure. And here we have the glottalic closure. By contrast, we have an ingressive glottalic air stream. So if the larynx is lowered while the oral closure is released, the air stream is glottalic ingressive. Let us look at these two air stream types in more detail. Let's start with the glottalic egressive air stream. And glottalic egressive air stream occurs in many languages. The resulting speech sounds are referred to as ejectives. Speech sounds similar to plosives. Let's look at an example first. Again. And as you can see, the larynx moves upwards. By the way, to indicate ejectives, we're using this small apostrophe as an extra mark as a so-called diacritic placed after another phonetic symbol. Ejectives are produced as follows. First, we have to produce the glottal closure by putting the vocal cords tightly together. You can simulate this by pretending you have to lift a heavy weight like this. Now here we have the closure. Then we have to produce a supraglottal or oral closure. That is a closure somewhere in the vocal tract. Let's say a bilabial closure like this. So now let's combine these two closures. Now while you have these two closures, pull up the larynx up about one centimeter. It acts like a piston compressing the air in the pharynx. The compressed air is released by releasing the oral closure while the glottal closure is maintained. Something like this. Can you see my larynx moving upwards? The result is an ejective consonant. A speech sounds similar to a plosive. Here are some adjectives. Okay let's now move on to the second type of glottalic airstream. The glottalic ingressive airstream. Speech sounds with an ingressive glottalic airstream are called implosives. They're produced like adjectives. You need the glottal closure. You need an oral closure. But now the larynx is pulled down. This is what it looks like in our animation. Again. Okay so the downward movement of the larynx again is like that of a piston. Now this time causing a reduction of the pressure of the air in the vocal tract. So let's do it. Glottal closure, oral closure and then downward movement of the larynx. So look at my larynx. And you see the larynx is moving down. Now this downward movement however is leaky and the vocal folds are set into motion. Air from the lungs is still being pushed out at the same time since the larynx is usually not completely closed. When the closure in the vocal tract is released the result is neither in the literal sense an implosive nor an explosive action. Instead a peculiar sound quality arises from the complex changes in the vocal tract. Nevertheless the resulting sounds are referred to as implosives and they can be considered as voiced. So here we have some of them. Okay so much for the glottalic airstream. Finally there is an airstream referred to as velaric airstream and this airstream involves two closures. One in the front of the oral cavity often using the tip of the tongue and a second one in the velar region using the back of the tongue. So this configuration is similar to drinking with a straw, something like this. So imagine you're drinking something with a straw. Now if the central part of the tongue is lowered the air which is enclosed between the two closures becomes rarefied and a sudden release of the front closure will draw the air into the now open chamber resulting in a clicking noise and this is what it looks like in our animation. Again you see here is the velic closure and then somewhere in the vocal tract you have a second closure again. Okay even though it is possible to use this mechanism to cause air to flow outward languages only use the velaric ingressive variant resulting in these sounds these clicking sounds referred to as clicks. Here are some clicks for example the bilabial clicks up up up or let's take the alveolar lateral click up up up up. Well let's look at some animations to see how they are produced. Okay you can find these in the unit airstream mechanisms on the virtual linguistics campus. Well clicks are used in many South African languages for example those belonging to the koizan group and clicks are all voiceless because the glottis is not involved in their production additional voicing however is possible for example we can hum during the production of a click the click itself however remains voiceless so this would be some humming some result of humming as a sort of secondary articulation accompanying clicks and so on. Well so much for now maybe some of you can now produce ejectives implosives and even clicks if not you should have an idea and some background knowledge about the production of speech sounds using different types of airstream mechanisms and also you should know and understand which type of airstream mechanisms are used in speech for example we definitely use the egressive pulmonic airstream in most consonants and vowels of the languages of the world we have seen that the glottalic egressive airstream is used in ejective consonants we have also seen that the glottalic ingressive airstream is used in implosives and the velaric ingressive airstream is used in clicks the pulmonic egressive airstream is possible however it is only used in exceptional cases such as sobbing or being out of breath and the velaric egressive airstream is physically not possible unless you are an expert in using your vocal organs okay that's it for now see you again in one of our e-lectures on speech science and if you like on the virtual linguistics campus in any of our online classes until then have a nice time