 Welcome to the second attempt at starting the live twist podcast broadcast. I hope As excited as we are to be here. Oh, yes. Oh, yes. Oh, yes There were there there was an attempt at starting the show We were Schrodinger's podcast for a second. Did we Haven't caught the fact that five minutes into the show we weren't broadcasting Listen, that's the best contribution I'm gonna make tonight. I should just go Science that's what we are here for we were even speaking French and everything but I forgot about that already Forgotten the forgotten Episode of twist the one you'll never know in the meantime everyone This is the place where all of the errors are made where the science stories are told and You're watching it all now for real. We're live and I'm glad that you're here. We're all Play tray tray glad that you're here. Yes, very good. Very good. Now a sank by sank Okay, so let us commence La science Don't forget to hit those likes and the subscribes and all that kind of stuff down there right now. Yeah. Thank you Justin Ready to start this in a three to This is Twist this week in science episode number 899 recorded on Wednesday, November 2nd 2022 Pick your nose or snot Hey everyone, I'm dr. Kiki and tonight on the show We are going to fill your head with time trees and lots of nose-picking but first Disclaimer disclaimer disclaimer the more you learn about anything the more you know The more you know the more you understand that thing you learned about But more importantly what you know about Shapes how you understand the world around you and there's nothing in the world more well-rounded than an understanding of science Be it animal mineral or vegetable from the complex to the seemingly obvious From quantum to galactic in scale from cutting edge innovations To the most ancient of mysteries science has you covered and there's no better way to get an understanding of science Then learning what science is happening now, which happens to be the theme of this week in science Coming up next And a good science to you too Justin Blair and everyone out there welcome to another episode of this week in science we are back again and Yes, like I said, there's gonna be nose-picking on the show tonight among you keep going on about It's I'm actually picking my nose tonight. I don't know about We were definitely going to talk about it We are going But I'm not willing to do this experiment I guess so, I don't know Too old but not too old for the science. We've got all the fresh science tonight I have stories about what do I have? Quantum time protein prediction nose-picking like I said and vomiting Because you got around it all out Where were you last week? Spooky and gory and gross. I know there was even a black widow memory story and I was like, man Yeah, but we won't talk about that tonight Justice to tease because it's not Halloween anymore. Although we would sometimes prefer Halloween every day Anyway, Justin, what'd you bring for the show? I have a baby zebrafish Getting their brains pruned by microorganisms DNA from from some ancient humans in South America is kind of a little maybe a mystery there Why Americans are dying younger than other people in the world who have similar type economies and Oh and a look at some of just a fun look at How many trees have been proposed to be planted based on carbon offsets So spoiler not enough Actually Tree ambition don't prune back. Okay Blair. What's in the animal corner? Oh, I have another story about nose pickers Non-human animals specifically and then I also have a study about playful bees and Mealworms the new marshmallows Excuse me. Oh, yeah, I like the old marshmallows either Marshmallows, I don't think I might like the new ones any better Mealworm flavor marshmallows now at a stay puffed near you All right, well, this is as I said this week in science and if you are wanting to follow all the Insanity of the science of this show you can find us all places podcasts are found. We also stream weekly No, not with the mealworms at the disco We stream weekly on YouTube Facebook and Twitch 8 p.m. Pacific time on Wednesdays and you can find us as a twist science if you look for us on Twitch Twitter and Instagram everywhere else Twists or this week in science and our website is twist.org. We would love your likes your follows and anything else you can do to Help us go up those algorithm rankings, but now it's time for the science Time time time. How do you count it? How do we do it time, right? You count a second. Oh players got her watch up, right? You're I know that in cups of coffee I Actually could be a more absolute way to measure Instances of time, but really when you're talking about time in the quantum realm How do we do it time in biological space? space-time is Linear right we're looking at 1001 Yes, we go one way. It's very relative, right? It's like this one second and it's time zero and if you're talking about science We always have we started the experiment at t equals zero and then t equals one t equals two You take your measurements at these various time points But the smaller you get and the more into the atomic subatomic quantum Frame that you go It becomes wishy-washy Little different you can't count things as exactly because they're such small integrals of time and Additionally, not just the absolute smallness of it is you throw probability in there and you've got things winking in and out of Existence you've got points. You've got waves you've got Not time as the way that our biological brains consider it So really at the at the at the quantum level of things time doesn't really exist But we still need to count it somehow And so researchers have a work if you go to the quantum realm, right? That's how it's yeah That's how they explained it in the superhero movies. Got it. Okay. I'm on board. Yeah. Yes You're following us. Thanks to the Marvel Universe for helping with this Marvel universe, that's right Anyway, in the latest physical review letters researchers from the University of Uppsala in Sweden have written up their New way of measuring time and it all has to do with electron fields in atoms now atoms The way that we used to learn about them, you'd have the little nucleus proton neutron surrounded by rings of electrons. Well, now we know those rings are not just Single or whatever electrons going that's clouds of probability And so if we hit those electrons with laser beams pulses of light, we can energize them And the clouds puff up because the electrons get energized and they're like I want to go to higher levels And so they get puffed up and so like let's like Expanding electron clouds and this is called This is called a Rydberg state after the people that's the mathematical way that they are Quantized in this particular fluffy wave path of energetic wave packets Now we found out though previously that if you energize one Electron cloud and you make another electron cloud and they're kind of near each other Just like ripples on a pond they can interfere with each other and so the interference patterns in themselves in Themselves are unique. They have unique fingerprints and the researchers suggest that if you have these Multiple wave packets of these fluffy ride ride Berg clouds Bouncing into each other and rippling against each other in the quantum pondiness Then what you have is a particular fingerprint that can be used as a measure of absolute time Not related to any clock, but that can be used that as these interference patterns dissipate and change as the energetic levels of these electron clouds Change they can excite these atoms and Allow their measurements for up to 81 picoseconds Which is really not very long. That's a measurement of time already. It is a measurement of time How do we measure of tic-tac time, but you don't have to start at time equals zero it can be Whenever it is the measurement if you're looking at a system You don't know the bait the instant Initiating state of you don't have a time equals zero you can look at the interference patterns and go. Oh, that's unique We look at that pattern and how it changes and suddenly you're able to measure Time at the quantum level. So what they're doing is they're creating a quantum Watch or as they call it It doesn't start at zero and it doesn't connect it. So hey everybody come over in my house. I'm throwing a party When is it? It's gonna be at the time it happens and that's it. Yes You totally get it That's exactly it. Yes. So these these energetic wave packets is Rydberg packets there, you know, they're having parties that You just have to you know come across but the idea is that we will now be able with if With the accuracy that they're able to measure 81 picoseconds with an error rate of like eight femtoseconds I mean, we're talking like 10 to the minus 18 here We are getting at very very small error levels Which means high accuracy which means that we can start to really get rid of error rates in quantum computing We can start developing measurement systems for smaller and smaller technologically States as we try and advance our technology into more of these subatomic levels so Yeah, time is everything time means nothing at this table. We have to Know how it works. We have to have some sense of measurement in a probabilistic environment Yeah, mind-bending or watch Turning but It is it is what it is. Yes Justin you want to tell me a story? Oh Gosh, I would love to Where to start though, this is the thing. There's so much There's such a good chance that when I try to bring this story up that it will be needing to load still Which story the DNA story this is actually I'm gonna start off with the the baby zebrafish Okay, let's go with some Zebras Which I guess that they call them larvae Mm-hmm Larval baby zebrafish need microorganisms in order to make friends But it's all in their head apparently published in close biology University of Oregon researchers looked into the neuronal and social development of zebrafish larvae With or without their normal microbiota for the first seven days of development They looked at them at day 14 and they found that social behavior at day 14 Was inhibited in the group that was denied their normal microbiota for just that first seven days Compared to their siblings that had the normal start of microbiota So the brains then of the restricted group when they looked there had fewer Microglia immune cells in their forebrains They had denser more complex neural branching patterns and lower levels of an active gene involved in pruning neural connections So genetically reducing the microglia without affecting the microbiota. So they had a second round here They got the same results They had this this lack of pruning that was taking place this this complex branching and a and fewer microglia cells so Normal neural and social development was restored in these germ-free larvae baby zebrafish by adding fishy probiotics back to them indicating that the the pruning activity is Actually sensitive to or dependent on gut microbiota Studies the first to demonstrate that the microglia are required for pruning of neural connections in zebrafish larvae and that an intact microbiota is essential for that normal pruning and then later Fish social behavior to take place. So somehow Symiotic bacteria got encouraging social behavior by promoting the ability of pruning in the brains of zebrafish Into a more manipulating them into being a more social creature So now my question is like you just said manipulating. So is this you know art is is vertebrate Social behavior all just manipulation from microbes microbes want to expand around the globe more and so they have They have they have pushed our nervous systems to become more social so we interact with each other more So I mean I'm expanding this from fish, but we're the city bus This is what I always say we're the city bus. They're taking us to their next destination and they're telling us where they want to go With you know all of these chemical signals and stuff like that the the developing gut brain connection here Oh, this is yeah, and we're learning so much about just that gut brain connection In an ongoing fashion. This is fascinating It's awesome. I think it was a so I'm not really sure how the pruning Makes one more social Uh, I don't get I don't get this aspect of it. Maybe you can explain to me a little bit if You've got it off the top there. What what is what is this pruning? It sounds like you're inhibiting brain development, but on the other hand it sounds like you're preventing it from cascading into Into something that's it's not socially cohesive right, so every like the mammalian brain fish brains the baby human baby brains lots and lots of neurons to start off with because they You want as much input as possible, but the pruning itself is what ends up basically Just tuning in particular patterns particular pathways and then particular behaviors and if and there's a study out this week also that we used to Consider that in the autistic brain. It was only neural pathways related to like social behaviors and Emotions, but they're finding that it's much further Distributed throughout the brain. There are pathways that have been affected throughout the autistic brain during development And so this this from the the fish brain perspective is also very interesting because what's happening is you have the gut influence that is leading the brain to to basically fuse in certain pathways for survival for That social behavior that's going to allow them to protect Potentially stay within the school of fish that's going to protect them to potentially stay within that school of fish That's going to lead to reproduction later in life to stay within that school of fish That's going to lead them to the food source that they need so the social behaviors are it's You don't want too many neuronal inputs and outputs because that is more chaotic than having it pruned Okay, I just now want to know what happens if you if you I guess you can't not have a microbiota At some point because you'll you'll be you'll be ill for other reasons So they have to give you know, you can't run the experiment forward To see what happens to the brain because it's going to be a cascade of other problems You do it in the fish you do this in the zebra fish and you see what happens and you find oh They're not social and what happens when zebra fish are not social you you have these other issues and so Yeah Yeah, and they only did it for seven days and then restored it I'm I'm wondering why they restored it and I'm thinking now I'm sort of thinking around The part that wasn't in the the publication about what happened to the fish if they didn't restore it Maybe they were just like they didn't develop at all. I don't like I don't know Ah, I need to see the part of the study they left out What happens after those seven days? What about the what about what about bob the fish who who didn't make it? Yeah Yeah There's always a control group. So There are fish for sure that they probably did not It was in comparison to their control control group that had the microbiota all the way through Uh, that was there, but I didn't see the the uh, the extra anomaly group uncontrolled group Where they where they didn't uh Didn't allow them any microbiota beyond that seven days. That's why I'm suspicious that something else was a problem At that point because that would be a nice third category to to Yeah, could have also been it was uh an output This is their their one of their first experiments into it And so they decided to have a time Output because you put limits on your experiments, right? You say this is the experiment I'm gonna do We're gonna do it for this long. We're gonna sacrifice this number of fish. We're gonna look at their brains We're gonna look at their behavior This is the this is what we have to work with Or you have you know, you have a particular amount of time in the lab that's going to only pay for A graduate student or a lab assistant to feed the fish and take care of the water for the fish For a period of time. So everything's done within constraints So potentially this is the beginning and maybe there will be those further studies or This is what they published so far and they haven't published further than that I don't know, but it's great correlation Yeah, I want to know I want to know this mechanism. How is how is our how is our brains controlling our social interactions through brain pruning? No, no It totally yes, it is a thing for sure in humans But the big question is how is the microbiota influencing it through our gut during our development because from fish immediate next step is to what's going on with us Blair yes, I know you don't want to talk about us No, I want to talk about Yes A y e dash a y e This is that when is the what kind of creatures it's all I can picture is that that long finger Tally-po tally-po give me back my tally-po if you're familiar with that. Um, no, what? Oh, no Neither is that any idea what you talk about Okay, well google that later. It's very good for halloween actually. Um, no, I eyes are Nocturnal lemurs So they're prosimians. They're related to monkeys, but they are kind of pre monkeys Evolutionarily all of the lemurs on Madagascar the only place lemurs are found They are an evolutionary precursor to monkeys and didn't have selective pressure like monkeys on the main or Pro simians on the mainland did and so they have these kind of like dog-like faces They're not as smart as monkeys. They don't have a lot of the things that that monkeys that simians have Um, because on the island of Madagascar, they didn't have the same selective pressures of the same predators, right? So anyway I eyes as a nocturnal lemur Are famous for having this very very long Middle finger eight centimeters long. So if you picture an animal this big then they have It's so there's about two and a half Inches or centimeters to an inch. So you're talking three and a half inch long finger So like a finger as long as my finger when the rest of their fingers are like a couple knuckles, right? So much longer than all the other fingers and they also are really thin and they usually use these to To get Grubs and things out of trees So they'll tap tap tap tap tap tap tap tap tap find where it's hollow And then they will they have specialized teeth to scrape down You can actually scrape down cement when you have them in zoos. So you have to be careful about that But they can scrape down to get to The grubs and then they can pick them out with that that specialized finger So there's something else they can pick out with that specialized finger Stop oh So they're all breaking footage Turns out the ii is only the 12th primate ever recorded To pick their nose and then eat it Yeah This is a study out of switzerland's university of verlin Yeah, no And in the video quote the ii's inserts the entire length of its extra long skinny and highly mobile middle finger into the nasal passages And then licks the nasal mucus collected Now here's the thing About these long fingers. They're so long. They're like Yeah, that sounds dangerous. It goes very far Of their nose. So they actually had to use a ct scan of an ii's skull to try to reconstruct where the finger was going What? And it turns out it's going down their throat Uh, one of the lead researchers says quote there is no other possibility Otherwise it would have gone into the brain and then they die So Definitely going down into the throat. They're not giving themselves a frontal lobotomy. No They are scooping mucus out of or they're itching their throat. I mean what's happening down there Great question. The long story short is we don't know the scientists took this to go Why do animals pick their nose and why do they eat it? And they wanted to find they wanted to do a research project where they looked through past research and they tried to compile enough information to formulate some ideas here But they found that most existing literature was quote jokes So well, this is an area where There's not a lot of research about it and at first they figured oh, that's because it's gross, right But how much research is there on coprophagia eating poop? a lot So why is this a weird blind spot in biology Great question There's one study that suggested that nose picking could spread bacteria in a harmful way Another one said that it could actually stop bacteria from sticking to your teeth by eating mucus So it might be good for oral health I personally feel like it's like itchy. It's like in the way It's like flipping back and forth like when you get your nose whistle, right? They get it out of there and they're like I can't It won't come off. I can't I know I'm it's gone. It's you know That's my guess is that it's just their way of getting rid of it Easy solution actually, you know, I think the reason there's not any research on this is because We know all humans pick the noses and eat your boogers. What? Justin do you do that? I think you're you're admitting on air right now that you eat your own boogers I do not do that at some point in time Children do right all kids do not in my memory. Did I ever do it? I thought it was so gross Get your parents on the show. We'll talk to them. So I'm pretty sure they'll tell you the same thing. In fact, they're probably gonna text me right now At some point there's like a phase that could be anywhere from like, uh, a few months to several years Children We'll pick their noses and eat their boogies. Justin, your sample size Has a lot of uncontrolled variables They're all yours Well, yeah, he He has more of a sample size than yours at the moment Blair Except for the thousands of children that I've watched over the years in my career Oh, that's true. Yeah, and none of them No, no, some of them did and some of them didn't yeah Yeah, or some of them some of them got stalled not to do it in public You had the the the individuals who thought it was gross and you had the individuals who could not get enough of it I can't believe we are debating Whether or not the majority of people at some point in their lives have Way the way that the mammalian I'll even almost say Nose is connected to the throat and mouth We all end up, you know occasionally coughing something snorting Oh, yeah, there it is. This it just went behind if it goes behind you you know that happens. Yeah, that's fine That's fine. Yeah, if it goes I the other like it's so it's not intentional then It could be intentional. No, no, but I I get that I get that like I wouldn't Not the eating part. Oh, I got a response from my mother. She says I never ate my boogers Your mother is your biggest fan. I love her so much I mean aside from your dad I'm sure they're both screaming at the tv right now Anyway, the whole point of this study though that was supposed to be a quick study Is that this is a blind spot in science and this needs to be rectified immediately We need to figure out why animals eat their own boogers And definitely there are more that do it besides just these 12 primates that have been shown Okay, science get to it get study study nose picking and boogie eating I I Says science, hopefully But other news other news on nose picking in humans is that hey apparently Yeah, I might not be that good for you just picking your nose generally researchers at griffith university have published in scientific reports a Study showing that chlamydia Pneumoniae uses the nerve that's between the nasal cavity and the brain As a central path for invading your central nervous system And then I showed And and you get The chlamydia pneumoniae could be on your finger because your finger's been all over the place Things and then you go and you stick it up your nose and what they what they saw in their study that It sets off pathologies that are amyloid plaques so beta amyloid protein becomes deposited as a result of the chlamydia pneumoniae infection Which is a marker that has been used for Alzheimer's disease evidence although that is Potentially something that is Being looked at again, but anyway, so the question Right, but the question is If you're sticking your finger dirty fingers if you're going to pick your nose um wash your hands first Yes, that's what I was gonna say. So you got to wash it before and after then Oh, I have some I have some important digging to do. I'm gonna go give my 20 seconds sing happy birthday twice Get that digging done Don't don't eat it and then wash again That's important to know because it's one of those things that feels like Inherently dirty so you might think oh, I'll wash my hands after but you're right you're Because ultimately what you're doing is bypassing one of the best shields your body has towards foreign invaders Draw your little nose hairs and your uh your sinus That's all there to to protect you from from germs So you're bypassing that by sticking your nose up there I guess that's why you've got all the mucusy stuff in there is to catch things before they hit the membrane That's you also use to smell with and stuff. That's exactly it because your olfactory nerve Is directly connected straight into the olfactory bulb in your brain And so if you get something infecting those nerves that can actually get past the blood brain barrier Into your brain and cause disease However, okay, so this study this study was just going to say though this study so far. It's a dish Neurons in a dish. We're also talking about a mouse model We're not talking about actually having seen this in humans who have picked their nose There is no absolute link between picking your nose and the pathogen and Developing Alzheimer's and or and or dementia This is all still speculative and in just initial research phase So I just want to put that out there But it is something to something to think about if you're putting a dirty finger up your nose What is what else is going up there? That's yeah That's not just what's coming out the human trials are going to be impossible because there's no control You can't find a human who's never picked their nose So Let's get your mother back on here. I think I never said I didn't pick No, man That's gonna be so hard though because you're also gonna have to ask people even if you don't have a real control you're gonna have to ask How frequently do you pick your nose? Nobody's gonna be able to answer that correctly forever. It is going to be a correlation and I mean the the absolute causal relation and humanity I know as your nose itching mine's a little sniffly Justin, do you have another story? Oh, yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Okay, so Uh, I've got oh, I want to do the DNA of the ancient south americans show I'm gonna do and why americans die so young but uh, I think I'm gonna jump to because So we can get on the show deeper into the show This is uh the cop 27 climate change conference is coming up It is happening over the next week or two Uh in egypt Here's hoping that something real meaningful consequential comes out of it Really, I hope so fingers crossed Uh researchers at university of melbourne examined official climate plans and past public statements Including some of the nationally determined contributions Which countries submitted to the united nations as part of the paris agreement to calculate the The total amount of carbon offset that they would be doing They uh listed one of the one of the things is we're going to dedicate land to planting trees That's a good thing. Yes. So basically a plan to grow more trees as a carbon offset Fantastic plan, but these folks is group at melbourne. I think the university of copenhagen was involved in this as well as a co-author They added up the amount of land proposed to be used for growing trees They calculated that countries collectively Needed a total of about 1.2 billion hectares of land to fulfill the promises laid out in the official climate plants So, uh, what a lot of space 1.2 billion hectares. It's about three billion acres of trees that they would be planting To get to the carbon offsets Now it's a big number and it's it's difficult kind of units to conceive of So let's put it in road islands Which is the preferred measurement standard used to describe like big glaciers the occasional massive asteroid out there Oh, it's this many road islands, right? Let's see that would be 3.8 million road islands Ha Okay, okay, okay United States including portorico Is about 2.3 billion acres, which is less than the 3 billion acres All of the united states and and now if you if you know, the united states also you can't grow things everywhere All of europe is about 2.6 billion Acres all of europe combined Still less than the 3 billion and not all of it is you know, there's places where there's trees already There's places that are deserts There's places where there are cities There are places where there are farms There are a lot of the land is actually used for things Uh, so so what do we do? I mean, how do how do we how do how do we do this? It's a lot of trees So so spread out around the world and assuming that you don't cut down trees to plant the carbon offset trees And you don't get rid of the cities or plant in the deserts or on mountaintops or places where trees don't grow Uh, it would require half of the current global crop lands Be converted to forest so Now we pick who's gonna starve first like kind of and and most likely it's gonna be uh people who have uh, probably an indigenous claim, but uh lack political Leverage over their lands somehow in order to make the numbers work for the for the showing carbon offsets The nations have been using this massive scale industrial planet-wide tree planting accounting Program to show how they are going to get to the carbon neutral point. So Let's get started. Where are these super nurseries? Where is the call to mobilize the youth of the world to enlist and the arborist forces? Where do we where do they report to root camp? Okay enough, uh, the report Sites a growing body of evidence showing that when indigenous peoples and local communities Have secure land rights. They vastly outperform both governments and private landholders in preventing deforestation conserving biodiversity and producing food sustainability Conversely the report also loses the fact that as I was saying many indigenous lands could be impacted if nations actually went through with their phantom accounting With this with this global mobilization towards tree planting, but the point is the point is They haven't started And they're going to plant a forest larger than all of the united states Like in in the next What 20 years? So what you got to do? Here's what you got to do. I figured it out. I don't know why no one else has thought of it Okay, so okay, you plant trees on top of buildings That's still you know, actually if you just took the buildings out of it, it doesn't change the amount of land that much It's it's still the it's more We could plant trees on the sides of buildings Planting trees on blocks There you go. You have vertical space. Yes Plant trees on top of the existing trees is what they would really need to do That was that was recommended in our youtube chat by jason wagner saying We need to think like an engineer. Nothing says you can't grow a tree on top of another tree Go ahead jason good job so There we go, so basically trees everywhere and you get a tree We've been getting like at some point somebody figured out it's like Actually, if you put all of your carbon into trees, you're gonna grow someday on land. You don't have It makes it look like we're complying. Oh, let's just do it's green one of that Yeah, it's a lot of greenwashing and that's yeah, we've we've talked about all of this these you know the The glad-handing and the talking and the promises being made Where you know all sorts of manufacturing companies who the top? beverage companies promised promise promise to use less First use non recyclable plastics in all of their products And they're the amount of non recyclable plastic is actually increasing in their across the board in their products So I mean this is they're they're saying one thing to you while they're doing another and They're all they're they're playing a shell game that is Going to wind up You know, it'll make people's pocketbooks really big for a little while and then we're all gonna suffer so so good uh good job with the clear-eyed folks at melbourne university and i uh again, uh university of copenheimer For getting together and adding up Just adding up Hey, so maybe just a quick thought i'll plug uh to kind of button this There's a pretty big election next week in the united states and uh, i'm not telling anybody how to vote But you know if this is something you care about look into who's actually interested in doing real things to help with climate change and support those people Just like they just recently did in brazil Yes Yes, so uh, if everything goes well the incumbent has promised to decrease deforestation in the amazon, which is Huge, that's the kind of actually increasing before Yes, they cleared all that land so they could plant trees for carbon offsets. It's all part of the plan That makes no sense. But yeah, or it's all either that or palm palm But anyway, it's another side point which is that if you left the forest undisturbed It does better as a carbon sink than if you planted a new forest. Yeah, of course. Yeah Oh side points side points and side things and big corporations and oh other things the big corporations are doing Meta the company that used to be facebook that is trying to create the meta meta verse We know that they're not just working in vr. They're also working in ai I love all these algorithms recent article pre-print out about their ai effort they have taken a taken a hint from the london maced old Google supported alphabets supported deep mind research alpha fold that has uh been involved in predicting protein structures and Nailing down protein sequences in the known gene and protein data banks Well, they have just described the meta ai team has just described in a pre-print using a large language model Which is an ai that uses That has basis for tools that can predict text from a few letters or words so they're using Language models to look at the sequences of amino acids and potential mutations and different changes within them and trained them on the unknown dark matter of the microbiome And so there's this meta Ai called esm fold, which isn't quite as accurate as the alpha fold ai it's really really good though at predicting structures and for kind of guessing what mutations might be taking place and so it predicted the structures of more than 617 million proteins in Metagenomic dna from environmental sources including soil seawater the human gut skin and other microbial habitats describing proteins that have never been sequenced before Describing proteins and predicting the structure of proteins that have never been described or predicted to exist before So it is the a really interesting Step into that undescribed dark matter of The world of dna that surrounds us that influences us that has impacts like justin you were talking about with the You know microbiome of the gut of the fish developing social behavior in the zebrafish larva This effort took two weeks So 617 million predictions Yeah, um, anyway, it's a very interesting effort and uh, it'll be interesting to see where these These new models of ai take us in our understanding of the world And how will they be turned into profit? That's what i'm wondering as well Whatever you're gonna do with this. I mean medicine and other things that'll be great But you know, hope maybe in the end what it'll help us do is reconstruct our Our biomes because we've destroyed them all so anyway time to move on to more happy topics Well, so it is that that is a very interesting point there because there has to be When we talk about ip When we talk about in Patent walls around things, you know, you have ai that came out How many the thousands and thousands of thousands of the Things that it's like I named all of those and I discovered them and therefore I owned them like but what do they do? That's die later maybe Like that can't be how We move forward with anything Yeah Well, it's it's the production. It's the actual production of them and you know, meanwhile We that we still have to actually confirm a lot of these predictions that have been made for the structures understand the functions possibly there's a lot of confirmation that and Refining that needs to go on in the future But there's like that classic case there was uh, they they were somebody attempted to patent a Gene involved in breast cancer only if you can make it, right? Isn't it it's like if you if you are the man you can have you can patent the manufacturing process Of something but biological components that are in existence in nature. You cannot patent Yeah, but if you make an alteration you can patent. Oh you can patent that so it's like it's very Synthetic DNA And then oh, I just put an extra nucleotide so now it's a completely new product does that even make sense like at some point I will own this. Oh, I will own this whole country because I will have made My genetic mutation Possible it it's going to have gene drive to take over the entire population to make the population Less sick and live longer, but you all are mine Ha you all have to pay a monthly sub subscription fee now eight dollars dollars Yeah, eight dollars, but then in a few if it in a in a few years, I'll change it to 12 99 But then a lot of people drop out and then we might oh no, no, no, no, we gotta put ads We're gonna we're gonna have put ads in your DNA too. Yeah for sure Free ad version Oh This is this weekend science speaking of ads this is not an ad this is just a reminder that you are In taking part in this scientific discussion with this weekend science if you're enjoying the show Please share it with a friend today Time now for that wonderful time in the show where we get to learn about animals from There's a little corner I'm very excited to tell you about playful bees, but I'm saving it First I want to tell you about some smart jays So jays As we know are in the corvid families. They're very very very smart related to crows and ravens and They're like toddler level smart So the they're already they're they're really interested in this study And so this is a university of cambridge study Looking at Eurasian jays and a version of the marshmallow test So I thought it would be fun to talk about that because this is a recurring test that we just keep bringing up on the show All of the loyal listeners know all about it, but just in case you haven't heard of it The marshmallow test was developed in 1972 by stanford And toddlers were offered a choice between one marshmallow immediately or two if they waited And essentially they were testing if the children could delay gratification for a greater payoff They thought they were testing And generally speaking see this is where it gets complicated Generally speaking when they followed up those tests With general intelligence tests They jived so If somebody if the children did well on academic tasks, they were also the ones who were able to resist temptation for longer We know that these tests Are somehow problematic now for a bunch of reasons mainly because You can't test humans like you test jays in a laboratory and there are lots of other confounding variables at play They found out. Yeah, okay. Go ahead. Go ahead. Well, because every time I hear about this test I start chomping at the bit be like that's not what they tested That's not what they were testing. They thought they were testing that but what they were actually testing Is the socioeconomic background of these environment of these children that was a part of what they were testing Regardless, they were testing self-control They were they were they were testing something. You're right, but they were testing self-control No, they thought no, they thought they were testing self-control Hang on just give me a second. They thought they were testing self-control But they were accidentally Testing the socioeconomic strategies if your kid who was in a poor environment The best strategy to employ Is to grab that treat when you can because there's not more in the cupboard If you come from a household where if you pass on the treat now, but you can have it an hour or two hours It's always there and then the strategy isn't delayed. It's the strategies I trust that it will be there. My strategy can be get more So it came down to so just in the problem with those kids were the impulsive kids were actually using the best strategy for them Based on their experiences. That was that that's the whole when they redid this test years later That's what they discovered. They were accidentally peering into Was so so but it's not that they were testing that it's that that was a confounding variable So basically if no no listen if they so they're still ultimately telling these children If you wait you get two marshmallows that does not change and no regardless of what your socioeconomic status is It is the better choice to wait for two marshmallows The problem the hold on the problem is that if they were raised in a lower socioeconomic status They had been conditioned to act differently Which is the confounding there that is that is a confounding variable That is not that is not a test Situation so that is the difference here. They are still testing delayed gratification They are still testing this situation But because of socioeconomic status that no that's just how variables work Because of the the socioeconomic status that is a confounding variable that had conditioned them previously They had previously been trained to act a certain way in relation to food that change That means that the there was not a clean slate For the children entering that room that is the issue because all of those children were told the same thing If you wait you get two marshmallows Okay, but that's the marshmallow test and that's in the human version But right where you want to talk about jays. Yes, we're probably just in a laboratory for like their whole lives Yes, and jays or other corvids are an excellent choice for this study because they already Cash things they hide food. They save it for later. So they are already well versed in delayed gratification They won't eat it now knowing it'll be there for a future meal So they uh, the researchers thought that this might have driven the evolution of self control in these birds And so they wanted to study their their ability to do this this kind of self control test So what they did is they presented them with mealworms bread and cheese mealworms are their favorite But bread and cheese come in second or third But that varies from individual to individual everybody loved mealworms bread and cheese everybody had a different second, right? So they had to choose between bread or cheese available immediately Or a mealworm that they could see But they would be given access to after delay if they did not eat the bread or cheese So the range of delay times was tested all the way from five seconds to five and a half minutes There were some that never got past 20 seconds J. Lo the top of the class Oh, my went to five and a half minutes waiting for a mealworm But the bottom line is All of the birds passed They all all of the jays in this study were able to delay gratification for their worm They also looked away from the bread or cheese when it was presented to them Also, almost like they were trying to like not get distracted or tempted by the food Which is exactly what chimps and children do in the study Yeah, they do that too. They try not to look at it. Yeah They're waiting Yeah, and then the other thing that they did is they adjusted self-control according to circumstances So if they took the worm and it was out of reach So they knew there was no way they were ever going to get it The jays always ate the bread or cheese if it was available so they could recognize I'm never going to get that I should eat this food now And the length of time they were willing to wait Fell if it was pitted against their second most preferred food So if i'm jaylo and I go wheelworms cheese bread if you give me Bread i'll wait much longer for that mealworm than if you give me cheese. It's more tempting So, yeah, so that shows that jays only delay gratification when it's warranted So they can kind of weigh these different options and then the really the the important part of the study was looking at Cognitive abilities of these birds because they wanted to see if intelligence was related to the ability to Delay gratification And so they gave the jays five cognitive tasks commonly used to measure general intelligence And the birds that perform better in those tasks also managed to wait longer For the mealworm reward. So they that suggests that self-control is in fact linked with intelligence Never mind. It is a very limited Number of birds in the study. It's a limited number of birds. It's one species and as I mentioned It's a species that already caches their food. Yes, so So they're supposed to do these sorts of things. Yes. So here's what here's what you got to do to prep some of these birds For the human test You got to put them in there with two other hungry birds and put the one piece of cheese And now they can wait for the mealworm, but if one of the other birds eats the cheese, they get nothing that's That's a bird massacre is what you're going for That's that's what the social that's what the human socio-economic background Strategy for getting the thing as soon as you can is If you might if it might not be there later if right well, they didn't do that with the children in the lab Either but that's a no, but no, they did they did actually it was already taking place in those children's lives That's the point. I'm trying to that's okay. We're we're back to The difference between an experiment and a confounding variable. Anyway, moving on to bumblebees Who play? Yes, this is a study from queen mary university of london And they found that bumblebees love to play It's the first time that object play behavior has been shown in an instinct And so they indicate that this may mean that bees experience positive feelings, which No surprise. I will just say uh Anyway, um Bees went out of their way to roll wooden balls repeatedly despite there being no incentive to do so Younger bees rolled balls more than older bees This mirrors human behavior of young children and other juvenile mammals and birds being more playful than adults Um, and so what they did is they followed 45 bumblebees in an arena They gave them options of walking through an unobstructed path to reach a feeding area So just here straight shot to food. There you go Or deviating from that path into areas with wooden balls So going completely out of the way of where their food is To go play with wooden balls Individual bees rolled balls between one and 117 times over the experience. Oh, there's there's the little Sportsbee player there. Exactly. Yes. Well, it's interesting. You should say that because in a previous study Bumblebees were taught to score a goal They were taught to roll a ball to a target in exchange for a sugary food reward But so they showed that the the bees could do this and could figure out that it was something that they could do but where this becomes special Is that these bees were not taught to do this. They were not conditioned to do this They were not given a reward for doing it. There was no benefit to them playing with these wooden balls It's voluntary. It's spontaneous and as far as they can tell it does not mimic any behavior that they do In the wild that they would be kind of like practicing here In a further experiment they gave another 42 bees access to two colored chambers One always containing movable balls and one without any objects When they were given a choice between two chambers and when they were both empty bees showed a preference for the color of the chamber that a previously had had all the wooden balls in it So they were like, where's the where's the ball pit? I want to go play in the ball pit. That's Fascinating. Yeah, so despite what people often see as teeny tiny brains, barely even brains, nerve balls They're more than just kind of simple command and response Animals they have they appear to have emotional states. There's something that they find rewarding about playing with these little wooden beads And so this does potentially have impacts on our understanding of sentience and welfare of insects and emotional status of insects and other invertebrates and other, you know, quote-unquote lower life forms, right? That we don't kind of associate these other these kinds of emotions with So there are lots of animals who play just for the purpose of enjoyment But most of course have been recorded in mammals and birds So this is something that is really unusual to see the bee doing that and if you are listening to this Please go to our show notes and watch these videos because I want this on loop Just around me all the time. It's so good. They're just having so much fun in their bubblebees. They're fluffy Okay, so I'm gonna I'm gonna question the idea that the idea that they're playing I mean, is it play or is it just interaction with a more complex Environment that is somehow Interesting to them. Does it have to be quantified as play? Right So I guess that's the question right is is it is there any other motivation that could cause this Is this some sort of exploratory behavior that can give them an advantage? So I think you're right there there needs to be a much More robust study of bubblebees in the wild to see if there's anything at all similar to exploratory behaviors a tactile behavior Like this to see if there's something related I mean, we haven't been invited to the bee soccer matches before so No, I don't think they go pro either. So but my question is isn't that kind of a good definition of play? That sort of tactile exploration Yeah, on some degree. I mean, I think that would be as sufficient Enough to call it play. I don't I won't I wouldn't call it a an organized sport that they're involved in right right Well, and then yeah, that you're that's a really good point because even if it provides an evolutionary advantage you could argue that Definitely human play when you're a child Provides an evolutionary advantage because you are learning socio emotional cues You are learning in lots of other ways. You're exploring your environment. You're building social interactions So there's there's evolutionary advantage to a lot of types of play You're you're getting smarter by playing with blocks when you're a kid, right? So there's all these things that you're doing you're learning to count Lots of things that that come from play That are beneficial. So you're right It gets it gets muddy and this is probably one of those things where scientists love to put Terms on things and we want to call this play. But what does that really Mean does it just mean unproductive behavior? Yeah, well this so for this yeah, it's not productive for any purpose that we understand or that we comprehend it It's not something that was necessarily conditioned or learned It wasn't something that the that the researchers went you must do this for a reward and that it's it's fascinating that the bees were choosing The balls and not just they'll chamber with the balls, but actually to interact with the balls Yeah, I think there are a lot of interesting questions to be Investigated here because like you said, there's so much that it could Lead to in terms of understanding insects and a lot more about the world that we live in right I just I think about When I was working at the zoo, we'd have the feeder cricket crickets and we'd put Cut egg cartons and toilet paper tubes and food that we knew they wouldn't eat in their Scraps of other food right for them to crawl all over and be on and we changed that over over time Why did we do that that was enrichment? Why did crickets need enrichment? It's animals need novel things. They need They don't like to be bored. That's what the show is all about Enrichment for everyone It's one novel thing after another Bee footballers who knew Maybe they're just getting ready to roll their little bee larva around I like to think a bee croquet It's those are pretty big though. I mean it's almost like When we were watching those videos there the the bee is almost the same size as the ball and sometimes Kind of getting tumbled over with it when they're playing with it and they're right back to it So it's not also like a super casual activity. They're completely involved expanding energy Doing this that's I think to me why it looks like a log rolling championship at the lumberjack olympics Which you know if if that were to be studied by alien scientists Yes, like why or why are they expending energy doing this? Yes, could they be playing? No, that's not possible. They're humans Big hairless apes but that's so there's nowhere there's no analog that I can think of too in nature Where they they would be specifically Doing this large object rolling thing But that's also what would make it novel to them. I suppose Now I want to know about spider play. I know spiders are playing I want to know They're building a web right in front of my face. They're playing with me. We're playing with you doing trick-or-treat This snarky So snarky Face height just outside of your back door. Oh, is that me? Oh This is this weekend science. Thank you so much for joining us for another fun filled episode We've got yeah, we'll talk about spiders and bees and all sorts of things And we hope that you if you appreciate it head over to twist org and click on our patreon link because that is how We are supported is through our listener support of our patrons Choose your level of support $10 and more per month and we will thank you by name at the end of the show That's twist org click on that patreon link and pledge your support to twist We can't do it without you. Thank you for your support. All right, Justin Back with more this weekend science. What do you have to tell us about? I've got dna from some ancient humans discovered at different archaeological sites in south america and Down in brazil Uruguay and panama Uh, so this is florida atlantic university and america university researchers. They use dna from some current and past studies findings show a distinct relationship Among ancient genomes from northeast brazil southeast brazil uruguay and panama Model suggests according to the researchers the settlement of the atlantic coast occurred only after The pacific coast side had been settled And a long a south to north migration route The ancient individuals from southeast brazil Are about 9 000 years older than those from northeast brazil Uruguay and panama thereby sort of that's their illustration of migration direction They discovered evidence of neanderthal ancestry in the individuals Very interesting researchers also detected greater denisovan than neanderthal ancestry In ancient uruguay and panama individuals Which is i don't know if you've got a map in your head of south america uh Uruguay is kind of dead centered and a little bit to the south ish And panama is central america. Basically. It's you have to go all the way up through brazil. You got columbia there. You gotta go up before you even get anywhere in panama, so These are two closely related uh, they said significant uh relate significantly related but geographically well dispersed They say the admixtures is according to john lindo assistant professor of department anthropology at emory university One of the co-authors of the article who Yeah, who specializes in ancient dna analysis Says the admixture must have occurred a long time before perhaps 40 000 years ago The fact that the denisovan lineage persisted and its genetic signal made it into an ancient individual from uruguay that is only 1500 years old suggests that it was a large admixture event between a population of humans and denisovans and They got a strong australian signal and an ancient genome from panama Which could be really significant because it hasn't been seen at all in north america And I guess it wasn't seen that strong signal wasn't seen in the 10 000 ish year old sample to the south Actually, so this is but but this whole thing has got me Wondering if there's if that could be a misleading hit so if you took dna samples from A a remote coastal norwegian village The one that had been pretty well isolated for like a really long time like and ah Nobody goes up to that town and nobody comes from that town. They're up there. They fish. They go home. That's kind of it You might be surprised to find out that the residents there are 15 percent british Yeah Only yeah, only history Likely then informs us that the genes they have identified as british More likely have come from biking raids a thousand years ago and dispersed into what is now uh the uk From uh from a much more likely than it is from a You know an unknown Populating of rural norway by seafaring brettz Yeah, so so i'm thinking that this it's possible. I you know I think this study needs to get interrogated a little bit. I'm thinking the astralasian hit Could actually just be denisevin because that's also where the signal of denisevin is the strongest in any existing population Is in that uh oceania area so So something to me sounds sort of like the norwegian british By by getting all the way down into the americas and having this this hit Of australasian Because the other scenario is that an australasian cross-specific settlement event took place occurred somewhere near panama Over a thousand years ago Which would could actually account for the higher denisevin dna in the current population If they were highly admixt before crossing and that is where so there is an argument that you could make for it As well Although, you know Yeah, but then there's also the question of you know, you're Is our analysis of these various admixtures You know, what is the accuracy of it and how um, how much are we are we really seeing the the the The mutational and cross you know cross breeding paths versus Times in our history in which like peoples were wiped out or they're you know You know that's a great point because it's that what is it? Is it the upper dryus? Is that the one? Hey, there's a Major bottleneck event that happened. I think it was 1,500 years ago that we talked about this on The story not you know some months ago. I think So so there was there is a significant Spike of Identifiable genes in certain populations after that point that would have been You know not as is is signature before so you can sort of picture A group that has a little bit higher denisevin than the rest during a bottleneck event You know isolating as they travel to a more rural part of south america Surviving this event. Maybe those genes help them survive. Who knows? But now you have now you have this higher signal The population that itself is gets dispersed after that, but So there's there's a lot of ways that this needs to get interrogated Uh before you start connect because gosh every time we've tried to connect the dots on limited information About the americas we've been wrong It's gotten a lot getting there getting there. Yeah getting there. There's been So much bad, but here's and and and this is uh lindo points out uh, it was the the researcher from uh Oh gosh, what was it emory university lindo points out that only a dozen or so ancient whole genomes From south america have been published to date So In europe, there's many hundreds and it doesn't even go back as far Right like the the current modern populations of europe Maybe five thousand years. So this is this is going back To ten thousand years for the one individual. We know there was people in in south america long before that But we don't have a whole lot. We have a very small sample size to work with as well So even the migration route Even the you know, all of it needs uh more digging more digging as is always the answer In archaeology and anthropology more digging is required Let's get this results of the study is the study is published in the journal proceedings royal society b For anybody interested in looking at the complete Study and then my final Story for the night is americans Die younger Than people in high income countries Why Well, there's a average life expectancy of 78.8 in 2019. So this is before The pandemic recent events. Yes for the recent events Uh, which put it means americans die younger than people in japan, but everybody dies younger than the people of japan americans die younger than the people of canada because of their Fitness and food section Uh, also the uk In fact, actually you have to go all the way down to list the nation's life expectancy. We fall between cuba and albania the united states does Which are considered middle income countries But that now that's if you look at the usa as a whole If you look at it by state, there's a there's a strange disparity a range Of ages depending on what state you happen to live in Uh, the high end the high end is hawaii uh 81 years Why is he got a two and a two or a little over two extra years Almost three years three extra. Yeah, two extra years if you live in or then the average if you live in hawaii If you happen to live your life in mississippi It drops four and a half years down to 74.4 four and a half is a lot It is a lot for averages like these. Yeah off of the average, which is also already below the rest of most of the High below all the high income countries So evidence from previous studies consistently pointed to heart disease drug poisoning suicide alcohol induced deaths as key drivers of high mortality rates among working age americans According to the study this study published in plus one syracuse university finds that More conservative state policies Were generally associated with higher mortality researchers used data from 1999 to 2019 again before the pandemic national vital statistics system to calculate state level age adjusted mortality rates for deaths from all causes and specifically those of cardiovascular disease alcohol suicide drug poisoning amongst adults ages 25 to 64 they merged that data with annual state level data on eight different policy domains where each state's policies were scored a binary zero or one whether it was conservative liberal the analysis revealed that more liberal leaning policies on the environment gun safety labor economy tobacco Which was a taxes on tobacco and where you could smoke I guess Were associated with lower mortality in each of those states And a particularly strong association was found between gun safety policies and suicide mortality amongst men between labor labor policies and alcohol induced mortality Labor as in work work. So Work policies safety hours wages that sort of thing And alcohol induced mortality were linked links between economic and tobacco policies tax policies, so whether you whether they tobacco is more expensive, I guess in the liberal leaning States because they tax it higher There's a link between those policies and cardiovascular disease mortality So they had all this nice data and they decided to run a simulation simulation suggested that changing All policies in all states to a fully liberal orientation of policies Could have saved a hundred and seventy one thousand and thirty lives in 2019 Just in one year One year changing them to a fully conservative orientation Would have cost Oh gosh an additional Two hundred and seventeen thousand six hundred and thirty five lives All this is before all this is before that's a huge disparity of Four hundred thousand nearly half a million like this is without kovat in it But in a way kovat was kind of a Test of this in a really really bleak terrible way because we had federal level decisions being made That were highly conservative. So We lost lives and different states and different states implementing public health measures Based on their local Their local practices and their local regulations and so that we saw a difference in life expectancy in the last couple of years between states as well, so So, uh, just quick to point out education levels income levels healthcare access We're not specifically looked at in this study Though if I were a guessing man, I would do that I would probably guess that educated people with resources access to doctors Probably live longer than those without could be wrong Follow-up could find that poverty educational exclusion and a lack of health care make you live longer We're gonna I'm gonna guess not See all these things are linked to right so so these are directly along the same lines You have a lot more access to higher education in Bluer states you have more access to health care in bluer states So there's there are more economic safety nets in bluer states So you'd have a lot of those same things kind of leaning in that direction anyway But I do think as kevin reardon brought up in the chat in a few different ways the The the thing that makes us so different from other quote-unquote wealthy countries Is that we have a pay-to-play insurance structure? And so All of these things aside If you're sick you have to decide whether you can afford to go to the doctor And it is not like that in any of the other countries that you mustn't mention just Our neighbor to the north canada. Yeah From bb wants to know where should I move to uh, hawaii I mean that's that's the right answer for a lot a lot of reasons, but if you're thinking of a this uh This study alone says move to hawaii Hawaiians might tell you don't move there because they're full It's like new zealand, right? They're like, we're done now. Okay. We've got enough of you. You could go now I have a couple of stories Were you done with that one? Justin? Oh, yeah We'll play it out. What do you have keegi? You have some gross stuff. Don't you? Oh, yeah, I mean we're talking about all these politics And I know sometimes people hear about politics on a science podcast even though we're discussing scientific analysis And science policy and public health in that aspect Still, I know it makes some of you rich And maybe you want to bomb it Maybe you're just your stomach's just wanting to reject all of this What makes that happen? What is it? What signal from your gut from your brain? Makes your body decide it is absolutely going to reject Whatever is in the gut cavity. I know. Yes, Claire. Yeah, osmosis jones hits the vomit button, right? Do you remember that for me? About how come how come I feel like we're we've lived in completely different media Sorry Let's stop the show I need to find out who's osmosis jones We'll talk about it later Yeah, okay, you do need to find out who osmosis jones is but for right now. We're gonna be talking about Really what happens? In the in the in the gut during and in the gut brain axis when it is time to vomit historically We love looking at mice because mice are little we can have a lot of them in a laboratory And they're great to be able to look at their brains and there's so many pathways that are very similar and it's like Yes, let's get a mouse model of oh mice don't vomit They can't vomit There's yeah, there's a bunch of animals that don't really Do that A lot of animals cannot So, uh dogs can cats can but we you don't put dogs and cats into laboratory research in the same numbers in the same way And the the restrictions around research related to dogs and cats is a little bit different to those around Experiments related to mice and so we haven't really done the work to dig into the gut brain axis related to vomit emesis How does it happen? Well These researchers publishing in cell this week their paper the gut to brain axis for toxin induced defensive responses they have They have determined that They found a way to model vomiting in mice So they discovered that if you give mice a toxin that is Produced by Staphylococcus enterotoxin, which is called Staphylococcal enterotoxin a If you give them that toxin then mice Open their mouth a little wider than normal and they make a little movement in their mouth That's as if they're retching like they're dry heaving This is a much worse version of if you give a mouse a cookie and I don't like it If you don't give a mouse a cookie, but instead give them an enterotoxin That's bad for their gut. They will dry-heave All right, don't make that sound I this is a very Okay, so in this what they what they discovered is the enterotoxin Leads to the release It interacts with the lining of the gut and a particular Uh type of cell in the gut called enterochromophen cells in the lining of the intestinal lumen These cells then release serotonin serotonin triggers the vagal nerves very specific neuron Leading into the dorsal vagal complex in the brain Tak-1 dvc neurons in the brainstem they get triggered and they discovered when they Inactivated those neurons in the mice the mice could no longer retch And then they were like, huh So what does this mean for chemotherapy drugs that we might give people to control their nausea When chemotherapy makes people nauseous and we give them a drug that reduces their nausea What is it actually doing? And so they gave the mice a drug called granus granacetrin Which works by blocking serotonin receptors And they found when in inactivating the tak-1 dvc neurons it blocked the response And so they were able to determine that this is exactly how This granacetrin works it blocks serotonin receptors. It blocks the pathway. And so it blocks the Your urge to purge What about what about for morning sickness would this this help with that like severe case of morning sickness? Right. So these anti nausea medications can work for severe morning sickness But they are not this is where things have gone wrong in the past because this is where Uh, the drug that was given many many years ago that led to severe birth to serve birth Defects in us in a number of people in europe You gotta be careful. Oh and in the united states and in the united states I thought it wasn't in the u.s. I thought it was just in europe. Okay. I know I know people Okay, well the way the the way that it the drug however was an anti nausea drug and so side effects are very important And so that if you're blocking your serotonin receptors What is going on? Are you blocking other things? Right, right? Yeah, zofran. I've had zofran before zofran. Thank you rick loveman Love zofran is one that's given very commonly to children to calm nausea and When they're when you're sick to your stomach for a very and you have a a stomach bug like um What's the one that goes around in the wintertime with the kids? That we don't like very much anyway The uh If you're vomiting a lot you can take the zofran and it keeps you from vomiting too much so that um You can actually start to take food in so you can get Nutrients in and not just become extremely dehydrated and undernourished while you're that ill so be Big goal in this study. Why do we want to make mice vomit? Why do we want to do this? We don't want to do this But what it's telling us is potentially the the pathway. So now we have a target in the dorso ventral Or the dose of dorsovagal nuclei in the brainstem, we've got A serotonin receptor We've got other things that we probably need to be looking at at the zonterochromophen cells to really understand more about How they're being triggered and what's triggering them what specific toxins trigger them How does that actually get the process started? And in the case of nausea and other issues that are not toxin related Where you maybe are nauseous, but you don't know but we don't know why These pathways need to be determined so that we can create more drugs to combat nausea to come combat the vomiting to come to be able to Allow people to you know, take drugs that are more necessary for their survival like chemotherapy drugs Yeah, and stay healthy 20 vomiting I'm glad we all made it through That particular If you need drugs to get through your anatomy class, you probably shouldn't be in med school On the other side, I'm gonna be an ear doctor. This is the last time I have to look inside a thing Oh Understand this pathway. So, you know while we're while we're trying to map the internal spaces of the human body man You know, there have been animals out there even humans who have been mentally mapping physical space using sound sonar right And mit just reinvented sonar but with ai And so they've developed a machine learning technique that accurately captures and models underlying acoustics Of a scene of a room of an area And can do this modeling from a limited number of sound recordings So you can go into a space make some recordings of that space and then this This machine learning technique is able to put it all together to model computer model And generate the spaces more accurately Then has been done before so the you know bottom line here is that these researchers at mit and the mit IBM Watson ai lab are probably going to be Uh, yeah, they're developing this 3d Generation The geometry of a room from these sound recordings so that can be used in VR Right can be used in gaming can be used potentially I mean, I love the idea of having a concert hall Being accurately acoustically generated and being able to sit in vr and listen to You know an amazing classical pian piano performance or something something like that or your favorite rock band or whatever it might be this kind of of research is going to lead to these possibilities and so these Researchers who have described the model They're they they talk about how a lot of modeling has relied on vision so far and not so much On the auditory environment, however as humans The audio environment is so important and it's you know something in video production It's like if your audio is bad people aren't going to watch your video, right? So having Really accurate audio can only make our Imagined spaces are modeled spaces that much Better, but there's so Is this like okay, uh We got a call from the we got a call from the uh, what do you call it the kidnappers? They want the ransom Money and then you play the recording through the AI and says oh, you know, this is in a two bedroom split level Uh, the only way this recording could have been made is a two bedroom split level with an east facing window That's got a sliding glass door And then you narrow down how many of those are in town and the the the good guys show up and they they rescue the They rescue me who got kidnapped And I'm trying to be ransom But is that me because they're they're able to write the room Yes describe the room based on this that is Super fascinating and also It also a little scary. This is falling into that category of Uh, the lie detector that they can play to over speech Mm-hmm exactly Like that's terrifying is everybody anybody who's been recorded talking they can tell if you're lying Through AI in the future now now you're saying that they can also tell what room I'm right. So from the recording of a space they can They're beginning to it's not just so from pbc right There's a sig graph paper from decades ago, which was modeling the acoustics of a space We've been doing this for a very long time. However But the this is getting to the point where If you take a couple of recordings from a space, you'll suddenly be able to acoustically Know where furniture is in the room Where you are in a series of rooms where you are in a particular space Can you hear the audio on this video that i'm playing right now? I think kind of it sounds very And so And in this video what we're seeing for those who are just on the audio is that it's a video of a 3d modeled Room and there's a It's a perspective of walking through a room Down a hallway according to simple rules and walking to another room Closer to the series of bits which can be either zero or one and then manipulate So you get the idea that the The sound is Whoops, sorry I'm turning on lots of things here. We're we're seeing that the the sound is enabling the art of the the artificial intelligence To reconstruct the space accurately and it's not just accurate within one space It can be accurate to bouncing sound around walls and through doorways and back and forth over furniture And suddenly we're starting to see A very interesting what I would imagine is how a bat or a dolphin or Animals who use sonar to navigate their environments how they may Be able to Experience the environment through sound Yeah, I think the the tough thing about them is that they can also see So so they have they have even for bats if if it's dark out They still have some limited vision And so they have they have some information that they can add to that to help themselves out That that video you were showing Kiki that so that was the the image that the AI constructed. Yes So so how did the AI know? How to color the legs of the chairs different from the From the patting. Yeah, that's probably been constructed. Okay, great I was just curious if they fed some interior design information into the AI as well because they could right Like looking at what's happening with mid-journey and stuff like that. You could totally feed Information yeah interior design information into them and they could figure out probability of like, okay This shaped thing is probably a chair and it's probably a fabric chair based on the way that the sound is doing that And they would know that because those are the shapes chairs can make Right. So was it six eight years ago? That the a group out of mit hacked a printer, I think it was the little light that's on a printer to be able to detect sound in in a room Some really bizarre like thing like it. So now you're talking about You could if you could hack a printer to get the layout of a room Right using that light to sense the sound in it Right. So so now it's this is starting to combine these things where we're starting to get You know the combination of the construction of spaces and also the experience Of the sound of the user. So if you are a virtual user within a virtual space, right you're going into Some vr space or into a game or something It's going to give you more also more accurate as it as it creates the space It's going to give you more accurate sound based on where the source of the sound is and where you are situated with respect to that sound So this is not it's not new. No, this is it's not like all new stuff. This is another iteration Of all of this work coming together Yeah, anyway, it's more accurate. The sound models are better for geometries better the models able to uh Be able to apply the acoustic information better. Anyway, yeah mit it It's reinventing sonar I mean that was I was kind of getting at the this has been done Already by nature last the last the last that we're doing it for ai Last thing i'll tag on to this is that uh, you could absolutely use this then For mapping underground caverns. I mean you can put in yeah anywhere. You could put a microphone I guess at this point you could put a camera with a light anyway To look right but but mapping exact distances with the camera is a lot harder than it could be with this Yeah, I was thinking the same thing drop it down into an underground cavern or a collapsed building or whatever like, uh And and see where the pockets are There's some pretty interesting uses for this I need some smart people to to sit down and and Come up with a bunch of cool things they could do with this technology if they had it I need the mapping of the caverns and then I can go in virtual reality and explore the caverns and find a Really cool cavern where I can have that piano concert There you go Have we done it have we made it to the end of the show we have We did it everyone Ah, we vomited out. We picked out all the best science for you I'm glad you ate it up. Um, anyway, thanks for listening everyone Thanks for joining us. We do always enjoy that you come here to enjoy the science with us Shout outs to a few people fada who's not here tonight because he's off doing improv comedy And some improv which is very cool But fada, thanks so much for your help on social media and also with show notes Gord and arne lor and others. Thank you for keeping our chat rooms. Happy nice places to be Identity four. Thank you for recording the show and rachel. Thank you for your editing and help in publishing the show and of course I cannot forget All of our patreon sponsors I definitely need to take this opportunity to read out a few names Thank you too Teresa smith Teresa smith james schaefer ritchard badge kent north coat rick loveman pierreville is our brelphy figaroa john ratna swami carl cornfield karin tozzi woody ms chris wozniak dav bun vegaard chef stad house knight or donathan styles aka don stylo john lee ali coffin Goran gaurav sharma regan darip schmitt don mundus steven albaran darryl my shack stu polyc andrew swanson fredis When a four-sky luke paul ronovich kevin reardon noodles jack bryan kerrington david eight youngblood matt bass boat bedo for texas john mckay greg reilly marqueson flow steve leesman aka z mckinhey's christopher wrappin danna pierce and richard brenden menish johnny gridley rummy day flying out christopher drier greg briggs john atwood rudy garcia dav wilkins and ron d lewis paul rick rimmis hilt shane Kurt larson sue duster jason old stave neighbor eric nap e o adam mishkan ketten parochan erin luthan steeve debel bob caulder marjorie paul disney david similarly patrick pecker rar tony steele and jason robert all For supporting twists on patreon and if you're interested in supporting us on patreon head on over to twist.org and click on that patreon link on next week's show We will be at show episode 900 of the podcast version of this of the show And we will be back Wednesday 8 p.m. Pacific time broadcasting live from our youtube and facebook channels as well as from twist.org slash live Hey, do you want to listen to us as a podcast? Perhaps while you roll some wooden beads around for fun Just search for this week in science or a podcast or found if you enjoyed the show get your friends to subscribe as well For more information on anything you've heard here today show notes and links to stories will be available on our website www.twist.org And you can also sign up for a newsletter You can also contact us directly email kirsten at kirsten at thisweekandscience.com Justin at twist minion and gmail.com or me blair at blairbaz at twist.org Just be sure to put twist t w i s and the subject line or your email will get gobbled up And we will never be able to vomit it back out again because we will have taken some new experimental drugs If you're tired of hearing about Vomit let us know on twitter where we are at twoscience at dr. Keeke Menagerie we love your feedback if there's a topic you'd like to Have us cover or address Suggestion for an interview haiku that comes to you in the night. Please let us know Listen, I love your feedback But if you tell me to stop talking about snot or vomit you will be ignored All right, we'll be back here next week and we hope you'll join us again for more great science news And if you've learned anything from the show you're supposed to remember It's all in your head How to stop the robot with a simple device This week in science This week in science This week in science I've got one disclaimer and it shouldn't be news That what I say may not represent your views, but I've done the calculations and I've got a It's a salmon shark salmon shark salmon shark Don't do that Why would you do that? I'm in shark. You did it. You did it. No, I made you made me All right, we're in the after show I'm so tired. Where did Justin go? I bet Justin's very tired. Uh I have more Legos to make I gotta go Oh my gosh, so how are you doing? How many Legos are you right now? Where are we? I'm I'm I have 10 I'm almost done. I'm almost you're almost there. I feel like we should do a uh count Over the count count. Well, I'm just gonna have to be done by next week so that we can release sales for Show 900. I'm just gonna have to be done I think we should read. Yeah, we should release sales for show 900 If you give me a cover art. Yes. Yes. We can do pre sales I'm working on it as we speak, but doing a cover out of Legos is a whole thing I believe you. It's a little bit harder than other covers have done in the past The whole thing is harder. I well, I don't know the whole thing is a very it's hard because you've got multiple levels of Uh of art going on the Lego animal creation though for the cover. I'm pretty excited about it I really do hope that we have like um little animal video stop action animal videos And sharks swimming through a pretend jungle. I don't know Maybe I'll do a time lapse for the next one Because that's the other thing is I feel like these uh these take way longer than I expected This guy took me like God, I want to say three hours Because you you you have an idea you put it together You're like that's that right and you like take it apart and then you put it and then you take it apart And then you're like, okay, I have part of it and then you're like, oh, I know I need to Oh, I have to take this whole thing apart and then put it it's a whole thing And that's just the Lego part Yeah There's still the background in the picture part and it's okay It's fine. I'm surrounded by nature. That's easy We have we have time. I'll just have to make sure also. So I'm ready for orders for episode 900 That we check what the uh wait, justin come back. I'll bring you I'll let you back in if you come back, justin um that I know Uh where we can ship to because lat this last year because of COVID and because of all sorts of stuff that I was not ready for I had to return Order order. I had to cancel orders because I couldn't mail calendars I mean, I don't even think justin ever got his calendar because mailing stuff to uh, Denmark it would have been like 120 dollars just to mail a calendar Yeah, the there was there's some Yeah, there were some pricing differences last year based on different locations and COVID restrictions and other things and I had uh Australia was when because they locked the borders like it was like nope nothing's committed You got to pay a lot a lot of money if you're like it just the usps and we weren't even wiping down our mail that this time last year Yeah, they still didn't want I feel very bad about a couple of people in australia It was like I want to send you this calendar so badly and it was Yeah, it really it was a lot so Yeah, that's the mail is we're gonna have to figure that out whether we can only do domestic or not this year Which I want to do international because we're we're all over the place yo Yeah, but maybe there are special things that we can do If people become Our international patrons. I don't know if they if patron fulfillment through patreon Maybe we can do specific special like sticker packet releases or Other things that might yeah Might help for international people. Um, I'm wondering if we can I am without borders. Yes Not calendars, but something else that they could they could print in their home country a digital download Yeah Yes I mean, that's something that we could do we could we could offer that also maybe not something that we could offer Was it? Yeah, but I guess the next the next level to it would be to find a Find a printer in that country Uh a calendar printer first people like the service that we would use in the united states Find a analog to that and because I can tell in in uh, denmark uh Import tax Is yeah, that's that that was the that was the part of it. That was the the tax part of it The and You know, and it's uh, it's a presumptive tax too. It's kind of a strange Like I've had a few things shipped And it's like, uh, you might pay Uh double for the thing you're buying by importing. I think I wanted oh What was I paid an extraordinary amount of money for some refrigerator magnets because I had to have these specific And then you realize and the tax came through and the tax seems like oh, but it was like you might pay Double for the refrigerator magnets or you might pay some fee less than that And when now all is said and done so it was also a little bit like Oh, there's a ladder. I might get money back Uh later, but I don't Yeah, it was a little confusing but, um There's a reason there is definitely a reason that they they do that they have an economy that doesn't allow you to go and Just build stuff and a foreign country for super cheap and then bring it in without tax again It's yeah, it's protecting workers here. It's protecting stuff. Yeah It's important Yes So yeah, so Blair maybe if there are uh Places that do Print your own calendars that week. I mean, I don't know if we can do A version on zazzle. That's Yeah, I don't know. That's kind of weird. Um Yeah, maybe Maybe it's something worth looking into or just creating a downloadable Yeah, um PDF for you know, that's But then they can set up their own See, but then they can set up their own calendar manufacturing No, well, let's Whatever no Where will we both will be fine. I'll think of me. Okay I don't think that's it is you but we make pdf Calendars or just or PDF. We'll figure it. We can figure it out We'll figure out the details and then it can be downloadable And people can print it on their own paper screen savers. You could build screen savers out I've been wanting to do screen savers for a while. You could do all sorts of stuff if you had the pdf Yes Yeah, noodle says a great idea pdf So here's the problem though, uh I could do that and I could also make a calendar in zazzle But I can't those would not have All of the science dates on it. They'd have no customized dates Right, which is the other would yeah And the way that we make the calendars they don't provide PDFs because they don't want you to Make them yourself So I I don't know Okay We could talk about it. My brain is like really full and unlike actually in pain right now Um, so this is not something that I can do the details on at this particular moment in time But perhaps over the weekend It can be uh worked on nft. Yeah, jason And well, is anybody noticed that we could nft the calendars blare Has anybody noticed that both cryptocurrency nft nfts? Uh tremendously lost value right around the time the ukraine wars started I'm not saying that it was all just a way for rich russians to launder money to other countries Um, but maybe it was maybe maybe that was a big part of it. That's that's interesting. Um, but I have something really important to talk to you about though before we go More nose picking after after showers. No, no, I have to tell you about osmosis jones Oh, yeah No, no, it's a movie from 2001 starring chris rock as like It's like the first result when you look for osmosis. It's like it comes up even before what is he even he's like a He's like a a microbe I guess or a white blood. I think he's a white blood cell because I think he's a cop Anyway, he's like a white blood cell inside bill murray and then david hide pier shows up as a pill as medicine And they're fighting a virus in the body And there is a point at which He hits the vomit button is How he sees something bad and something that bill murray ate and The vomit button. That's the whole thing. So so that's great. There was uh, what was it? It was a bbc cartoon series from the 80s or 70s or 80s called Life something. Oh gosh. I'm not gonna be but it was it was one of those were like They animated, you know, white blood cells were again. They were like the little police running around and Doing inspections like oh, you can't hide your virus. You have to leave the body immediately and there there was I think A vomiting thing in there too. I'm not once upon a time life Yes yes an amazing And it's an amazing series because it uh It it stay it kept the science. It was it was a Biology lesson for children that was accurate This looks like a fever dream But this what you're like, I don't know what you got. Osmosis Jones. That's Osmosis Jones I'm looking at once upon a time life Once upon a time life is It's really incredible. Hey, you gotta search for it. It's so weird There's a a Gandalf talking beard looking thing. Oh, I think I've seen this I have not seen this Oh, this is old this it's it's pretty old. It's Uh It is, you know, I think you got right there. You got uh, somebody's check maybe checking microbes that are coming in Uh to the stomach there or something you got red blood cells running around They're they're carrying the oxygens in one direction and carrying so it's You know explains it has a whole thing with the white blood cells and what their job is they have that they weren't talking about Here at chroma fin cells They might have been Like it's like I mean, I do you vomit It's it's pretty it's it's actually pretty detailed in in its science even though it just looks like a boopy kid's cartoon I don't know what you brought up there. Somebody even made a meme out of it Oh my god Once upon a time life And and you can't find it on the youtube's I guess because it's a bbc thing and they don't they don't So I take that back. I think you can find it on the youtube's It looks like it's on netflix and on it's on Netflix now. Oh, that's interesting prime video and there it says netflix Okay, watch once upon a time and once upon a time life And look this one there's a youtube That one's probably That's probably not something you get to watch. I do I think it has you Have started allowing it out. We're releasing it because because nobody was buying their vhs cassettes anymore They're like, what are we doing? No, no, we got it. Somebody's gonna buy it one of these days. No, they're not just put it out I just had this thought about how you could probably convince Like somebody from gen z that netflix originally sent you vhs is in the mail They'd probably believe you Is that like is that like a dbt Well, and if you really messed up and you had an old vcr you had to get a pencil out is the thing With vhs is yeah, we had to be like a the tracking sharpie marker. Yeah, you could get off Yeah, I remember having to set the tracking on the chess player Yeah, you needed a partner because you're like you're behind the thing is it back go the other way All right. No too far. Turn it the other way again. No the other other way Oh, you mean because yeah, because you had to crouch down and do it on the vcr because you didn't have a remote for it Absolutely It's especially when the vcr started to get old and you'd realize I just want to watch this movie. Oh, no It didn't get rewound last time. I guess I'll watch it in 20 minutes Be kind. Please rewind Don't Without rewinding everybody and you get charged extra Yeah, because they had to stick it in the machine for the rewinding at extra high speed that really Didn't take that much time for them to rewind. It was just a way to charge extra. There was always the dude who was like fine There was it was always like kevin smith at the vhs store Did You brought it up gaurav. I'm not even gonna say the words Oh Gourd I know the people who got so into the habit of rewinding they'd insist on rewinding their dvd dvds also Huh, that was like the beginning of fidget spinners gourd Agnab says anyone remember rabbit ears, you know, they came back Yeah, it was the second round When uh, broadcast started going digital Yeah, when when when broadcast television went digital so he's like, oh What now it's all going digital. I Just took down the big antenna off my roof because I got the cable But now I can get these other channels if I put a digital antenna on the roof and then but there was the part of it that was uh, like a requirement by law to still have Uh channels broadcast over the air. So Even though all the yeah, they they phased it out But for a period of time to make sure that everybody had access all the time Um, and before the the transition fully happened. They yeah, the rabbit ears could allow you to actually watch tv Even though you didn't have a digital antenna or you didn't have cable yet or you didn't have all that stuff Well, and then in the bay area, I know at least I don't I don't know if it was all over But definitely where where I was when we finally moved over to digital You could get a free digital tuner If you needed one, um, because of that because they didn't you couldn't you couldn't create Yeah, you couldn't create a barrier to access to information. Yeah, you know, it's interesting And now cable doesn't care if you go around and this is a this is a fun thing right now Fun thing anybody can do wherever you are whatever country you're listening to this in Uh, next time you're out walking around driving around your neighborhood Look for rooftop antennas See how many of those things are still up there They just nobody's bothered to take them down. Yeah. Yeah, there's a lot still well That's like satellite dishes that uh free installation Not free to take them down. No So if you change or if you move out of the apartment somebody else moves on suddenly of three different antenna or satellite dishes on that house Because they keep not getting taken off In my neighborhood I just walked in today. I walked into my backyard. I wasn't looking for antennas I was Going down the hill to make sure that the erosion matting that we put down To make sure that the atmospheric river doesn't take out the hillside when it comes through later this week that the uh erosion matting was still good I ran into a coyote Oh Nice beautiful. Where are you healthy coyote? I where are you? I live in the forest Nice, I live among I live amongst the trees Oh, that's awesome. Yep. Yep. It's there's a big giant Evergreen tree outside my house and there's just yeah, either it's beautiful very green and gorgeous and I live near a lot of nature areas And so it's like there are through ways and I think this coyote Uses Our neighbors and our house kind of as a path to get through to the the small natural area That's like a little canyon that Nobody owns. This is just part a little natural area And I think that's where it lives. I've seen it around but this was like one in the afternoon And he was not afraid of me and or her or whatever this coyote was bold And I made myself big and I was like Yeld and the coyote just looked at me like you're a weirdo and it loped off for mountain lions I know the coyote was like whatever and then I was like great Okay, I'm gonna go back up and I'm gonna get myself some protection against the coyote Not expecting the coyote to have come back at all because I just ran into the coyote and the coyote is not going to be there anymore, right? No So I come back down, but I've got my protection Coyotes back again and the coyote again was like what you're doing in your own backyard get out of my space Yeah, so There's a coyote. It's big. He's beautiful He's just lovely coyote And I love to know that this coyote is eating the squirrels and the rabbits around my neighborhood and keeping those rodent populations down Sure So this coyote is probably about 35 pounds maybe 40. It's it's on the larger size of coyotes. It is Maybe 30 35 pounds But it's it's coat. It's coat is so pretty like it's fluffy coat And I just I want to pet it but I won't not going to but But it's so beautiful I'm not gonna pet the coyote I'm gonna look at it and appreciate it and be like I'm gonna keep my distance from you And I want you to be afraid of me coyote and I want you to be afraid of all the peoples It's a little bit unbothered Yeah When I was out uh out on the farm Uh year ago you're two years ago now Yeah, a year and a half ago There was uh, there was a family of coyotes that came through a couple of times in the spring and at night At night and the first time I heard them I was just amazed. There's such a good sound. I love it Yeah, we've got the coyotes Nothing like I thought a coyote should sound like I hear the owls up here. There's some pretty there's beautiful. They're owls up here barred owls We've got lots of burgers. I've got, um, stellar's jays and pygmy nut hatches and, uh chestnut back chickadees and mucos and robins turtis migratorius I love that species name and Yeah, so many wonderful things animals and trees nature Coyotes that are eating the squirrels and the rabbits. It's wonderful. Yeah. Yep. Yep I see you Sadie I see you Sadie speaking of coyotes your little little canis Yeah, I think a lot of people, you know, we're in this if you're especially if you're in Transitional areas rural areas. There's a lot of them a lot more living in urban areas One thing I did find in my search today after seeing the coyote was that there is a portland coyote urban coyote research project And so in portland, I don't know if they do it other places But here in portland you can report your coyote sightings and they have an active map that Also, it locates all of people's reports of coyote sightings like where they were what time of day and That kind of stuff not that we know exactly which individuals were which but these researchers are learning about the coyotes in the portland area And there are probably a lot more urban research efforts like that too you look if you've got coyotes around Who needs to go to bed? Justin you should get some more sleep today too. Yeah, you should take a nanny Master yeah, oh, you know normally this is that when I'm saying good morning, Justin But there's the time shift So it's instead of the show being at at a reasonable five a.m Which is not reasonable. I appreciate it. It's unreasonable four a.m central european time, but only this week Next week back to normal for you. I well nothing changes here, but you guys are going to do the shift So if you're in the united states time zone Remember to move your clock Forward or backwards, whichever well as we discussed today time is fake anyway, so Time is not real It may just be a biological construct cause and effect but Reality from a non linear subjective point of view. It's a big ball of tiny whiny wibbly wobbly stuff Yes, something along those lines All right Oh, she doesn't like the coyote sounds sady. It's okay. The coyotes are not going to get you tonight She looks like she might be part coyote Oh Here we are at the end of the show. You know what they say time flies like an arrow Fruit flies like a banana What Say good night blare Good night blare Say good night, justin. Oh, yeah. Good night, justin Good night, everyone Thank you for joining us. I hope that you all enjoyed the Time change if you haven't done it already and you're looking forward to it this weekend You're in arizona don't have to deal with it. That's nice But we will be back 8 p.m. Pacific time next wednesday So, you know, it's just the pacific time zone. Just figure out whatever that is from wherever you are will be here Thank you so much We're tired. I hope you get the rest you need to stay healthy Stay happy and Stay See you next week