 Hi, everyone. I'm Takahiro Seigawa from the University of Yamanashi, Japan. I'd like to briefly explain about our recently published paper entitled Redox Stratification Within Glyconite Granules Influences a Nitrogen Cycle on Gracious Glyconite granules are naturally occurring microbial structures in the racial ecosystems. They play a key role in carbon and nitrogen cycling in racial ecosystems. However, their detailed mechanisms remain clear. In this study, we used various approaches to clarify the nitrogen cycling mechanisms in glyconite granules. Based on microscopy, a layer of cyanobacteria was observed near the surface of the large glyconites. However, such a layer was not found in small glyconites. Micro-sensor measurements for oxygen, ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite reveal the presence of redox stratification within large glyconites. Based on the metatranscriptome analysis, we found the active occurrences of nitrification in the inner core of glyconites. Quantities of nitrification genes and transcripts were greater in large glyconites than small ones, probably because nitrogen substrates were more abundantly present in the inner core of large glyconites. In summary, our study revealed sites dependent occurrences of nitrogen cycling in glyconite granules. In small glyconites, nitrogen is mostly assimilated by cyanobacteria. In large glyconites, cyanobacteria in the surface layer fix carbon and assimilate nitrogen. Cyanobacteria in the inner core of glyconites are inactive and being degraded, providing nitrogen and carbon substrates for nitrification and denitrification. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact me. Thank you very much.