 So basically my work involves understanding the impact of diseases to producers and how to provide different interventions. Currently we are involved in the small older dead interns here, where we are looking at the problem of viscose fever. This is a tick bone disease regarded as a major constraint to dairy industry in East and Central Africa. One person we met, a livestock producer Mr. Nicholas Kindeke, he's been struggling to raise dairy animals in the northwest part of Tanzania Kagera region and he was losing like three quarters of his calves. The moment he upgraded his Roko and Corre cattle, across them with the Phrygian cattle, he was losing like three quarters of the calves. And he tick on trok, not help, he tried all sorts of things until he learnt of this technology, the infection and treatment method of vaccinating animals against CCF. And although the nearest distributor of the technology was like 1800 km away, he paid the veterinarian to come and vaccinate his animals. It was very expensive because he was paying like eight dollars per calf in addition to the transport and all the other costs. But because of the desperation, first of all the treatment for these diseases is very expensive, it costs like 50 dollars to treat an animal suffering from ECF. Tick control is not, it does control but is not completely affecting because essentially what farmers try to do is to keep animals tick free and that's very very difficult. In addition, there are several tick species that are developing resistance against their available curry sites. So even though you may spray your animals frequently, you are not able to completely stop the disease. In fact, Mr. Kendeka told me he was spraying weekly but he was still losing lots of calves. Some farmers have tried to enclose the animals, keep them in stores and bring in feed to try and reduce the risk of infection. It does work in some systems but for extensive systems this is not really feasible. So you really left with no options apart from vaccination. The vaccine is very effective, it reduces Mr. Kendeka's mortality from almost three quarters of the calves to nearly zero but it has certain charges. First of all it's relatively expensive compared to other veterinary vaccines. You need trained people, specifically trained to deliver the technology. And they are not very well, many trained people. The distributors like in Tanzania, there are two distributors across a huge country. So even though farmers wanted to access the technology, they could not. Furthermore, being a live vaccine, some people have been raising concerns about what's the long-term impact of spreading live parasites across a huge, huge area. The other problem with these current technologies is each package has 14 doses. So and once you reconstitute the vaccine, you must use the vaccine within four hours. Which is a huge charge when you dealing with small order farmers who have one or two calves. So gathering 40 calves is very difficult. So area has been trying to address all these issues. One, for instance, we've been working on trying to, with Gav Med and their center in Lilong, where the center for ticks and tick-borne diseases to try and produce batches that have much smaller doses. It's technically very difficult but we're trying to address that. Through a project that funded by USAID called the Upscaling ITM interns, and through the value chain, we've been trying to train more vaccinators. We've already recruited three more distributors, so there are now a total of five. We've already trained 200 more vaccinators and we hope to train some more. So this will probably address some issues about access. The issue about the cost and the biological risks, other research in area has been trying to do this for several years. Ideally, if we could get a subunit vaccine that is not a live parasite, part of the parasite through molecular manipulations, then you produce only a section of the parasite, which will be, hopefully, cheaper to produce, easy to deliver because you don't need a very strong cold chain to deliver the technology. What we are not very sure at the moment is how to find out a vaccine that can compare in terms of efficacy to ITM, but that is easier to deliver and has no risks to the environment.