 Good morning, good afternoon, and good evening to everybody. I would really like to welcome you to our found inputs webinar on the food composition of fruits and vegetable, which is part of the celebration of the International Year of Fruit and Vegetable that is being celebrated throughout the whole year of 2021. I would like to welcome all the panelists and our participants. There are more than 200 participants registered, and I'm really looking forward to all the great presentations that we will hear in this seminar. Dr. Anatan will talk about the richness of Indian fruits and vegetables. Barbara Stadlmaier will talk about linking agroforestry to nutrition, the role of food composition in building location-specific food-street portfolios for diversified diets. And Daniela Moura de Oliveira Beltame will talk about the food composition of 70 Brazilian bio-devised foods and how the data were used in the BFN project. Barbara Berlingen at the end will round up to say how to use compositional data of fruits and vegetables for policies and program design, implementation monitoring in nutrition and in agriculture. So really, we have great panelists in front of us and you all know how food composition is so important for everything that we do in nutrition, but also in agriculture. And this seminar really illustrates the richness or the porous of the compositional data that we have and how this is then used to build up programs and policies. So Anatan, you have the floor. You have 20 minutes. Thank you. Thank you. Is my PPT is visible? Yes. Yeah. Good morning, good afternoon and good evening to one and all both the panelists as well as the participants. Today, we are going to discuss something on the richness of Indian fruits and vegetables. And before you know, the fruits and vegetables are very, very important parts of our diet. Always when we have the fruits and vegetables rich in our diet and it's a highly recommended for many health promoting benefits, mainly for lowering blood pressure, reducing the heart diseases in strokes, preventing various types of cancers due to the anti-accidative vitamins and phytonutrients and the lower risk of eye and digestive problems because of the gluten and zeaxanthins and having positive effect also on the blood sugars. Then the fruits and vegetables always having the historically healthy place and the dietary guidelines mainly because of the high concentrations of vitamins, particularly vitamin C and vitamin beta-carotene and minerals and recently there are many phytochemicals or phytonutrients, especially the anti-accidative polyphenols have been identified from many vegetables and fruits which gives more health promoting benefits. But if you look at the consumption of fruits and vegetables globally, it's still like it's in a lower weight including in India. So it should be encouraged to enhance the intake of the fruits and vegetables in order to get the dense nutrients. So coming to our Indian food composition the foods which we collected and in India recently we have completed our Indian food composition to build in the year of 2017 where we collected the sample across our country as a national representative sample from 107 regional sample in sites from 630 districts which covers the 17% of the country. So once if we identify the sample collection centers the sample collectors or the samplers for each of the respective sample collection place and then they collected the samples and they brought back to the respective zones. So I forgot to tell you, our country were divided into six zones North, South, East, West, Central and North East zones in order to get the regional composite sample. So in this respective zones whatever the samples were collected it was brought to the particular place that is called compositing center. So once the samplers collecting the sample and the reaching out the particular composite centers the samples were composited and the composited samples were brought back to our institutes where all the nutrient analysis were conducted. So as soon as we reached the laboratory immediately we processed and these are all the sum of the representative picture while doing the compositing and the samples were packed properly and without changing the cold chain with the continuous cold chain was lifted through air it reached the laboratory. As soon as the sample reached the laboratory immediately the samples were cleaned edible parts were removed and the primary sample processing was conducted in order to start the analysis of very sensitive or some of the nutrients as you know the vitamin C, B9, vitamin B9 are very sensitive so that immediately we have to start the analysis. So we started immediately reaching this. So all these samples almost to find 150 discrete food samples which collected across our country and analyzed for 200 chemical components which includes the nutrients and bioactive substances which we have been published in the Indian food composition table in 2017. This also available freely in the PDF version you can download it from the website CD1 here. These are all the sum of the representative pictures of our green leafy vegetables which can be consumed across India where the agate leaves, varieties of amaranth, bacilla, batua. So the list goes on like this just for the representation purpose how our leafy vegetables looks. Similarly, the vegetables here I just wanted to add here the vegetables I have segregated into leafy vegetables and other vegetables. So you can see this is a list of some representative pictures of other vegetables with the ash guard, tender bamboo shoots, scarlet beans, bitter guard, bottle guard, varieties of brinjal, almost 21 varieties of brinjal we have collected then the raw jackfruit is used as a vegetable here and drumstick, green mango also used as a vegetable here. Fresh peas, the flowers of plantain, banana flower also used as a vegetable and pumpkins, varieties of pumpkins and snake guards. And similarly, these are all the some of the fruits, pictures you can see from apple to wood apple, zizipas, all those things. So these are all some of the representative picture where you also can see the complete list of the green leafy vegetables. There are 34 green leafy vegetables which includes a variety of amaranth and cabbages, go-do leaves, those things. And the list of other vegetables also goes like this, varieties of bitter guard, there are 21 varieties of brinjal, different color. Could you speak a little bit louder? Oh, sorry. Is it okay? Is it louder now? Yes, very nice, thanks. Yeah, these are all the list of other vegetables and where you can see different varieties of kawai, mango, raw mango, green mango, tomatoes, different varieties of tomatoes, different guards like bitter guard, snake guard, the ash guard, all those things. And the list of fruits goes like this, varieties of apple, different varieties of banana and seven mango varieties and different grapes, all those things we have collected. So some of all these, you can see 34 varieties, 34 samples from the green leafy vegetables, 78 other vegetables and there are 68 fruits we collected across the country. So coming to the result, here I have represented, I have given only the proximate and important minerals, then water soluble vitamins, which is very essential and the fat soluble vitamins. So let us discuss one by one in all these three different food groups. Let's come to the proximate composition of the green leaf vegetables. I have represented here in the logarithmatic scale and I arranged in the descending order of protein among the green leafy vegetables which we analyzed. More than 8% of protein we found in the agati leaves. So agati leaves is one of the leafy vegetables consumed mostly in the southern part of India. And then the next two agati leaves, the drumstick leaves, drumstick leaves also is widely consumed in India, which has more protein. And then the followed by the tamarind leaves, the tamarind leaves which is consumed rarely in southern parts of India. And this is a seasonally available tender leaves, but these three leaves, it's very rich in protein as well as you can see the dietary fiber. It's a more than 8% of dietary fiber. So like that, you can see more than 5% of protein observed in other green leafy vegetables like ponangani, parsley and gardencress as well. There are many other green leafy vegetables also having good amount of dietary fibers, the kolakisha leaves and particularly the ponangani, also having very good amount of dietary fiber sources. But if you look at the composition or the complete composition of the proximate, more than 70% of the composition occupies only with the water content. So if you come to the other vegetables, the proximate composition of other vegetables, here also the same graph is represented, I have given in the logarithmatic scale and arranged in the protein, highest protein to lowest protein content. And here also you can see more than 5% of protein observed in the jackfruit seeds, fresh peas and red gram, tender red gram, red gram leaves. So and more than 6% of dietary fibers were observed in many green leaf vegetables, which include the jackfruit raw as well as jackfruit seed and the scarlet beans, fresh peas, almost close to 6% in the red gram, tender red grams. So you can see that the very good rich source of protein as well as the dietary fiber were observed in many of the green leaf vegetables which we collected nationally. Coming to the fruits of the proximate composition among the 78 fruits which we analyzed, I just has given the mean of the variety. I have not given individual variety. Let's say the mango means I have taken mean of all the seven mangoes because instead of making more cloudy and you also can look at the, our original database for the individual values for each varieties. Here also you can see the highest protein. I have arranged as per the descending order of protein. Here the manila tamarind, it's aerial fruit. It's seasonally available during the summer season and widely consumed across India. Manila tamarind which contains more than 3.5% of protein followed by dried apricot and wood apple and avocado fruit, tamarind pulp which had closely 3% of protein. In all these samples, in addition to these samples, you also can see the highest dietary fiber content in the dates. Maybe these dates are dried dates. You can see only 15% of water content but the dietary fiber content was especially a little higher when compared with the other fruits. Whereas the corona fruits, it's a, in some parts of North India, the corona fruits are available. So these fruits, corona fruits and gawa also having very rich amount of dietary fiber. You can see especially the sapota. Sapota is very good source of dietary fiber, close to 10% of dietary fiber, total dietary fiber were found in the fruit samples. So here also the fruits are rich source for dietary fiber as well as some of the fruits also having good amount of protein. Coming to water soluble vitamins in the green leaf vegetables. Here I have given the top 10 samples which contain the respective, the nutrients just for the representation of the rich source of the plants in respect to the nutrients. Let's say the top 10 samples are the green leaf vegetables which contain the thymine content. If you look at the highest thymine content was observed in the green leaf vegetable called agati leaves. As I told this agati leaves, it's consumed widely and throughout the year, the agati leaves are available. Then followed by parsley, spinach. Spinach is having 1.16 milligram in 100 gram of samples in the fresh weight basis. Similarly, vitamin B2 or the riboflavin you can see more in batua leaves followed by drumstick leaves. It's close to 0.5 milligram per 100 gram of samples. However, the other samples also which have close to 0.1 to 0.3 milligrams of vitamin B2. Coming to niacin among the different leafy vegetables which we analyze, the highest niacin content or vitamin D3 content was found in pumpkin tender leaves. Tender leaves of pumpkin, almost to close to 1.5 milligram. And then followed by garden chris and agati leaves again. Here also the niacin content was little higher range. Vitamin B5 or the total pantothenic acid it among the different leafy vegetables, the highest B5 was observed in gogu leaves followed by Chinese cabbage again agati leaves. You can see here the agati leaves right there in terms of vitamin B1, B2, B3 and B5. It's occupying in the top three position. So even the drumstick leaves also one of the important green leafy vegetables where vitamin B2 and other water soluble vitamins are very rich. Then total B6 content which we analyze, this is a total of all individual vitamin B6 vitamins like the PL, PN and PM. So this we have given the sum of all B6, peroxidine, peroxyl peroxins altogether I have given as a total vitamin B6. And among the different leafy vegetables which we analyze the highest B6 content was observed in the pakchoy leaves and the drumstick leaves. It's close to one milligram per 100 gram of samples. And the total folic acid content in the green leaf vegetables, it's almost all the green leafy vegetables which contains a good amount of total folic acid content especially the parsley and the colloquial leaves found to have almost more than 150 milligram of total folic acid. Coming to the total ascorbic acid, it's well-known that the total ascorbic acids are rich in the green leaf vegetables. Among the different green leaf vegetables what we analyzed, the highest total ascorbic acids we observed in the parsley followed by agati leaves and drumstick leaves. Here also you can see the drumstick leaves and the vitamin B6 and the vitamin C which is a very good source for these water soluble vitamins. So among the different vegetables, see agati leaves and the drumstick leaves is widely consumed across country which has very good source of all vitamins, all water soluble vitamins. Coming to the other vegetables, the thiamine riboflavin among the thiamine and among the different vegetables which we analyze the fresh peas occupies the top position in the highest content of thiamine followed by the riboflavin. Riboflavin, the scarlet beans found to have highest riboflavin. Coming to the B3 niacin, the red gram, tender red gram also found to have the niacin is almost more than two milligrams of niacin. Then the B5 also found to be, it's a good amount of B5 across all the other vegetables but especially in the top 10, among the top 10, baby corn occupied the first close to one milligram of pantothenic acids observed followed by juicini and red gram, tender red gram leaves. Then coming to water soluble in other vegetables like other water soluble vitamins like a B6 folate and the total ascorbic acid among the other vegetables, different vegetables and the B6 content was very high in the French bean followed by field beans. And here the total ascorbic acid content especially was higher in the field beans compared to all other vegetables which we analyzed. And then even the red gram, tender red gram also found to have closely 90 micrograms and 100 gram of samples. Ascarbic acid was favorably high and here among the different vegetables which we analyzed the capsicum was found to have highest ascorbic acid followed by green mango, a drumstick, nolcol and bittergourd. Bittergourd also occupies in the fifth position in terms of rich in ascorbic acid. Coming to the fruits, the vitamin B1 content in the different fruits which we analyzed the tamarind pulp had the very highest vitamin B1 followed by the apricot. Riboflavin or B2 content was highest in manila tamarind followed by papaya, ripe and papaya then custard apple. And B3 was highest in the apricot, dried apricot and the tamarind pulp which closely 1.5 milligrams per 100 gram of sample. The B5 content was highest in the bell fruit followed by avocado fruit. It's more than one milligram per 100 gram of samples. You have one minute left. The other water soluble vitamins, you can see B6 was high in the banana and folic acid was high in the mango and ascorbic acid was high in the gooseberry. Coming to the fat soluble vitamins, also you can see the beta carotene or the proven vitamin A vitamins were more observed in the amaranth leaves. And then among the fruits, the dead fruits are having more beta carotene. Coming to the minerals, say I have arranged in the ascending order of iron among the green leaf vegetables, there are varieties of gogu leaves found to have more iron content. And similarly other vegetables, the cluster beans found to have more amount of iron content along with the other important minerals. The mineral content of fruits, especially the tamarind pulp content, very high amount of iron followed by the raisins. And there are many fruits also having the rich in calcium content. So summarize, we have collected the 107 samples from 107 sample collection centers, 34 leaf vegetables, 78 other vegetable, 68 commonly consumed. Then the leafy vegetables are rich source of proven vitamin A carotenoids and total folates. Also rich in vitamin C content in almost all the leafy vegetables and fruits. And very high iron content observed in the dry fruits followed by the green leaf vegetables. And leaves like a drumstick leaves, agathiles, ponangani are very rich source for the calcium. And zinc content also was observed to be high in the leafy vegetables followed by fruits and other vegetables. So due to this richness, it is recommended to consume or include more amount of leafy vegetables, vegetables and fruits in our daily diet to maintain good health. Thank you so much. Thank you so much. Anna time for this exposure to the data from India. It is really, it's a richness not only of the fruits and vegetables in India, but the richness of analytical data analyzed in a very richer way. And so if you have any, if you look for any good data, analytical data, so this Indian food composition table is really a huge source. So he did not have time to present all the phytoestrogens, the bioactive compounds that they have analyzed as well, but all these data are in this food composition table as well. And I guess you will have seen some leafy vegetables that you never thought that they are edible. And they are not only edible, they are rich in many of the nutrients and in addition they are really delicious. Having said so, I would like to give the floor to Barbara Stadlmeier who will talk. Yeah. Who will talk? Yes, Barbara. And share the screen. Okay, so good afternoon. Good morning to everyone. My presentation will be on linking agroforestry to nutrition, the role of food composition in building location-specific food tree portfolios for diversified diets. As we know, food composition data are important for various reasons. Knowing what people eat and which nutrients the consumed foods contain is key for assessing and improving diet quality, but it's also very important for agriculture to diversify the production with nutritious foods. Yes, and in this presentation I'll focus on the role of food composition in the development of seasonal harvest calendars to provide for a year-round micronutrients supply and then highlight the nutritional importance of foods from trees and shrubs with focus on indigenous and underutilized species. Some background information to fruits and vegetables. As we know, fruits and vegetables are rich in vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals and fiber, and they're essential for healthy eating. And diets rich in fruit and vegetables are important to combat micronutrient deficiencies, but they are also important as they lead to a reduced risk of non-communicable disease. WHO is recommended to consume at least 400 gram of fruits and vegetables per day, but we know that unfortunately, worldwide consumption is far below these recommendations, and this is particularly true for food consumption. As we can see on the left side, many countries are marked in orange or red, which means that they consume less than 50 gram of fruits per day. And there are various reasons for why we are consuming too little fruits and vegetables. This includes individual factors like taste, but also income education or also food safety concerns. But one of the main barriers, particularly in low and middle income countries and in the rural areas, is a limitation on the supply side due to a lack of seasonal avoyability, but also due to inappropriate post-harvest handling or to limitations in value addition technologies for this perishable foods. And we know that in order to improve the global nutrition situation, there is a need to focus also on these underlying causes of mild nutrition, and this includes also making agriculture more nutrition sensitive. And trees or agroforestry has an important role to play here in diversifying agricultural production. So trees provide more than 74% of the fruits produced globally are harvested from trees and shrubs, so they have really a big role to play in the fruit supply. But trees and shrubs provide not only fruits, they also provide vegetables, particularly green leafy vegetables. They provide seeds, nuts, and edible oils. And as you can see on the left side, we have a picture of the baobab fruit. So the baobab tree provides us fruits, but we can also consume the green leafy vegetables of this tree. And this is also true, for example, for the cashews. So we can consume the nuts, but we can also consume the fruit. But trees also have other great characteristics, so they have a high tolerance to drought and are therefore important at times when other food sources are not available. So they have the potential to really compliment and diversify diets and thereby improving the diet quality. And they provide not only edible products, but they also provide medicines, they provide father and timber, and they provide ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration and soil fertility. In our e-craft project on food trees for diversified diets, the overall objective was to identify and promote the integration of food trees into farm and food systems to diversify diets and livelihoods of smallholder farming communities in East Africa. And the project took place in three different countries. In Kenya, Uganda and Ethiopia, in different agroecological zones. And here we see an overview of the main steps that were involved to address the location-specific harvest and nutrient gaps. So on the one hand, it's important to assess the farm production diversity, including the trees on farm, but it's also important to assess the nutritional composition at the individual and household level, including informational food insecurity data. And the production and consumption information was pulled and this was used to develop the food tree portfolios, which are defined as site or location-specific combinations of food trees in order to provide year-round harvest, but also to fill the nutrient gaps in local food systems. But while the theoretical information is important, also practical guidance is important. So in addition, demonstration plots and school gardens were established and trainings were provided and seeds and seedlings were disseminated. And in this presentation, yes, we will focus now on how we established and developed the food tree portfolios and how food composition data was integrated in these portfolios. So in order to develop the food tree or fruit tree portfolio, it's important to start with developing a seasonal calendar and this was conducted in a participatory way with farmers and researchers, so which tree provides fruits at which time of the year. And this information was then mapped with food security or rather food insecurity data. As we can see here, the food insecurity was up to 80% from August to November. And the aim was that each month at least one food species is ready for harvest even during this hunger gap. And with this approach, we could fill the harvest gap with ecologically suitable trees for location-specific production. But we also wanted to include or fill the so-called nutrient gap and this is where we mapped this data with food composition data. Now I'll explain it now in more detail. So we had the selection of the important food tree species per site for each location and then we searched for food composition data. Unfortunately, as we know, there are hardly any data on underutilized species in food composition tables. So we checked the scientific literature, but we also used articles and several databases. Then we checked, we combined and we aggregated the data according to FBO InfoSkidelines and in order to simplify the nutrient content information for the portfolios. We developed a scoring system so that we could score whether the food is a high source in a respective micronutrient source, no source or also provide information where we didn't have any data available. And we developed then the priority food tree and crop food composition database which was published at the end of 2019. And this database contains 132 tree foods and crops from 99 species. The majority of the food items is on fruits, but we also tried to extend it to other crops. Geographical focus is in sub-Saharan Africa based also on the project. So we have 32 components, including proximate vitamins and minerals and all the components I expressed the 100 gram edible portion on threshold basis. And in addition, we have the information on this course that we calculated for selected components to simplify the information for the food tree portfolios. Yes, with regards to data reliability, unfortunately we have quite many missing data particularly for key nutrients like vitamin A and folate, but we hope that we can fill these gaps in the future. So here we can see the online database. Here's an example of the tamarind fruit. You can search information per food name, per scientific name or per food group. You can see we provide information on the components but also on the tag name on the minimum and maximum values and on the number of data points. And other information is here on the scoring system. So for example, a food is a high score when it provides more than 30% of the required nutrient intake of the respective nutrient and we calculated the nutrients course for selected nutrients. So for vitamin C because it's high in fruits but also for vitamin A is fruits and vegetables are a major source of naturally occurring vitamin or pro vitamin A and also iron and folate for public health reasons. And we applied the FAOW show vitamin and mineral requirements and we calculated the average for adults, men and women for the recommendations. So we have the database is freely available and you can download the user guide which contains all the methodological information. You can search online in the database but you can also download the database in form of an Excel format. And here is the link. Yes, another important aspect in the project of the World Agroforestry is the promotion and cultivation of indigenous and underutilized species. And as we know, these foods often have a great potential to provide the required micronutrients and they're sometimes even superior compared to commercial or yeah, commercial mainstream species. And the good example is we know that oranges provide high vitamin C values but when compared to indigenous species like baobab or marula or even many more most probably they provide up to five times more vitamin C than oranges. This is just to highlight and to show that yes, we should look more also in the nutritional composition of underutilized and indigenous species because they have a great potential. Here we can see, okay, the location specific recommendations for T2E. All together we have found 19 food tree species and drop species in this project and they were identified across eight sites. And yes, we have the information all the amounts of food insecurity. Here is again the seasonal calendar and we can see which fruits are available or which trees provide fruits in which time of the year. We have the information on the iron vitamin A for latent vitamin C content in terms of scoring whether the food provides is a high source of vitamin C or only a source or whether it's low or where we don't have information unfortunately. And we extended this approach and also included vegetables but also pulses and staples that are growing in the specific location. Yes, here we can see an overview then of entry points for agricultural nutrition behavior change activities. As I mentioned already, it's important to have theoretical information but it's also important to have practical guidance or trainings and agricultural nutrition innovation hubs are very established where farmers retrieve trainings on agroforestry and tree management but also seeds or in seedlings were disseminated. In addition, with the local partners always also aircraft established or implemented school gardens where children could really learn like hands on growing trees and getting trainings not only on nutrition but also on agricultural practices. Yes, and in cooperation with Jomo Kamiya University processing trainings were conducted to also increase the income and in examples here on Tamarind. Yes, to conclude, tree foods as you could see are really good sources of many micronutrients and they have a great potential to diversify local diets and the portfolios that were developed they provide an example of how agriculture may be used to promote nutritionally rich diets particularly for rural areas which predominantly rely on the production on farm. But we could also see challenges with regards to food composition that there is a lack of availability and food quality food composition data particularly for unutilized species. The aim nevertheless is that we regularly update and extend the database for new species but also for additional information per country, region or cultivar or whichever information we find. And of course, if there are funds available nutritional analysis would be great. Among the next steps is also to aim to link the food composition data to other databases from ICRA for example, the Vegetation Map for Africa which includes a species selection tool to find the right tree for the right place for forestry but also agroforestry and also restoration planning. And it would be great to really link it with food composition data. Here is a list of some publications where you can find more information on the food portfolio approach but also the link to the database and book chapters and the link also to the project site on the food tree project for the diversified diets. And I thank you very much for your attention. Thank you so much, Barbara for this very useful information on how to go from food composition to a calendar and to use the food composition data in food programs. May I ask the participants to put your comments or your questions into the chat or into the Q&A section. So that we have at the end some very rich discussion. Having said so, I would like to give the floor to Daniela. Thank you very much, Ruth. Thank you for the invitation to present today and good morning, good afternoon or good evening to everyone. So I will, oops, I will present about the food composition the food composition of 70 Brazilian biodiverse fruits and how this data were used in the Biodiversity for Food and Nutrition project or BFN project for short. I was the national project coordinator for this project in Brazil and it was implemented from 2012 to 2019 in Brazil, Kenya, Sri Lanka and Turkey. It was coordinated globally by Biodiversity International with implementation support from FAO and UN Environment and funded by Jeff. And the objective of this project was to strengthen the conservation and sustainable management of biodiversity through mainstreaming international and global nutrition food and livelihood security strategies and programs. The project was divided in three main components. So our activities were based on these components. The first one was the knowledge base. The project meant to increase the knowledge of how food biodiversity can contribute to diverse diets in nutrition. And the food composition work was mainly inside this first component. The second component was about policy and regulatory framework. The project targeted policy instruments with the greatest potential for diversifying and improving diets while supporting family farming and sustainable practices as well. And the third component was about awareness raising. Many of the activities of these components were very much related to the other two. So we aim to improve national capacities create partnerships and raise awareness through alliances with universities, government sectors, civil society and the private sector as well. About the knowledge base. So the project selected 70 species of fruits and vegetables that had been previously identified by the Plants for the Future Initiative. This Plants for the Future Initiative is a project from the Ministry of the Environment in Brazil that it's an inventory of native underutilized species that have social importance and economic potential. And the project selected the edible species from this inventory. And established partnerships with research institutes and federal universities in the five geopolitical regions of Brazil to gather food composition data, to develop recipes and also do some other activities related to raising awareness about these foods. And this food composition work was decentralized. So we had the species divided by region and each region analyzed the species that were native from there. In a first step, food composition data was compiled from scientific publications or reports and national food composition tables that were available. This was done by master students recruited by the project. And data was found for 49 species of the 70, but it was scarce for many species for dietary fiber, for vitamins and minerals as well. And this data that was selected for this 49 species, we had also to carefully go through the data and select only the ones that we had absolutely certainty about the quality. So we ended up eliminating a lot of data that was compiled because of poor quality of the data published. For example, there was no clarity about which part of the food was analyzed or in which basis the data was expressed. So in the end, the project decided to do a laboratory analysis for the 70 species. As we would do analysis for vitamins and minerals because there was not much data on them, we ended up analyzing proximates as well. And this data was then included in our food composition database that was developed by the project and it's available online. I will quickly go through the database here. So we have the list of the foods. We have 186 foods for the different species because we have, for example, one fruit with peel, another entry only the pulp without peel and seeds, and so on. And also different parts of the foods, like seeds or pulp. So for the 70 species, we have more than 70 entries, let's say. So you can search here for the food you want and you will have the food composition data available. And this, both from the laboratory analysis and the compilation from published literature. And you can see the individual sources of data. So far as example for this fruit called Buriti, we have six different sources of data and you can see the mean data here combining the six of them. And you can access also the individual foods, individual entries. And if you have a login, you can add it or include the data directly here or through an Excel file based on the compilation tool developed by FAO in foods. So you have the tag names, you can add the data and you can add also the documentation about this data and some tag names the system will calculate the mean. For example, energy, the sum of approximates to avoid mistakes due to the source of data. Okay, so besides the regular use, let's say, for the food composition data such as making the data available for calculating menus and other types of food consumption surveys and all the other uses that food composition data has, we use this data to inform public policies that were partners of the project. And we did this by highlighting some examples of rich fruits that were rich in some nutrients. As the examples I brought here, if we take three of the native fruits, pithanga, tukuma and buriti, many of these fruits, by the way, they have names given by the indigenous people from Brazil, most of them actually. So we can see that they can be as rich or even more rich in vitamin A than other fruits that are considered good sources of these vitamins such as carrot, passion fruit, papaya. The same for vitamin C, we have here some examples, kagaita, mangaba, kamukamu, they can have more amounts of vitamin C than citrus fruits that when we think about vitamin C, they are one of the first that come to mind. And other example for the protein content of some native nuts and seeds when compared to other commonly consumed nuts and seeds such as walnuts, flax seeds and almonds. So we use this data to inform some public policies that were partners of the project. This was the structure of the partnerships that say, so we had many different ministries that implemented many different policies that are listed here. And the project worked together with them to try to include biodiversity for food and nutrition and these policies were related to nutrition, to education, to agriculture and to income generation as well. For example, we have the school feeding program and the food acquisition program. These two programs, they had very good entry points for biodiversity foods. For example, they link family farmers to institutional markets. 30% of the foods purchased by the school feeding program must come from family farmers and the food acquisition program, it's totally focused on family farmers. They pay a premium price for organic and agricultural foods. They prioritize purchases from indigenous kilombollas and other traditional communities and schools in traditional communities receive more funds also for school meals. And in addition to giving them the food composition data, we needed something that formalized the role of biodiversity on food and nutrition security policies. So we had the list of foods from the project but the partners required something more official that they could really use to base their actions on because as I said before, these foods, they are underutilized and they are not very known or maybe even if people know them they don't know how to eat or if they are edible at all. Some of them are very well recognized such as ASAI. For example, that is now is found even in Europe and other parts of the world but some are only known regionally or locally. So the list of fruit species from the BFN project was published as a formal public policy as an ordinance from the Brazilian minister of the environment and the minister of social development. And it's the first policy in Brazil to define and support nutritionally important native species. And this, the publication of this list facilitates the inclusion in institutional procurement, facilitates the monitoring of purchases from these procurement programs and offers also more opportunities for smallholder producers that produce or gather these foods. For example, the list from the ordinance is being used as a basis for a label called the social biodiversity label. In Brazil, we use this term social biodiversity this is also defined by our legislation is the combination of the biodiversity or our native biodiversity with the social and cultural aspects related to them the cultural knowledge related to them. So it's not only that these foods are native but they have some importance to the communities that utilize them. And producers of foods that are on the list they can apply to use the social biodiversity label. And it's also being used to guide the farmers on how to access the food acquisition program. They can see which foods are listed and sell these foods to the food acquisition program sell to the government. In relation to the school feeding program besides that the food composition data can now be used for calculating menus for the schools. They included the list of foods of social biodiversity foods as one of the criteria to give a quality index to the meals. So for example, the menu of the school gets a higher quality index if it has the presence of six food groups if it is diversified if it doesn't contain some foods that are classified as restricted such as sugary beverages and sweets and the presence of regional and social biodiversity food species adds points also to the menu. Other examples of policies and plans that were influenced by the project it's the National Plan for Food and Nutrition Security National Pact for Healthy Food the National Plan for Strengthening Gatherings and Rivering Communities and the National Plan for Agricology and Organic Production that has one of the access guiding the activities of this plan is social biodiversity. And also as possible, the project included data about these foods in publications from the partners, partner ministries such as these publications directed at the health in school program which is a program that promotes healthy eating habits in school the regional foods book that is a recipes book developed by the Ministry of Health and the food based dietary guidelines published by the Ministry of Health in Brazil as well. In addition, the food composition data was used to calculate the recipes in the recipes book that was developed by the project in partnership with the universities and we reached out to journalists and we had many media releases highlighting the richness of the species and they published some articles for example for the general public in the health magazine which is one magazine that is very widely circulated in Brazil and one of the biggest publishers in Brazil they also published a book for the general public based on the list of foods from the project and highlighting the nutritional composition. The book for instance is called 50 Brazilian Plants and Fruits that can boost your health. Also the project was featured in TV shows and interviews and this was very important to reach the general public and not be only restricted to public policy makers and researchers and also the data was highlighted in symposiums and gastronomic workshops directed at public policy makers and researchers. Last but not least the project developed an online course about mainstreaming biodiversity for food and nutrition and its benefits for agriculture, health and livelihoods it's available for free in the project website and that's all from me, thank you very much. Thank you so much Daniella for highlighting how food composition data can be used in influencing policies and programs and to reach the general public. And again, I think you really nicely showed like Barbara before how the difference is in some of the indigenous food compared to mainstream fruits and vegetables. So that is really nice. And with this one, I would like to give the floor to Barbara Bollington, Barbara. Just a second, here I come. Yeah, thanks Ruth. Thank you so much for being here because I know it's one o'clock in the morning for you. Yes, all right. So let me share my screen, can you see the screen? Perfectly well, thank you. Okay, all right. So thank you for inviting me to speak at this symposium. It's a topic I don't get to talk about that much even though for 37 years of my career it was entirely focused on food composition. I'll talk about, I could talk about so many things but I thought I would focus on policy. And for a number of reasons that will be clear as I go on, food composition research and food composition data in different sectors is fundamentally important whether those sectors realize it or not. And food composition data does underpin all policies of nutrition. It can provide the evidence base for many policies in health and it should inform many policies in agriculture. Food composition, as we've heard in all of these presentations, defends with great strength the fight against biodiversity loss through conservation through sustainable use. It supports food industries and food composition data are being more and more used now to monitor climate change. For policy, I suppose the most important, most powerful and the biggest policy instrument right now and for the next decade is the sustainable development goals. Sorry, the sustainable development goals, 17 of them. So we moved from the MDGs, the Millennium Development Goals which were eight I believe into the sustainable development goals. And these are all relevant, some indirectly, some directly to food composition. And as we see the United Nations taking more action for advancing the goals and the specific targets within these goals, we now in 2021 are seeing a big focus on two, SDG-2, the short name of SDG-2 is zero hunger but the long name is end hunger, achieve food security and improve nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. And this is the theme for the upcoming Food Systems Summit in September, 2021. Even though all the SDGs are integrated, we can pull out individual ones and even individual targets within goals and address them and then put them back into the big picture and that integration and that requirement for these sustainable development goals to inter-relate is important. And it's fundamental to what we all have been doing in food composition for decades and that is integrating the sectors of health, agriculture and the environment. The important targets within SDG-2 is target for to ensure sustainable production systems, didn't mean to do that, that help maintain ecosystems and target five to maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants, et cetera. And this has for many sectors, this has kind of been a separate issue for food composition. But then in 2013, the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture took some steps that were useful, I think, for food composition and to look at the big picture of the ecosystem. The ecosystem was the fundamental unit by which sustainable diets were developed and ecosystem services is an important an important concept, I think, certainly for the environment sector, but also for food nutrition. Food has always been considered an ecosystem service. What was new in 2013 and not new anymore is that the concept of nutrients in food and whole diets should also be explicitly regarded as ecosystem services. So basically they said that food composition, which is the concept of nutrients and foods and analyzing them and compiling and disseminating those data. This is an ecosystem service. They also said that the nutrition community and particularly the food composition community should develop guidelines for mainstreaming biodiversity into policies, programs, and national and regional plans of action on nutrition. And this, I think, has been achieved very well over the last several years. And I think particularly well, as we just heard in Brazil, with the Biodiversity for Food and Nutrition Program. And it has been well mainstreamed in that context. The project in Brazil, it was a four country project and it was really meant to be and the expectation was that it would be model for projects elsewhere in the world. And it really hasn't succeeded that well elsewhere. In fact, even in the four country project, Brazil was a country that did better than the other three countries. Why is that? That's something that needs to be analyzed and the success and that wide policy and program integration that was achieved in Brazil is the ideal and the good model system that needs to be recreated elsewhere. So Biodiversity is diminishing. Here's just an illustration that shows some of the biodiversity within species of common fruits and vegetables and how little, how many fewer there are now from a hundred years ago. So this biodiversity loss is an erosion. It's a loss of, from the diet, it's a loss for markets and it's a loss from ecosystems and some of it is permanent loss. And food composition can do a lot to champion and defend that biodiversity. And here's one good example of biodiversity defending or let's say, let's say food composition defending biodiversity. Here we have a project that is ongoing even to this moment, includes biodiversity and includes food composition and it is traditional food systems of indigenous peoples. In this case, there was a 12 country analysis and 12 case studies in different countries. The basis was the indigenous groups and the experimental design looked at the food systems and all the associated benefits or not from how that food system had evolved. And one of the case studies took place in a Pacific Island nation, federated states of Micronesia. And there for some period of time after the industrialization and the import of foods from developed countries, the traditional food supply, the traditional diets were forgotten and imported foods were consumed. The consequence was, among other things, vitamin A deficiency, particularly prevalent among children. It led to cases of night blindness, veto spots and even blindness in children. The curious thing about Micronesia was that this was a rather new phenomenon when it emerged in around the 1950s. And there was a researcher there who was curious about the emergence of this vitamin A deficiency problem. She wondered why, she looked at the ecosystem, she saw that there were these very deeply colored banana varieties in the jungle, growing wild, dropping to the ground, people weren't eating them and they were actually importing the Cavendish banana. We have a beta carotene or let's say a pro vitamin A carotenoid content of the Cavendish is basically zero. These banana varieties have pro vitamin A carotenoid content up around 8,000 or more micrograms per 100 grams, mostly beta carotene. And the difference between a child eating this banana and this banana is the difference between a vitamin A deficiency and vitamin A adequacy. The other interesting phenomenon that took place while this study was being done, the researcher, her name was Lois Engelberger, wrote a series of papers. She sent them to the Journal of Food Composition and Analysis for Publication. This was more than 15 years ago. And I was the editor, I sent these papers out for review and one of the foremost authorities on beta carotene in fruit wrote back and said, reject this paper. We all know there's no beta carotene in bananas. But we didn't reject this paper and there is. But it's one of those situations we find in nutrition often where we think we know something, we haven't analyzed it, we have preconceived ideas about miscellaneous things and often we're wrong. So it's worth the analytical effort. And I applaud India for all the extensive analyses that they're undertaking, looking at nutrient content at the level of the cultivar or the variety. Another example, and this one relates to policy in the agriculture sector. This was another paper looking at alpha and beta carotene in sweet potatoes. You'll see that there are some varieties with extremely high content. This has been recalculated to milligrams per hundred gram fresh weight. And there are some with quite low content. The significance of this study, okay, it examined the biodiversity in the nutrient content, but it also looked at the varieties that were being recommended by the agriculture extension workers in the country. And this was all over the Pacific. This one actually happened to be in Hawaii. And they found that the extension workers were recommending to the farmers that they plant these low beta carotene varieties of sweet potato. Why? Because they didn't know anything about the nutrient content. It wasn't available to them or they didn't care or didn't look, what they did care about was the slightly better disease resistance of these varieties and maybe slightly higher yield. But once they were made aware through the activities of the food composition community that there were these higher, better varieties of sweet potato, they began recommending these to the farmers for planting. And another vitamin A deficiency problem was solved. And these food-based approaches to solving the problems of malnutrition are still not as widely used as they should be. And in fact, and if we talk about policy, I recently looked at the agenda for the next World Health Assembly coming up next month. And they talk about vitamin A, they talk about eye health, but their main focus is still supplementation and not food-based approaches. If we look at the biodiversity of something like rice, you can see that the values are quite different. Protein, a low value of five and a half grams per 100 grams, a high value of 14 and a half. These are statistically significant differences. Look at how many samples were analyzed. But they're just even much more importantly, nutritionally significant differences. And these are based on the biodiversity that genetic resource itself. Other factors, of course, we all know can influence the nutrient content. But for this study and for many studies, it can be assumed that most of the reason for the differences are the genetic resource itself. Not as much for nutrient elements like zinc, but certainly for micronutrient vitamins, for example, where you've got your biosynthetic pathways that dictate to a large extent the amount of these vitamins that we find in rice in this case, but in all fruits and vegetables. So we have high varieties, low varieties. We've got orders of magnitude difference in some of these nutrients. And if we go back to the ecosystem and we look at policies related to looking at the bigger picture, we are reductionist scientists. We take an ecosystem, we take a diet, we take a food, we take a nutrient and we look at that, we studied that nutrient and then we put it back together. But looking at the whole ecosystem, it's very interesting that more and more commodity councils and things are looking at the bigger picture. And this is an old example, but a useful example of something that the International Rice Commission did. They recommended to member countries that they should promote the sustainable development of aquatic biodiversity in rice-based ecosystems and that policy decisions and management measures should enhance that living aquatic resource base. And this is almost the antithesis of what normally is done in these commodity commissions. This is basically saying, we don't care about intensification. We want a not so intensified system so that you have this other biodiversity and intensive rice-based aquatic ecosystem, all you have is rice, you have nothing else. But the population living in those ecosystems and eating out of those ecosystems don't get their micronutrient adequacy from the rice, they get it from the other organisms in that system. They also recommended that where wild fish are depleted that rice fish farming should be considered as a means of enhancing food security and securing sustainable rural development and that attention should be given to the nutritional contribution of aquatic organisms in the diet of these people and looking at the nutrient content of not just the rice like we did here, but all the other species in there, the wild and often underutilized species. Climate change is another important area that food composition can make a contribution. Some of the early studies that I was aware of related to say fish and the fatty acid composition of marine finfish especially and how that would change with the changing in the change in sea temperature. But here are some others related to CO2 and fruit and vegetables. And this one, the bottom one here was just published last year. And it's a review, it's a good review on climate change impacts on food security focusing on perennial propping systems, in other words, trees and the like and their nutritional value. And a lot of policy can be informed by the food composition work that you do in these systems looking at nutrients that are vulnerable to climate related change. The high level panel of experts recently published a global narrative, food composition was mentioned a few times, but it was implied through many of the recommendations. For example, this global narrative which was presented to the Committee on World Food Security at its last session, are recommended facilitating biodiversity conservation through sustainable use by promoting the production and consumption of nutritionally rich neglected and undutilized species and local varieties. This has been said over and over and over again and it still needs to be said. And food composition... How many? One. One minute, okay. And also moving from the concept of nutrition sensitive agriculture, which is very weak to something a little more powerful nutrition driven agriculture. The right to food is important. I just want to mention that one of the recommendations from the high level panel was for the CFS to expand the definition of food security. We all know about the four elements of food security. The recommendation was to add agency and sustainability. Agency is important and because I think of it as more like power to the people and for people taking their nutritional adequacy into their own hands, planting a tree in your yard, making your vitamin C adequacy, your own personal responsibility, those kinds of things relate to agency. Also giving people and communities a seat at the table of powers where policy decisions are made. I won't go on to that. There are a couple of new things I think everybody should have a look at. It's relevant to food composition. Yesterday, Barilla came out with the brand new double pyramid looking at the impact on the environment of eating. This is useful and food composition data inform the development of this. And then also yesterday, this is my second to last slide, a paper came out in Nature, Nature Food, Transitions in Nutritional Science. What struck me most about this paper was this paragraph was the second sentence or third sentence. Elsie Witteson and Robert McCants were among the pioneers of modern nutritional sciences. Their work, daring, meticulous and pragmatic pushed boundaries in the understanding of food composition. Elsie Witteson and Robert McCants, McCants and Witteson they are the great grandparents, the great grandmother and great grandfather of food composition. If you don't know about them, you should know about them. But importantly, at the end of this little article, it's an editorial, they say that a nutrition science community has responsibilities to engage with and communicate to the needs of policy makers. And this I think we need to do more. Sometimes it feels like banging your head against a brick wall, but it's something that needs to be done, needs to be continued. And I think we can all be like McCants and Witteson, daring, meticulous, pragmatic and keep on pushing. So I look forward to the Food Systems Summit in 2021, hopefully something good will come out and advance the SDGs and happy International Year of Friends and Vegetables, everybody. Thank you so much, Barbara. And by the way, to really everybody of the speakers, you have presented the different aspects of fruits and vegetables, their composition and how they should or can be used to inform policies and programs. And really thank you so much. That was a very rich presentations, each of you. And let me go and let me say also a very big thank to Sol Ruiz, who is the IT person helping us in conducting this seminar. We have some questions. So let me start with Anna-Tan. You have presented a lot of data, so were they analyzed raw or cooked or did you also analyze vitamin B12 and cobalamin? Yeah, we analyzed all the raw foods, not the cooked form. It's about B12 in fruits and vegetables. Unfortunately, we have not done B12 analysis due to some technical reasons. Okay, so and how did you select the fruits and vegetables to analyze according to consumption or what were their criteria? According to the consumption. According to consumption. Thank you. And then there is another question for you as well for the vitamin C. How much remains in the food when it is consumed? No, I don't have data on the retention of vitamin C when it consumed. Yeah, so you got the foods from the market. So this represents the foods which are in the market. They are not representing the food that are coming out from the tree or from the agricultural area. So this is then representing the food as consumed. And sure enough, when we are cooking foods, we all know that the content will be reduced, especially of vitamin C. So if anybody else would like to chip in, so please do so. Anybody would like to say something in addition to this point? No. So then there were some other questions on the scores of that Barbara Stadlmeyer presented. Was it on a 100 gram edible portion basis or another one? Yeah, it was on a per 100 gram edible portion. So, and then there were some comments saying, really wonderful discussion, very precise and good presentations. And it was so good to add the photos because a lot of people don't know the fruits and vegetables that were presented. So seeing the photos, it gives an idea of how they are looking like. And I would have some questions as well, so to the presenters. Do you think that what you have presented would have been possible without the knowledge of the fruits and vegetables of their food consumption, a food composition? Probably Daniela, you would like to start? Yes. Yes, no, it wouldn't be possible. I think the, at least in the work that we did for BFN for the Biodiverse for Food and Nutrition, the food composition data always had a lot of impact on how people perceive the food, these foods. We, of course we have the cultural links, but when we said, when we show them, and this by them, I mean everyone, researchers, farmers, when we show them, look how rich this food is, they were enchanted, let's say. Oh, I didn't know. Yes, my grandmother used to use that as a medicine. Oh yes, my grandfather used to eat that and say it was healthy or something like that, linked to traditional knowledge. And these also rescued some of the knowledge they had about these foods that were being lost, let's say. So I think this was a very big, the food composition work was a very big part of the work that we did with the BFN project. And it really helped to showcase the foods. And as we could see on the slides, the fruits, they are very rich in many, many nutrients. And those are only some examples, and we have many more. So yes, I think was really, really important. Barbara and Barbara, would you like to add something? Your first, Barbara. Okay, yeah, I think there's so many things that we couldn't do without the food composition data. And so many problems that are created when the compositional data are not known. And we see it in competing policies between health, the health sector where food is different from nutrients and nutrients are medicine to cure the diseases of deficiencies. And we see that in fact, even from my early days in FAO, we had the economists of the world running the show. And they were the ones saying if we supply the dietary energy, which is really the basis for food security, everything else will follow. Of course, we know it doesn't. And it wasn't until there was an abundance of food composition data presented in an aggressive way that it was finally realized that dietary energy supply will not solve the problems of malnutrition in the world when you need those micronutrient data. We wouldn't need it if we were living the way people lived a hundred years ago where your food system was your ecosystem and if people had thrived and survived for millennia, then you know that that ecosystem is delivering the nutrients that you need but with the artificial food supplies that we have in the industrialization and monoculture of agriculture, we need those compositional data more now than ever before. Thank you, Barbara. Yes, I think it's food composition data definitely important also for the work that we did at EatCraft and I think it's key also for promoting food-based approaches really to highlight what's the natural content of micronutrients in foods and also as I showed the example, also to highlight this underutilized forgotten species and show they have a great potential. Yeah, so Anatan, you went like that. So always food composition is very important for in terms of fruits consumption. Recently I could see a number of people they are inquiring about which food is having more vitamin C, particularly in the pandemic condition. So they wanted to know the vitamin rich foods or micronutrient rich foods in order to keep their immunity power as well. So they are looking forward for getting more information on the food composition. So this is very important one of the criteria, the public also is getting awareness. I hope it may increase the consumption of fruits, especially the fruits consumption in India. Yeah, so we know that these stature are so important and on the other hand, we also know that hardly any funds are available to analyze them. And so everybody would like to have these stature and India is one of the rare examples where we have a food composition table where the vitamin values are analyzed as well as all the others. And as Daniela and as well Barbara Stadlmeier, they pointed out in their presentations when they did literature research and we have encountered the same kind of problem. Most of the vitamin values which we find in food composition tables are purely estimated based on analytical data on very, very, very few fruits and vegetables and also for any other foods. So, and this has really huge implications for policies because a lot of policies are based on inadequacy of intake and if the food composition part is very, very weak, meaning it has a huge impact on the confidence interval meaning on the quality of this data, probably we have not a really good idea of the real extent of micronutrient deficiency that are really present in the different countries. And I would like to add there is a really very nice article which recently came out in the Journal of Food Composition and Analysis on vitamin A, the dilemma of the data, the data use and the data availability and the RDI which is there. And again, even looking at this article, you have to take into consideration that most of the vitamin in food composition table also for fruits and vegetables are estimations. They are not analytical. And therefore, I would like to have a little bit of discussion for five minutes or 10 minutes that are left in this seminar to see what we can do to have many more analytical data including on fruits and vegetables and for the vitamins and minerals that we have there. So I would like to open the floor on this discussion point. So probably Anatan and Daniela, how did you manage to get the money to do the analysis that you did? Yeah, for when we develop our Indian Food Composition Table, our ministry, that's a ministry of health, funded for our project. It's a nodal ministry for our organization also. So that funding was sufficient for establishing our facility, including all the essential equipments, developing methods, purchasing various CRMs and SRMs. So now we have established full-fledged laboratory to study all types of the micronutrients including vitamins and that too, we could able to detect up to a nanogram level using sofasticated acute points. So now we are working continuously with the request which we receive from various other countries as well. So we are analyzing it. So we could able to manage. And if anybody needs help from our facility also, we can extend our help to others. Thank you. Daniela and also Barbara. So you also presented some of the analytical data that you did. Yeah, so we were able to do the analysis because we had funds for the BFN project that came from Jeff. So a big part of the funds that were available for the first component of the project went to the laboratory analysis. And also for the food compilation. But we were expecting that this could bring more funds from the government, for example. Unfortunately, due to the changes in Brazil, the economic changes, the political changes, this didn't happen. We didn't have more funds from the government. And I think it's key to involve the government. The Ministry of Health in Brazil used to fund Food Composition Table, which is the more complete that we have, which is only analytical data. It's called TACO. And it's the best quality that we have for Brazilian foods, foods that are produced and consumed in Brazil. Unfortunately, this project was discontinued. And yes, I think it's key to involve the government and also to build capacities in different universities, for example. So they can analyze this and publish in a way that this data is useful for food composition tables and not only for scientific publications or articles. They have to describe the food in a certain way and to include the details that facilitates the compilation of this data from the articles. Thank you. Barbara, would you like to add something? You mean me? Or you mean Barbara? OK. Barbara, start one. OK. Well, actually, we didn't have funds for doing analytical work. I mean, we had some projects funds where I analyzed, for example, the vitamin content and some mineral contents of Biobab. So it was basically funds related to projects. But we had no bigger funds in really doing analytical analysis. So this is our wish for the future. Yeah. Yeah, so this is the wish for the future. And probably I would like to close this webinar with this wishful thinking for the future that we will have more analytical data for fruits and vegetables as well as for other foods so that we can enrich really the program and the policies and inform them and have, like Barbara Berlingen was saying, we should have a much more food-based approach using the huge amount of richness that we have in the different countries, even if it is only locally or regionally, but use it. And one of the things that Barbara said and struck me a lot and what I have heard of many other countries as well, a lot of the fruits and vegetables that are really rich in nutrients, they fall out the trees and they are never used because people don't know that they are so rich. And with these ones, they would not need to have some of the supplements or the quantification this is ongoing. So we have a chance of changing the way of how we look. And we can only do it if we involve more of the governments and more of the people so that they are aware of the richness of the fruits and vegetables that they have. And before closing, I would like to give the floor to everybody to make a small statement if they wish. So let's start with Anathana. Thank you very much, Dr. Ruth, for giving this wonderful opportunity. This is my second series of your webinar. And I'm very privileged to present our data. And I hope they don't present only you data where you are. So if anybody wanted to know more analytical data on our Indian fruits, they can visit it. And I'll be happy if you are arranging the many other webinar series, particularly to get more knowledge, the aim, but those who wanted to enter into the food composites and analysis. Thank you very much once again. Thank you, Anathana. Bapra Stadlmayan. Yes, I would also thank you very much for the invitation that we could present our work here. Yeah, and I hope that we will all take this opportunity also to, in our case of tree foods, to think like, yes, we can actually eat trees or fruits are coming from trees a lot. And I appreciate that. Thank you. Thank you. Daniela. Yes, Ruth, thank you very much for the invitation to participate in this webinar. Thank you for the opportunity. And I would like to recommend something, if I may, to the attendees. If you work with nutrition, if you are a researcher, a professor, encourage your students to learn about food composition. FFF fruits have wonderful resources. They have an online course that is really easy to take and that can open many doors. And the students can learn, the researchers can learn how they can publish the data in a way that the data can be used for food composition purposes. And yeah, as I said, not only for scientific publications, but that this data can be extracted and used in the real life, let's say. Thank you. Thank you. Barbara, rolling in. Thanks, Ruth. Thank you for inviting me. It's nice to see everybody again as a lot of old familiar faces and some names. I scroll through the names of the list of the participants. So hello to everybody. And I would like to, I think, encourage people, especially the young people, to get involved at the policy level. And the most important involvement right now is to engage with the process of the Food Systems Summit. They're developing documents. They are open. There are calls for participation. And if the food composition community can engage with them and get food composition addressed, get food composition into the documents, all of which are relevant, then I think it's an opportunity not to miss. And already I've read one document, Defining Healthy Diets, which really doesn't do justice to food composition work or any of the work on sustainable diets or anything. And I think people need to find out who is involved. Your countries are all active in this. And to engage yourself, go to the websites, make comments, get your viewpoints into the conversation because it will be meaningful for the next decade as we try to achieve those sustainable development goals. And Ruth, best wishes to you for your future. Thank you. Well, then I would like really to thank every of the panelists again for their excellent presentations and insights and presenting really how useful this data is and how it can be used and that we have to do much more in order to get more funding and policy commitment in order to produce more data and to use them. So because also sometimes the food composition data are as these rotten foods, which are not really used. Yeah, so it's time for feeding. And I would really like to thank the panelists again and also the audience and again Sol Ruth for her support in doing this webinar. So thank you so much to everybody and see you in the next webinar that we have in Spanish for the first time tomorrow on the same team. OK, bye-bye. Bye.