 Welcome to my channel, I am Arpita Karwa and in this video I am going to talk about logical reasoning and the types of questions you might come across in the exam hall. So this video is a part of the paper one series that I am running on my YouTube channel. So if you are preparing for UGC NTN Net paper one then this particular video lecture series is for you. So do subscribe to this channel, also click the bell icon so that you are notified every time I post a video on UGC net paper one. So if you look at the question paper you will find that from the section of logical reasoning two kinds of questions are asked in net exam. The first kind of question concerns with the theoretical portion of logical reasoning. So you will be asked definition and some important theoretical concept. And the second kind of question that you will see are the practical questions in which you have to use your brain and then solve the question according to the theoretical concepts. So we will start with the theoretical kind of questions and then gradually we will move towards the practical portion. So the first kind of question that you will encounter is about argument. You will be asked about what is an argument, what is a premise, what is a conclusion. So let's first understand what is an argument. In an argument you will have two things. One is the premise which is sentences which supports the argument and one is the conclusion. For example, if I give you an argument saying that Aditya was driving his car over speed and Aditya was drunk. Therefore Aditya was breaking the law. Now this is an argument. In this argument we have two premise. First one is Aditya was driving his car over speed limit. And the second premise is Aditya was drunk. These are the two things which support the conclusion. And what is the conclusion that Aditya is breaking the law. So this is what an argument is all about. So argument will have premise and will also have conclusion. So you must know what is a premise, what is a conclusion and what makes an argument. So now once we are done with the theoretical portion, now let's move on to the second kind of questions that you will see in the paper. Now after looking at what is argument, it is important to know how many types of arguments are there. So if we divide arguments we have two major kinds of argument. One is the inductive argument and other one is the deductive argument. The deductive argument moves from general to specific. For example if I say that all men are mortal, that means every man dies. Socrates is a man. Socrates is a man. Now on the basis of these two premise, I can conclude that Socrates is mortal. If every man dies and Socrates is a man, then Socrates will also die. This is what is called deductive argument. You are moving from general to specific. General, all men are mortal, this is a general statement and you move to specific. Socrates is a mortal man. Now moving on to another type of argument which is inductive argument. Inductive argument moves from specific to general. For example if I say earth revolves around sun, mercury revolves around sun and I know that earth and mercury are planets. So I can conclude that all planets revolve around sun. So men is specifically earth revolves around sun, mercury revolves around sun and then I move to a general notion which is all planets revolve around sun. Now if you look at these two categories, they are subdivided. Deductive argument has two kinds of argument. One is valid argument and one is invalid argument. For example, all animals have hair and I say that John has hair and I conclude that John is an animal. Now this is not true of course. It is not valid because all animals have hair that is acceptable. John also has hair but John is an animal. This is invalid. So this is a kind of invalid argument. Similarly inductive argument is further divided in two parts. Strong argument and weak argument. So you must be aware of what is inductive argument, what is deductive argument, what is strong argument, what is weak argument, what is valid argument and what is invalid argument. The next kind of theoretical question that you might see in the question paper is about types of definition. Types of definitions also come under logical reasoning. So there are various types of definition out of which the common ones are stipulative definition. Now what is a stipulative definition? Any definition that is coming for new things, for example, selfie. This is a very 21st century term that was not there before. So in the first dictionaries you will see that there is no word for a selfie name. Now it is its definition. So stipulative definition means when we define newly coined terms. So that definition is called stipulative definition. The next kind of definition is precise definition. For example, a definition is fit for a particular situation. You are going to watch movies. It is written in movies that students must show their ID cards. Now here the word student reflects any person who is below 18 years. So rather than writing below 18 years must show their ID cards, they have written students must show their ID cards. So a student here is defined as any person who is under 18 years of age. So this is a precise definition. Precisely used for that particular situation. A student's definition in a school is very different. And a student's definition in a movie hall is different. The third kind of definition is persuasive definition. When you want to pursue someone, you want to force them to think something. A person who is against abortion might define abortion as a murder of an innocent person. Murder of an innocent child in the womb. This is a definition of abortion given by a person who hates abortion. So you can see that this definition is trying to pursue you to think about abortion in a very negative way. So these are some important kinds of definitions. They might ask you what is a persuasive definition. They'll give you four options. You need to decide which of them is correct. Or they will give you the definition and they'll ask you which kind of definition is this. Then you need to decide whether it is stipulative or whether it is argumentative or whether it is persuasive. After looking at the theoretical section, it's time to look at the practical portion coming from logical reasoning. So the first kind of practical question that you will come across is WEND diagram. Now what are WEND diagrams? WEND diagrams are basically tools that are used to represent complex relationships. For example, if I say that A, set of people represents honest people, B, set of people are sincere people and C, set of people are politicians. And I ask you that please tell me which of this set or which of this portion means sincere, honest politicians. So if you can see the intersection point of these three sets is the portion where you will find people who are honest, who are sincere and also who are politicians. So this kind of complex relationship is denoted by the use of WEND diagrams. They sometimes give you WEND diagrams and ask question based on the WEND diagram or they sometimes give you questions in which you have to make a WEND diagram and then answer the question. The next kind of question are premise and conclusion based question. In these questions, you will be given premise and you will be given a set of conclusions. Looking at the premise, you need to tell which of the conclusion is correct. In these questions, you have to make a WEND diagram in order to correctly look and find out the conclusion. For example, if I give you a question that all religious people are emotional and Aditya is emotional, so what is the conclusion? If you look at the WEND diagram, you will see that if all the religious people are under the emotional set and if Aditya is an emotional person, then we can conclude that Aditya is religious. The next kind of questions are assertion-reason questions. I have seen that these questions not only come in paper 1 but also come in paper 2. So you need to be very good at solving such questions because if you don't get assertion-reason questions, then you will lose a lot of your marks. Solving them is very easy. We will understand from an example. Assertion is a statement and reason tells us why assertion is like this. For example, if I tell you that the assertive statement is we feel colder on mountains. We feel colder on mountains. The reason is temperature declines with altitude. As high as you go, the temperature will decrease. If I am staying on the plains, the temperature is 30 degrees. I will go to the mountains and the temperature will be 5 degrees. So, it will obviously be colder on 5 degrees. So, what is assertion? One statement and reason tells us why the statement of assertion is true. What is the reason? Why do we feel cold? Because temperature decreases with altitude. To solve this question, you need to see the assertion and reason statement. Assertion statement tells us whether it is true. If it is true, then mark T in front of assertion. Then look at the reason statement. Is the reason statement true? Does the temperature decrease when we go to higher altitudes? Definitely, it decreases. So, the reason statement is also true. So, what is the first step? You saw the assertion and reason statement separately. And then you saw whether the statement is true or not. Now, if you see this, then if you see it in your options, then there is an option. Assertion is true and reason is true. And now look at the link between these two statements. If you put the reason statement after the assertion reason, then does this statement make sense? If this statement is making sense, that means reason is the correct explanation of assertion. So, this is how you solve the question. First of all, you have to look at the assertion and reason statement separately. Is it possible that the assertion statement is wrong? Or is the reason statement wrong? In that category, you will get either of the two options. Number one, assertion is true but reason is false. Or assertion is false but reason is true. You will get these two categories only when you look at the assertion and reason statement separately. So, you will get to know that one of them is wrong. That means your option will either be first. Assertion is true and reason is false. Or second, assertion is false and reason is true. If both the statements are correct, like in this question, in that case, you will get one of the third or fourth options. Assertion and reason both are true but reason is not a correct explanation of assertion. Or assertion and reason both are true and reason is a correct explanation of assertion. So, if you look at the third and fourth statement, you will get to know that in this category, fourth statement is true. Assertion and reason both are true and reason is a correct explanation of assertion. But if I put it in the reason statement that sky is blue, now this is not an explanation of assertion. We feel cold on the mountains because the sky is blue. No, this is false. Both assertion and reason statements are true. Sky is blue. But still, the correct explanation of assertion statement is not giving reason. So in this case, third option is correct which is assertion and reason are true. But reason is not a correct explanation of assertion. So you understood that you have to divide this question in two steps. In the first step, you will read the normal assertion and reason statement separately. And you will see whether it is correct or wrong. If it is correct, then mark T. If it is wrong, then mark F. If one is also wrong, then one of your A or B options will be correct. But if both are correct, then you have to go one step further and see both statements. Then you will know whether there is a link between assertion and reason statement or not. So this is how you solve any assertion reason question. We come on to the next kind of questions that you will find in logical reasoning section which is verbal analogy. Now verbal analogy is one of the easiest kind of questions you will see in the paper. You are just asked to find the link between two words. For example, they will give you a question like clock is two time, then thermometer is two watt. Now if you convert this into a sentence, you will say clock tells time, then thermometer tells watt. Then thermometer tells temperature. So the correct option is temperature. So I am giving you a short homework. I would like to know your views in the comments section. I am giving you a question which you need to solve and tell me the correct answer in the comments section. The question is if light is to blind, then speech is to what? If light is to blind, then speech is to what? So put your answers in the comments section and let me see how far you are able to solve the verbal analogies correctly. So we come on to the last kind of questions that you will find in logical reasoning section. And that are the questions related to square of opposition. You must be wondering what are square of opposition because you have never heard the term probably. But I will tell you a question which you might have seen in the paper frequently. The question goes like this. Among the following propositions, two propositions are related in such a manner that they both cannot be false, but they both can be true. You need to find the two propositions and they will give you four propositions. Now when you look at the question, you feel as if this question requires like 5-10 minutes of your time only then you can solve it. But I am telling you a short trick which you can use to solve such questions within seconds. The short trick is square of opposition. Square of opposition is a concept which you can understand. So solving these types of questions becomes very easy. Within 30 seconds you can solve this question. It is a very simple concept but it is a little time consuming. I would not be able to incorporate this in this video lecture. So my request is that go to YouTube type square of opposition. You will get a lot of YouTubers talking about how to solve such question. Understand how square of opposition works and then test yourself. I am telling you if you understand the concept of square of opposition then these kind of questions would be a cake walk for you. It is a very very interesting concept and you will love it once you understand it. You might have to put in a bit efforts to understand it for the first time but once you master it then I am telling you you will fall in love with this concept. So with that note I end my discussion on logical reasoning. I have tried to give you a blueprint of all sort of questions that can come up in the exam and how to tackle those questions. I hope that this video was informative and it helped you in channelizing your preparation. If you like this video then don't forget to give it a big fan thumbs up. Also subscribe to this channel because I post videos every weekend in order to help UGC net aspirants in their preparation. You can also follow me on the social media platforms where I post the recent updates of UGC net of NTA and also I am running this free go net quiz. You can go to my website arpitaakarwa.com all the previous year papers are there on the website. You can find them and then practice those papers in order to prepare well. 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