 Good evening aspirants today. We have an announcement for you. It is regarding Shankar IS Academy's professional mark interview program This is a free initiative. It will be starting from 12th of June 2021. That is from day after tomorrow So candidates who have cleared UPSC mains examination can join this program to assess their strengths and weaknesses More accurately before the actual UPSC interview and to know more about this program You can call this number or you can send your query to this email address So with this announcement, let us start the Hindi news analysis dated 10th June 2021 These are the list of news articles taken for today's discussion They have been provided along with the page numbers of these articles in different editions of Hindu newspaper So now let us start our first discussion based on these two articles among them one is an open article and these articles talk About the recently popular clubhouse app. See most of us have heard about this clubhouse app It is a social media audio only platform and in the recent days its popularity is rising especially during the COVID-19 pandemic and people are using it for participatory speaking and listening and this has given rise to Concerns regarding the privacy and data rights of the clubhouse app So in this discussion, we will see the issues in this clubhouse app in length and breadth The syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference. First, let us have a brief background about this clubhouse app See it was launched in March 2020. It is an Audio chat social networking app and this audio chat app clubhouse is built for two types of people They are the talkers and the second one is the listeners and especially this app is an invitation only app That is to join this app an existing clubhouse user has to send an invite from their app Giving you access to set up an account and you know that clubhouse users can't invite everyone who wants to join Because every user in the app have limited invitations only so in short We can say that clubhouse is nothing but a group of members that share common interest Because when you join this app you select topics of interest like technology books business or health So when you give more information to the app about your interest the more conversation rooms and more Individuals will be recommended by the app to you to either follow or join that room or individual for the Conversation and recently only the app has become famous in the mainstream and this happened when Elon Musk hosted an audio chat on Clubhouse and according to some sources note that this clubhouse is valued at four billion dollars And it has an estimated user base of more than two million. So this is the background about clubhouse So in this regard the op-ed article has discussed the issues in this app It is because as you know already the data regulators are finding it difficult to manage the emerging social media platform Recently we had the controversy over Twitter Which was regarding adhering to the new IT rules of our country and this controversy is not yet over and in the same lines Now this clubhouse app also poses new challenges for data regulators regarding the assurance of privacy and security of the users So let us see some of the concerns listed by the authors of the op-ed article The first concern is that the app augments cyber related crimes and other crimes See the already existing social media apps like Instagram Facebook Twitter, etc They allow browsing in a relative invisibility But if you see in clubhouse the interactions provide more opportunity for cyber bullying and trawling through sexism racism and Communalism, etc. It is because in the most popular rooms in clubhouse There are a handful of people who are presenting to a silent crowd So this format of clubhouse leads to more spontaneous and revealing conversations about a particular topic or a group So this includes cyber bullying sexism racism, etc Already these issues have been reported regarding clubhouse So this is one of the main issues another issue is that since the clubhouse is an audio based app And we know that audio based interactions are faster and they are in real time if you compare it to the text based Interactions so that means so regarding these Conversations or interactions the authorities need more vigilant mechanisms, which is currently absent in the app And then there are also concerns regarding the temporary audio recording feature of the app when the room is live Here the author notes that this recording is done without the consent of the user and this app also does not have end-to-end Encryption so that means the data in the app might be accessible to the developers And this raises concerns because author says that the back-end infrastructure of clubhouse is supplied by a Chinese startup So there are concerns that Chinese government might access the data and all of these concerns already violates The existing legal provisions like European general data protection regulation on confidentiality of communications It violates consent for processing of personal data data protection, etc And being a user in India makes us more vulnerable because we do not have a stringent data protection law as of now So Indians are more vulnerable to data breaches and privacy violations Other than this there is another concern regarding the private policy of clubhouse because in its private policy It has stated that clubhouse would share personal information to law enforcement government authorities and even private parties So that means clubhouse could easily become a tool for government surveillance So this is another concern the next concern is regarding the permissions given to the app See anyone who has used the app knows that it asks for permission to access your contact list also And if you do not permit this then you will not be able to invite others to the app So that means it gives access to data of those who are not using the app at all And this is one of the major privacy concern because if your contact list can be accessed by the app That means their phone numbers and names can be easily accessed by it And in this technological era if you know just the name and phone number of a person You can get almost any information about this person that is present online So this is one of the major privacy concern in this app Then there is another concern expressed by the author regarding the building of such apps by other tech giants See author is concerned that big social media giants would acquire Startups similar to clubhouse or even clubhouse or they can even try to clone the unique features of clubhouse or clubhouse like apps To use in their own platforms. This will become an issue because already we have seen that how an audio chat social networking app Is a concern for authorities to ensure privacy and security of users And if other tech giants also start building apps like these then the security concerns will rise only We can take an example for this if you remember last year when the pandemic hit and the lockdown was imposed The zoom app became famous because it was being used by professionals for their office calls and it was also used by Schools and colleges for taking online classes now seeing that zoom is becoming famous immediately google introduced google meet So author is worrying that a similar scenario can happen regarding clubhouse Also, where either the social media giants can acquire clubhouse itself Or they can clone certain features of clubhouse to use in their own platforms So these are some of the concerns listed by the author in the oped article regarding the clubhouse app Now there is another article regarding clubhouse app in the trivandrum edition of indian newspaper And this article validates our concern regarding the electronic surveillance Enabled by the app see this news article mentions that already central agencies such as intelligence bureau, raw, NIA, enforcement directorate, cba, etc They have been authorized to track the rooms in the clubhouse app So that means they are already monitoring the conversation happening in the clubhouse Now this is because some of the agencies of the government for example The intelligence agencies have been already empowered to act under subsection one of section 69 of information technology Act and as you can see here this section provides power to intercept or monitor or even decrypt any information Which is generated transmitter received or stored in any computer resource And based on this only these intelligence agencies are monitoring the conversations in the clubhouse app So already the government surveillance has started and in a scenario when a country currently doesn't have a stringent data protection law It is safe to say that those who have concerns about their privacy should stay away from this app So these are some of the points that you can take note from the opiate article and this news article Now let us move on to the next discussion This discussion is based on this news article, which is about fishing attempt which targeted government officials So in this context, let us first see what is fishing then we'll see about the news article See fishing is the process of attempting to acquire sensitive information such as usernames passwords and credit card details And this is acquired by masquerading as a trustworthy entity in an electronic communication Here masquerading means impersonating that is pretending to be someone else And this fishing attempt could be by an individual or even a group Now this fishing is typically carried out by email or through instant messaging And it often directs the users to enter details at a fake website Whose look and feel are almost identical to the legitimate one and these emails often attempt to entice the users To click on a link that will take the users to a fraudulent website, which appears legitimate After that the users may be asked to provide personal information such as account usernames and passwords And all this can further expose the users or the victims to future compromises For example, look at this image. This is an example of fishing Here someone else is pretending to be income tax department and asking for details through filling of a form If they click this button, they will be taken to a website which is fraudulent and it will ask you to fill the details Mainly your personal information So here the website to which they are directed to it may look like the original website of the income tax department But it is not and that is why it is said that fishing attack is a social engineering attack So what is a social engineering attack? It is when an attacker uses human interaction That is the social skills to obtain or compromise information about an organization or its computer systems Now an attacker may seem respectable and may possibly claim to be a new employee repair person or even a researcher And they sometimes even offer credit shields to support their fake identity And like this only they carry out a certain cybercrime attack such as this fishing attack So normally similar communications like the one which we saw in the examples are commonly used to lure the Unsuspecting public where the perpetrator claims to be from financial institutions from popular social websites from auction sites Or sometimes they claim to be the online payment processors or even the it administrators And apart from this fishing attacks may also appear to come from other types of organizations such as charities That is they post like charities and they carry out fishing attacks Here note that these attackers often take advantage of current events and certain times of the year such as The natural disasters when they happen like the cyclones and then epidemics and health scares like the one which we are experiencing now That is the covid 19 pandemic and even certain major political elections at that period also such kind of fishing attacks Happen because the attackers take advantage of these events now apart from losing our personal information in a fishing attack There is another implication of such attacks It is that the fraudulent websites may contain malicious code and through this code Attackers enter into our system and they access confidential data like bank account details credit card numbers and passwords etc by themselves That is without asking us and once this information is obtained the fishers immediately send this or sell it to people who misuse them And sometimes such malicious code injects a malware into the victims computer or phone That is either the individual or organizations computer or phone and once the computer system or phone is infected The fishers gain control over the devices and through this they can send emails and messages to other people Who are connected through the server now today our focus will be more on a type of fishing called as spear fishing See this fishing turns into spear fishing when it is typically targeted in nature Because in a spear fishing the emails are carefully designed to target a particular user company or organization Like the one in the news the news was that government officials including defense ministry officials have been Particularly targeted in a fishing attempt and here the officials received malicious web links through whatsapp and sms And these looked like a link from health ministry and these links asked the officials to update their vaccination status So like how in this case the government officials are targeted in a spear fishing also a particular group or user or company Is targeted and it is one of the reasons why spear fishing attacks have a greater risk because it starts with identifying key and high value individuals and these individuals are targets because they are credentials And the data which they have access to are of the most value in the organization So this helps the fishers to do a complete Social profile research about the user and the organization through their social media profiles or websites And when it is targeted on government officials, we can say that the confidential information and data in the government Are exposed to malicious use. So this is how simply a spear fishing works We can just go through it and that is why it is said that fishing and spear fishing are a major cyber crime threat And you can stay safe from fishing by following these measures Just go through it. So that is all about this discussion in today's discussion We saw about one of the major cyber crime threats Which is fishing and spear fishing now let us move on to the next discussion Our next discussion is based on this news article which mentions that the Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan is planning to visit Azerbaijan He will also visit the Nagorno-Karabakh region and this is to celebrate the victory of Azerbaijan over Armenia regarding this region See if you remember in 2020 a brief war between Armenia and Azerbaijan erupted due to this disputed Nagorno-Karabakh region and it killed thousands of people So in today's discussion, let us see in brief about this dispute between Armenia and Azerbaijan See before understanding the dispute, let us see about the geography of Armenia and Azerbaijan See Armenia is a landlocked country It is surrounded by countries such as Georgia, in the north, Azerbaijan in the east and southwest Then Iran in the south and Turkey in the west If you look at Azerbaijan, it is not Contiguous the main territory of Azerbaijan is surrounded by Iran in the south Armenia in the west Georgia in the northwest Russia in the north and it also borders Caspian Sea in the east And it also has a territory called Nakaiwan which is surrounded by Armenia in the east and north as you can see in this map And this region borders Iran also and also borders Turkey in its northeast So remember Turkey Iran and Georgia are common neighbors of both Armenia and Azerbaijan and these two countries are neighbors as well So now where is this Nagorno-Karabakh? This is the place Nagorno-Karabakh It is internationally recognized as a part of Azerbaijan But most of the region is controlled by Armenian separatists But note that since the soviet era this region has been a part of Azerbaijan territory only See what happened was in the 1920s, the soviet government established this Nagorno-Karabakh autonomous region within Azerbaijan But interestingly around 95 percentage of the population in this region was ethnically Armenian And these Armenians were Christians and it also consisted of ethnic Turkic Azeris who are Muslims But as we just saw here the ethnic Armenians are the majority Now this Nagorno-Karabakh region issue erupted when the soviet union began to collapse in the late 1980s At this point of time, Armenia's regional parliament voted for the region's transfer to Armenia And this happened despite the region's location within Azerbaijan as you can see in this map On all of its sides this region is surrounded by Azerbaijan only So when the USSR dissolved in 1991 a war erupted between Armenia and Azerbaijan And this war stopped in 1994 when a ceasefire was brokered by Russia And by this time the ethnic Armenians had taken control of this region But note that even after this 1994 peace deal this region has been marked by regular exchanges of fire Even in 2016 there was a four day war between these countries and the war ended only when Russia mediated peace deal Then the mediation efforts are also taken by a group called Minsk group This group was created in 1994 and it is a mediation effort led by the organization for security and cooperation in Europe And this group aims to address the dispute and it is co-chaired by United States, France and Russia But the mediation efforts by this Minsk group also failed because it also could not produce a permanent solution to this Nagorno-Karabakh conflict So we have unsuccessful mediation efforts, ceasefire violations, renewed tensions and because of all this the region is quite unstable Similar to our Kashmir issue and one of the recent conflicts between these countries regarding this region Happened in 2020. It was a war between the two countries Now this created tension among the international communities because it could disrupt the oil and gas exports from the region This was due to the fact that Azerbaijan is a significant oil and gas exporter to the Central Asia and Europe But this war was won by Azerbaijan as a result of this only now the Turkish president is visiting Azerbaijan and this Nagorno-Karabakh region So here what we need to understand is that big players are involved in this regional dispute This regional conflict got worldwide attention because of the involvement of regional rivals That is Turkey and Russia. Here the muslim majority Turkey backs Azerbaijan Where Turkey has also condemned the christian majority Armenia for not resolving the issue and it is said that Turkey even provided weaponry to Azerbaijan during the 2020 war. So on one side, we have Turkey on the other side. We have Russia, which is a stakeholder supporting Armenia So that means the situation in the region is worse since Russia and Turkey also backs Opposite sides in the civil wars in Syria and Libya. So from this it is clear that Russia and Turkey Are trying to establish their leadership in the region So these are some of the points that you need to know about the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict Well, let us move on to the next discussion Now our next discussion is based on this editorial article, which focuses on the global minimum corporate tax See this editorial can be divided into three parts. That is, why do we need global minimum corporate tax? Then the benefits of this tax and also the issues that need to be resolved regarding the tax So now let us discuss these aspects. The syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference See, we all know that the COVID-19 pandemic has wreaked havoc in our lives It has caused huge damages to the world economy and the world economy has shrunk by around 3.5 percentage in 2020 itself because of this global pandemic So this grave situation has forced many countries to rely on Taxations to mitigate the economic disasters caused by this pandemic See, there has been a long demand to address the loopholes in the international taxation regime These loopholes are exploited by the multinational companies to avoid taxation. So what is this tax avoidance? It is the use of legal methods to minimize the amount of income tax Which is owed by an individual or a business now since multinational companies were avoiding taxation Many countries were demanding a global minimum corporate tax to plug the loopholes in the international taxation regime Now the global pandemic has given this opportunity because finally the finance ministers of the group of seven nations That is the g7 nations have agreed to set a global minimum corporate tax of at least 15 percentage This has happened last week and this g7 is strongly backing the broader efforts that are underway through the g20 oecd To address the tax challenges which are arising from globalization and digitalization of the economy So the agreement on global minimum corporate tax is a right step in this direction as you know here the g7 Is an informal club of wealthy democracies such as Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK and USA And g20 is an international forum for the governments and central bank governors from 19 countries plus european union And india is a part of g20 and as you know oecd which stands for organization for economic cooperation and development It is a group of countries that discuss and develop economic policies and social policies So in this regard only this editorial has been written where the author has noted that in the last decade There has been a rapid and relentless march of technological advancement, especially in the domain of global communications and connectivity And this has resulted in a world economy where the digital sphere is Exponentially outpacing in the overall economic growth. For example in 2016 self the digital sphere was Estimated at around 11 trillion dollars, which is nothing but over 1 6th of global GDP And this is a phenomenal growth, but the increase in digitalization has however Exasperated or exponentially increased the challenges of taxing multinational companies It is because these multinational corporations or companies avoid taxation by shifting their revenue to tax havens So what are tax havens? See a tax haven is a country or a place with a very low effective rates of taxation for foreign investors So by shifting their revenue to these tax havens many mnc's avoid taxation And this is also called as BPS, which is the base erosion and profit shifting We'll see about this now in some time now this tax avoidance has caused a huge loss of revenue to countries in form of taxes And according to the OECD, it is estimated that countries are collectively deprived of as much as 240 billion in tax revenue annually due to the avoidance by mnc's itself So in this regard only OECD along with the g20 has been spearheading an initiative Which is aimed at ending the tax avoidance and this initiative is the inclusive framework on base erosion And profit shifting so now before seeing about this framework Let us see what is base erosion and profit shifting or in short BPS See it is a tax evading practice by multinational companies. You should know that by now We know that a multinational company usually has one head office in a particular country and one of more branch Offices in other countries and these branch offices are called the subsidiaries of these multinational companies and ideally this multinational company has to pay tax for the profit which they earn Now in recent years, what has happened was mnc's have developed certain strategies to avoid paying taxes by Shifting their incomes or profits to their subsidiaries, which will be located in low tax countries or in short Which will be located in tax havens. So mnc's are actually exploiting the gaps and mismatches between different countries tax system So the profits are shifted from where it is generated to a low tax or no tax locations Where there is very little economic activity or no economic activity of that company And this practice is what is called as base erosion and profit shifting because the tax base in one country is eroded And the profit is shifted to other countries now This strategy is mostly used by the multinational digital companies And this bps undermines the fairness and integrity of tax systems because businesses which operate across borders Can use bps easily to gain a competitive advantage over the enterprises which operate at a domestic level And moreover when taxpayers see multinational corporation avoiding income tax It also undermines voluntary compliance by all taxpayers So this practice mainly affects the developed and developing countries Which mainly relies on corporate income tax as their revenue and as a solution for this issue only oecd and g20 initiated the inclusive framework on bps And it is the modern international tax framework to ensure that profits are taxed where economic activity and value creation occur And through this framework over 135 countries are implementing 15 actions to tackle tax avoidance and to improve coherence of international tax rules But know that it has not a member of oecd, but it is a member of this inclusive framework on dps So this is how this framework is important for ending the tax avoidance So in this regard only when the g7 countries agreed on the global minimum corporate tax The secretary general of oecd has welcomed this move He has also said that tax avoidance can only be effectively addressed through a multilaterally agreed solution Like the one which we are discussing which is global minimum corporate tax Now apart from this minimum corporate tax the g7 has also agreed on an equitable allocation of taxing rights See here equitable allocation of taxing rights awards the market countries certain taxing rights on at least 20 percentage of the profit exceeding a 10 percentage margin for the largest and most profitable multinational companies Here the market countries or emerging market economy is the economy of a developing nation that is becoming more engaged With global markets as it grows now. What is the implication of this move on india? See according to the author of this editorial the global minimum corporate tax will be highly beneficial to india It is because so far it is estimated that india is losing more than 10 billion dollars in revenue each year Due to tax avoidance by the multinational companies. This is an estimate provided by the tax justice network Which is an advocacy group consisting of coalition of researchers and activists who have a shared concern about tax avoidance tax competitions, etc And according to this tax justice network 10 billion dollars are lost by india every year due to the tax avoidance by mns So others of the view that this global minimum corporate tax could benefit india also since The taxes are imposed on the mns including the technology and internet economy giants Which have so far taken advantage of the loopholes in the global tax system Now as a conclusion author of the editorial has discussed some issues Related with the global minimum corporate tax. Let us see the for example Author has mentioned about the issue of local levies on digital transactions These local levies can be counterproductive to the concept of global minimum corporate tax Also, there is a lack of political will to ensure greater fairness and equity in revenue sharing Which will be acquired through this global minimum corporate tax So these issues need to be sorted out for the effective implementation of this corporate tax at the global level That is all about this discussion in this discussion. We saw in brief about what is global minimum corporate tax Why it was needed? We also saw about DPS and the BPS framework of OECD G20 And we also saw 13 issues around this global minimum corporate tax. Now, let us move on to the next discussion See our next discussion is based on a very rare topic It is about the office of deputy governor of rba The news article mentions that recently government has decided to extend the tenure of deputy governor of rba So let us have a brief introduction about rba. Then we'll have a special focus on the office of deputy governor See rba as you know was established in 1935 It was established in accordance with the provisions of rba act of 1934 So it is a statutory body now the purpose of rba is to regulate the issue of bank notes and keeping of reserves With a view to secure monetary stability in our country In addition to this rba also has the function to have a modern monetary policy framework So as to meet the challenges of an increasing complex economy Now all these efforts are finally aimed at maintaining the price stability as well as keeping the objective of growth in mind I normally note that the affairs of reserve bank are governed by the central board of directors This board is appointed by the government of India and they are appointed in line with the rba act Now this central board of directors consist of governor of rba and deputy governor of rba as full-time members Now our today's focus is on the deputy governor of rba. The deputy governor is in charge of the monetary policy Along with this deputy governors are also in charge of banking supervision and note that one of the deputy governors are Nominated as the vice chairman of board for financial supervision at present We have four deputy governors of rba. Now what about the appointment of deputy governors? Now they are appointed by the central government for a period of three years And note that they are also eligible for reappointment and the age of the person should not be above 60 years To be appointed as deputy governor of rba Other than this there are also other qualifications that a person needs to become the deputy governor of rba First is that the person should have at least 25 years of work experience in public administration This includes having experience at the level of secretary or equivalent in the government of india Secondly the person should also have at least 25 years of work experience in an indian or international public financial institution Then finally she should also have an exceptional merit and track record at the national or international level in the relevant fields So these are some of the points that you should know with respect to the office of deputy governor Now let us move on to the next discussion Now let us take up this article. The news is that recently union cabinet has approved the allotment of five megahertz spectrum in the premium of 700 megahertz band to the railways. Now the railways will use this allotment in the areas of public safety and security services So as per this the news article mentions that railways is planning to introduce long-term evolution or in short LTE based mobile train radio communication And this will be done with the allotment spectrum and this mobile train radio communication will help to prevent train accidents And it will reduce delays by enabling real-time interaction between the Locopilot station master and the control center here The local pilot is a person who is responsible for driving the trains and ensuring the proper maintenance of trains during transit So this communication will help to reduce train accidents and reduce delays and it is estimated that this project will be completed in five years And it is estimated to cost over 25 000 crores So in this context, let us see about long-term evolution or in short LTE See it is a fourth generation wireless standard It provides increased network capacity and speed for cell phones and other cellular devices compared with the third generation technology Now this LTE offers high peak data transfer rates than third generation that is 3g It can provide data transfer up to 100 mpps downstream and 30 mpps upstream It also provides reduced latency scalable bandwidth capacity and it provides Backward compatibility with the existing global system for mobile communication and universal telecommunication service technologies So the railways planning to introduce the LTE based mobile train radio communication So it is a step in the right direction Now this LTE based mobile train radio communication will be used for modern signaling and train protection systems as we saw already It will ensure seamless communication between local pilots and guards Now this will also enable the railways to take up internet of things based remote monitoring That is IoT based remote monitoring, particularly monitoring of coaches, wagons and locals and monitoring live feeds of CCTV cameras in the coaches So in this regard let us also have a brief about IoT that is internet of things See it is the interlinking of digital devices, people, machines, applications and other objects with one another through wireless networks It allows machines and people to be connected to each other and communicate as well And this IoT is considered as the future of internet. Now it has several applications It can be used in our daily life to do small tasks For example, it can be employed to make coffee as soon as the owner of the house returns home Or it can be used in the refrigerator to indicate the quantity of vegetables that need to be bought IoT can also be used in industries to reduce human error to increase efficiency and to improve productivity Then in agriculture also it has applications such as it can enhance the weather forecasting which will increase the overall productivity Now when it comes to healthcare IoT can be employed in better diagnosis of diseases Then companies also use IoT to analyze and predict consumer behaviors And these companies apply target marketing for better return on investment in the advertising campaigns or marketing campaigns Other than this IoT can be used to make cities a better place to live It can be applied in solid waste management, smart power grids, smart energy management systems, etc And government can also use IoT to offer better citizen services So we can see that the potential of IoT is vast and that is why it is said as the future of internet So these are some of the points that you need to know about LTE and IoT. Now let us move on to the next discussion Our next discussion is based on this front page article which talks about MSP The news article mentions that center has increased the MSP for paddy pulses and oil seeds This is one of the most anticipated news in India for Indian economy Since price trends in our country depends a lot on this So in this context, let us discuss about the minimum support price or MSP from example perspective See the prices of agricultural commodities often vary due to various factors in our country If a crop has seen good harvest during a particular year, it may see a sharp fall in its prices Here the fall in prices means lesser profit for the farmers So farmers may not sow that crop in the next year This in turn leads to lesser supply of that particular commodity Now to counter this only, MSP is fixed by the government and this MSP encourages higher investments and production of crops So what is this MSP? It is the minimum price set by the government for certain agricultural products At which the products would directly be bought from the farmers if the open market prices are lesser than the cost incurred Other than this, MSP is also the form of government intervention to ensure the farmers against a steep decline in prices of their goods And it also helps the farmers to prevent losses I note that the government of India sets MSP twice a year That is one for the Rabi season and the other for the Khareef season And one of the benefits is that when the market prices fall below the declared MSP Then also the government would purchase the entire quantity from the farmers at MSP only It will not reduce the MSP rate And here note that MSPs are declared during the sowing season So it helps the investors that is the farmers to make a planned investment into a crop They can decide which crop will pay them more and based on that they can plant that crop See even though government sets the MSP, it is based on the recommendations by CACP That is Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices It recommends minimum support price But note that this recommendation is not binding on the government Now while determining the prices, CACP considers various factors such as it considers the entire structure of the economy of a particular commodity or a group of commodities It considers the cost of production It considers the changes in input prices It considers input-output price parity It considers the trends in market prices It considers demand and supply It considers the inter-crop price parity It also considers effects on industrial cost structure, cost of living, effect on the general price level, international price situation, etc etc Now note that government as of now covers more than 20 crops under MSP And this includes the cereals, pulses, oil, seeds, rock, cotton, raw jute, cobra, virginia, flue, cured, tobacco, sugarcane etc But here you should note that sugarcane is special Because in case of sugarcane, we do not call it as MSP Rather we say it as fair and remunerative price And this fair and remunerative price is issued separately under the sugarcane control order of 1966 Which was given under the Essential Commodities Act of 1955 Now here you should note that this MSP is only an indicative price That is the market price can rise way above or way below MSP depending on the situation But the market factors of supply and demand may create a scenario where the market prices of cereals or pulses may even rise higher than the MSP So this is one of the disadvantages And here you should remember that market players are not legally bound to keep their prices lower or higher than MSP So that is all about minimum support price Now let us move on to the next discussion Our next discussion is based on this editorial article It is about the measures taken by the judiciary for the effective functioning of the justice system So in this discussion, we will see the initiatives such as e-court project interoperable criminal justice system initiative We will also see about hybrid hearing and some other concerns listed by the author regarding some of these measures The syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference So before knowing about the measures, let us see the need for it As per the data released by Supreme Court, there are nearly 3.27 crore cases that are pending before the Indian courts And among them around 85,000 cases are pending for over 30 years And the accumulation of these cases has happened mainly because of delays in justice delivery So it has ultimately caused a greater burden on the court system Now in addition to that, we have the pandemic and the pandemic imposed lockdown Which has led to the restriction of mobility and closure of physical courts And this has further increased the burden on the court system So in this scenario only, the need for information and communications technology enabled court systems has increased manifold And one of such systems is the e-court project See this e-courts project was conceptualized on the basis of national policy and action plan For implementation of information and communication technology in the Indian judiciary It is originally conceptualized in the year 2005 But its implementation has been in a phased manner only The phase one and phase two have dealt with digitization of the judiciary To make it more clear, these two phases of the e-court project dealt with actions like e-filing, tracking cases online, uploading judgments online, etc And the phase three of the project adopts an ecosystem approach to achieve its commitments This approach is to fulfill commitments which also include the already listed commitments Such as the digitization of court processes Then it includes plans to upgrade the electronic infrastructure of the judiciary It also includes enabling access to lawyers and litigants, etc And this is the whole model of ecosystem approach under this phase three of the project Now here you should note that this e-court project is governed and is under the oversight of e-committee of the supreme court Now the vision of this e-committee is to transfer the judicial system of the country by ICT enablement of courts Also note that the e-courts project is monitored and funded by the department of justice under the ministry of law and justice So these points are important from the prince perspective. Now, this is one of the initiative. That is the e-courts project Now the second initiative is the interoperable criminal justice system initiative In short, ICJS, it is an initiative of the e-committee of supreme court Now the aim of this ICJS is to enable seamless transfer of data and information among different pillars of criminal justice system This includes sharing of information among courts, polis, jails and forensic science laboratories from one platform Now in this regard, there is another initiative which has played a major role in this pandemic Which is the hybrid hearing in courts, which is mentioned by this news article See, recently the e-committee chairperson, justice Chandrak Chul, has written to the chief justice of high courts In which he has stressed that hybrid hearings will have to continue due to the pandemic situation It is because in this pandemic, physical hearings cannot be conducted See here, this hybrid hearing is nothing but the integration of physical hearing of cases along with conducting court proceedings through video conferences So here also the ICT has been used for justice delivery So these are some of the measures taken by the judiciary to carry out its day to day functions Now suddenly, these topics are in use because the draft vision document for phase 3 of e-courts project has been released recently only And this phase 3 draft vision document has invited criticism due to certain negative effects that it could cause See, this third phase of the project, as we already saw, it suggests a seamless exchange of information between various branches of the state This means information will be shared between judiciary, police and the prison system continuously But here the point to be noted is that the data creation mainly happens at the local police stations And such data creation at police stations have historically contributed to criminalization of entire communities through colonial era laws according to the authors Here the authors have cited the laws such as the Criminal Tribes Act of 1871 Under these acts, certain communities itself were labeled as habitual offenders So the authors criticized that the measure of data sharing will only lead to increasing of existing class and caste inequalities And this issue is further exacerbated by the second concern regarding this third phase project It is that this third phase creates a 360 degree profile of each person See, this 360 degree profile of individuals is done by integrating all of their interactions with government agencies into a unified database We can say that the courts could reasonably benefit from their access to police and prison records But the issue is that such 360 degree profile of individuals may also lead to profiling and surveillance Like how it was done using the criminal tribes act where a particular community itself was labeled as habitual offender Then, other than this, another area of concern is that the data collected, shared and collated through the eCourts project will be housed within the home ministry under the ICJS But here there is no clear explanation as to why the home ministry needs to access code data which have no relation to criminal law In addition to this, the data exchanges happens means there will be large scale gathering and storage of data also Which means if the data are not secured properly, there will be breach of privacy So author worries that the privacy of individuals have not been dealt effectively by these initiatives Especially the eCourts project and the authors have also urged the supreme court to not violate the privacy standards Set by it in the Putta Swami versus union of India case law So these are some of the issues mentioned by the author regarding the third phase of eCourts project So before implementation of the third phase, the supreme court should address these issues And at the same time it should ensure that free and fair justice is delivered. So that is all about this discussion Now let us move to the next one. Our next discussion is based on this news article It talks about the newly notified national park of Assam It is the Dehing Padkai National Park and it has become Assam's seventh national park And remember that few days before only another national park of Assam was created And this was the sixth national park of Assam and it is the Raimona National Park Now this Raimona National Park, it is in the western Assam in the Kokrajar district of Assam Now today our focus will be on Dehing Padkai National Park only And note that it is situated in the Dibru Gurd and Thinsukhya civil districts of Assam And note that biogeographically it falls under the northeast Brahmaputra valley Now it is an important evergreen rainforest of India Also it is one of the prime habitats of primates, elephants and a few critically endangered species of animals and birds Now some of the five endangered mammal species in this landscape include a tiger, wild dog, elephants, hoolock, gibbon and Gansetic dolphin. It also includes endangered birds such as long-billed vulture, white-winged wood duck and greater adjutant stork Now in this you should note that this hoolock gibbon, it is the flagship species of this national park and also the Dehing Padkai Wildlife Sanctuary. It is the only western ape found in India. And note that this hoolock gibbon is protected under Schedule 1 of IELF Protection Act and it is also listed under Appendix 1 of Sites And note that it is also the prime habitat of Asiatic Elephant. This is an important fact Now the globally critically endangered tree species of vatical ansiophilia is also among the plants of conservation importance in this area So these are some of the points that you should know about the Dehing Padkai National Park and remember that the other five national parks of Assamar, Kaziranga National Park, Manas National Park, Nameri National Park, Urang National Park and Dipru Saikhova National Park And among these Kaziranga National Park and Manas National Park are UNESCO World Heritage Natural Sites So that is all about this discussion. So with this we have come to the end of news articles discussion session Now let us move on to practice questions discussion. Let us take up this first question It is a two statement question. First statement is spear fishing is targeted in nature Where emails are carefully designed to target a particular user or company. This statement is correct We saw this during discussion. We saw that spear fishing is a type of fishing where the emails are particularly targeted on a particular individual or organization Now the second statement is smishing is a social engineering attack that exploits text messages Whereas wishing leverages voice communications. Now this statement is also correct It is because both these are types of fishing only when sms or text messages are used for fishing It is known as smishing. Actually smishing is a shot for sms fishing. So it exploits text messages. This is correct Now wishing exploits voice communications and it is shot for voice fishing. So this statement is also correct But here be careful. The question asks for the incorrect statements, but none of the statements are incorrect So the correct answer is option d neither one nor two Now this next question asks section 69 of the information technology act 2000 Frequently seen news is related to exemption from liability of intermediary in certain cases punishment for sending offensive messages through communication services punishment for cyber terrorism Power to issue directions for interception of any information through any computer source And from the discussion you can say that option d is the correct answer Now note that this first option is related to section 79 and the second option You should actually know this option as incorrect because this particular point is related to section 66 a Of it act which was struck down by the supreme court in 2015 in the shreyas single versus union of india case And this option c is related to section 66 f of it act Now this next question is regarding msp first statement is they are determined during the harvest season Now this statement is incorrect because during discussion itself We saw that they are determined during the sowing season because Based on this the farmers can decide which crop to cultivate Now let us take the second statement. It mentions zayad and kharif seasons are taken into focus Now this statement is also incorrect. See here zayad season is the season in between the rabbi and kharif seasons It is a short season during the summer months and some of the crops produced during zayad are Watermelon musk melon cucumber vegetables and photo crops So based on this itself, we can say that zayad is not a part of msp rather rabbi and kharif seasons are taken into account And here the question asks for the correct statements, but both the statements are incorrect So the correct answer is option d neither one nor two Now this next question is a previous a question which was asked in 2018 Here the question asks in the context of emerging communication technologies Which one of the following terms best applies to the above scenario? And if you read this paragraph, you can say that the correct answer is option b internet of things We saw that iot has a broad scope and vast potential and goal behind iot is to have devices That self report in real time to improve efficiency and to bring important information to the surface More quickly than a system which depends on human intervention So the correct answer is option b now this next question is based on deputy governor of rba First statement is he or she is appointed by the governor of reserve bank of india This statement is incorrect. We saw that deputy governor and governor are appointed by the central government Second statement is the person appointed as deputy governor is eligible for reappointment. This statement is correct We saw this during discussion and here be careful. The question asks for the incorrect statements So the correct answer is option a one only now this next question asks The Nagorno-Karabakh region recently seen in news is a disputed landlocked territory between Russia and Ukraine Turkey and Iran, China and Philippines, Armenia and Azerbaijan and the correct answer is option d Now with respect to option a we can say that Russia and Ukraine have dispute mainly over the Crimean peninsula And China and Philippines dispute mainly over the scarborough shoal in south china sea now here We have given you two main questions based on gs paper 2 you can write the answers for these questions And post it in the comment section for peer review with this we have come to the end of today's hindi news analysis If you like the video, don't forget to like comment and share and do subscribe to shankar is academy youtube channel for more updates related to civil service examination preparation Thank you