 Hello, I am Dr. Sirish Kumar Kashi, Professor in Department of Civil Engineering, Valachan Institute of Technology, Solapur, presenting a topic, water resources of India. Learning outcomes of this session, the students will be able to describe water resources of India, they will be able to describe irrigation development in India, coverage, rainfall patterns in India, water resources of India at a glance, and irrigation development in India. Now, this is a map which shows the geography of India. So, these are the Himalayas, these are the North Indian plains, this is a Deccal Plateau, these are the Western Guards, these are the Eastern Guards. According to geography, the rivers flow and they have defined their own channels. Now, this map gives us idea about the major rivers. So, this is a Ganga Basin, Brahmaputra enters here in Arunachal Pradesh, here this is the Narmada river, here this is Tapir river, Godavari originating from Nashik, Trambikeshpur, Bhima originating from Bhima Shankar, Krishna originating from Mahabaleshpur, this is Tungabhadra river, this is Kaveri river, and so on. These are the river basins of India, this is Ganga Basin, this is Narmada Basin, this is Tapir Basin, Godavari Basin, Krishna Basin, Pinar Basin, Kaveri Basin, and Vagibasin. This is the annual rainfall pattern over India. So, we observe that heavy rainfall takes place in Konkan region, heavy rainfall also takes place in say Eastern states of India, whereas very low rainfall takes place in say Rajasthan, low rainfall also takes place in some parts of Gujarat, some parts of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and so on. We find the variation of annual rainfall over India right from say 20 centimeter even up to say 1000 centimeter. So, this automatically keeps the distribution of water resources also uneven all over the country. This is another figure which shows Mansur rainfall over India and the dark color show the greater rainfall, the faint color show the lesser rainfall. So, we find the Konkan region and Eastern states having higher rainfall. The major water resources are contained in our North Indian rivers. So, these rivers are say Ganga, Yamuna, Gagra, Gandak, Khosi, Deesta and also tremendous flow of water is observed in Brahmaputra which enters here in Eastern part of India. So, this is a quantification of land and water resources of India which we should know. The geographical area of our country is 328.7 million hectares. Population according to 2011 census is 1 to 10.19 million. Rainfall variation is there right from 100 millimeter in western India to even 11,000 millimeter in eastern most region. There are 12 number of major river basins, 12 number having total catchment area of 253 million hectares. Medium size river basins having catchment area between 2000 and 20,000 square kilometers are 46 in number and total navigable length of important rivers is 14,464 kilometers. Average annual rainfall over India is 1190 millimeter which is also equal to 4,000 billion cubic meter in volume minutes. Typically annual rainfall of 2018 was 1074 millimeter. Mean annual natural runoff is 1,869 billion cubic meter. Total utilizable water is 1,123 billion cubic meter. Estimated utilizable surface water potential out of this is 690 billion cubic meter and total replenishable groundwater resources in typically in 2013 were observed to be 432 billion cubic meter. Ultimate irrigation potential of India is 139 million hectares and out of that 76 million hectare we can have from surface water and 64 million hectares we can have from the groundwater. Storage available due to completed major and medium projects including live capacity less than 10 million cubic meter is to 53 billion cubic meter and estimated additional likely live storage available due to projects under construction in due course of time is 155 billion cubic meter. Total cultivable land of India is 182.2 million hectares. Out of that gross zone area is 198.4 million hectares. Net zone area is 140.1 million hectares. Let us discuss about the land resources. Total cultivable land is 182.2 million hectares. Irrigation potential created out of this land is for 113.5 million hectares. Gross irrigated area in 2014-15 was 96.5 million hectares and net irrigated area was 68.4 million hectares. We use water for hydropower also so ultimate hydropower potential of India is 148701 megawatt and potential developed by end of 2018 is 45293 megawatt. It means there is good scope for harvesting hydropower in due course of time. So, this is another table which quantifies the water resources at glance. So, average annual potential flow in rivers if we find it is about 1869 kilometer cube. Out of that estimated utilizable water resources are 1123 and the distribution of that in form of surface water ground water is in this way. Estimated water need in 2050 will be reaching up to 1450 kilometer cube and at that time estimated deficit will go up to 327 kilometer cube. So, we are trying to make water available by interlaking of rivers and that one can expect that 200 kilometer cube of additional water will be available if we transfer the water of say North Indian rivers to the South India. Now, we will discuss major and medium water resources projects taken up and completed up to 11th plan. So, projects taken up by end of 11th plan where 399 major projects 1136 medium projects to 65 ERM projects. So, including pre-plan and up to 11th plan for 37 major projects were undertaken and out of that 295 are completed. So, out of total 2017 projects we have completed at the end of 11th plan 1452 projects and still we are working on 565 water resources products. Now, this particular graph gives us the idea about the irrigation potential developed through major and medium water resources projects. So, we observe that in pre-plan period there were just 10 million hectares of land receiving irrigation water, but in due course of time. So, up to say 2012 we have reached up to say 48 million hectare of potential created for irrigation. Now, all those figures which we have discussed just now in cumulative manner are shown here. So, by end of 2012 we observed that 35.01 million hectare of irrigation potential is created and utilized. So, here there is reflection spot. Per capita availability of water in India is, these are the options. Answer is 1588 cubic meter. Estimated utilizable water resources of India are, these are the options. Answer is 1123 billion cubic meter. Estimated hydropower potential of India is, these are the options. Answer is 148701 megawatt. So, the conclusions are India receives about 80 percent rainfall in months of June to September. Distribution of water resources over India is highly uneven. India is continuously working on irrigation development. Per capita annual availability of water in India is 1588 cubic meter. Estimated utilizable water resources of India are 1123 billion cubic meter and estimated hydropower potential of India is 14871 megawatts. Special thanks to Balchan Institute of Technology, Sholapur and IDP in Education Technology, IIT, Bombay. These are the references. Thank you.