 Well, today we would continue with the socio-cultural causes behind psychological disorders. We had already talked about the importance of the significance of violence and how it can become a primary responsible cause for several type of psychological problems. We did take into account the fact that large number of clinical symptoms which was later on known to the practicing world, the scientific world, the research community, the academic community, large chunk of that has been an outcome of the world war, second world war especially. Some peculiar type of human behavior was even identified, it was later on listed in the DSM classification which was basically a by-product of the Vietnam War. There has been a whole history of how violence that persists in the culture keeps on influencing the psyche of an individual. And if you have seen the visuals from Middle East right now, many a times you would realize that you have very disturbing type of visuals. Now, imagine a situation that we at a distance of few thousand kilometers find only the visual to be so disturbing, how disturbed the individuals who would have actually been experiencing it, they might be feeling. In fact in our own country especially two specific regions of our country selected part of the north eastern region of India and Jammu and Kashmir that region. There has been a whole lot of study, less from a psychological view point because it is very difficult to get the primary data in most of the cases. But mostly studies which are part of media studies, which are part of sociological studies and if you combine them together you would realize that this whole issue of violence which has persisted in certain geographical locality for more than a decade, how it has adversely affected the psyche of the individuals. I must tell you several years back there was a painting competition for the children who belong to the north eastern region. I am sure you must be aware that the armed forces they conduct good will tour for school going children, which are basically like taking children from these conflict regions. They arrange for their tour to India and then these children are made to go for tour to some selected regions of the country. The reason being is that first you get a chance to see the rest of the India, two you get a chance to appreciate the non-existence of conflicting involvement and three and most important for them that is that you realize that armed forces is your friend not your enemy. So, a part of one such exercise was this painting competition for the children from the north east and it was very surprising to see that the children who wore from the north eastern region a large majority of them had painted some or the other reflection of violence. So, either you have killing, you have bloodshed, even you have a cynic beauty you have somebody carrying a gun. So, now children right from the beginning those who have seen only such type of situation for them life is all together much more different. You must be aware we had discussed this case of the conflict between when this Bosnia-Arjagovina conflict was on the army commander who ordered for a gang rape finally, got the women tested if they have been impregnated or not. And then later on you know talking to the court of law and saying that this was something like a victory forever we had discussed this very example here in the class. So, these are situations which makes you realize that you are really at risk and because you are at risk you realize now that certain changes automatically starts coming within you. Now, this violence was at a larger scale when you realize that the whole of the geographical region where you are living is under constant threat and the threat is for your own survival the threat is also for the survival of your loved ones. There could be a situation where you have violence within the family. So, now it is very limited area, but then once again you become the primary victim of the violence inflicting situation. And this is usually a case where you realize that two or more members of the family they are mostly engaged in conflicting situation and the conflict usually tends towards some degree of violence. And usually you find that it is not an individual family, but the whole locality has some type of violence prone type of a behavior. We have certain segments in our country I do not know how many of you have been to sociology courses, but in sociology you come to know that the way the notification for the tribal community was done in our country. Few tribes were identified that these are the tribes you know which are engaged into unlawful activities the way the law was defined at that time they were defined that these are the tribes they were identified and that was a long list. And right after independence the government of India decided that they will start rehabilitating these tribes making them realize that what you do basically is an unlawful act, theft for example, stealing for example, prostitution for example. All these were you know categorized in the constitution of India as illegal activities and then the government had a long list of tribes saying that fine these are the tribes which are mostly engaged into such type of activities. And whole you know a government machinery was put into place so that these tribes can be rehabilitated they can be you know offered some type of livelihood and the primary intention was to disengage them from doing whatever they were involved simply because what they were involved was unlawful according to the constitution of India. I do not know if you are aware that very close to IIT you know in the Kalyanpur region you have one such tribe which was rehabilitated. So, if you are interested you can dig out the details you can still find their houses there it was the government plan to rehabilitate them here. Now, these were basically the attempts to make the whole of a geographical region or surgical part of any geographical region much more conducive enough for the survival of human beings. But even in cases even in the last module when we were talking about aggression one important thing about aggression was that if you are born and brought up in an environment which is full of violence full of aggression then you start somehow repeating it reflecting it in your behavior. You do not find wrong in doing whatever otherwise would be considered to be an errorful not doable type of an act. Psychologically speaking two things are important over here one that repeated exposure of violence will know make you gradually become desensitized to such acts. You would find a student among your own group who would be very sensitive to even as a some type of a name call for example or if you use a slang for that very individual that individual takes it as a great insult. If that individual has lived in an environment where such things are not practiced it is a very decent type of a living where you realize that such words are not used. Similar to you know children who are born and brought up in an environment where on the minus you know minutest of the error that you commit you receive a physical punishment and there would be a huge difference between these things. Similarly if you are born and brought up in a family in an environment where you know guns, shouts, knives know these things are easily available very generously used pre and post uses you can see very conveniently. You become very desensitized to these things very close to Kanpur it our onwards when you start moving towards the west carrying weapon is usually considered to be an object of pride. You do not consider it to be indecent act and more and more you move towards the stern side such things are not considered to be a replicable act that is basically the difference in terms of how gradually you get desensitized because children when they are born when they are growing up they do not know whether it is stern or the western part of a given province they are not aware of the social norm they are not aware what is legal what is illegal it is basically what you see in your surrounding and you start gradually imitating it. But the worst comes from a psychological angle when you realize that you hit somebody you do it very conveniently very generously and you do not repent for it and the extreme of it would be that you shoot somebody you stab somebody and then take pride in doing that and so as to prove your power that how powerful you are you can stab whoever you want you can kill somebody whoever you want and you are above law. So abusing slapping stabbing killing none of these are cause of concern for you and because you are you get gradually exposed to it therefore there is certain degree of psychological numbness to such type of experiences this is what is called as systematic desensitization in psychology. So violence the worst thing that it does to you is that is to makes you extremely condition to certain format of behavior which otherwise is not considered to be a healthy format of behavior one and two in such type of situations which otherwise causes deep sense of pain to others it does not hurt you anywhere. Problem comes from a pathological view point when either you over do start when you start over doing that this would mean that you become a psychopath or when you are under sustained fear and then you start showing a whole range of symptoms gradually we will come to know many of those symptoms but this is the whole story behind you know these type of socio cultural environment. Then another important thing where you have prejudice against a group and therefore one smaller group which is discriminated compared to the majority who rules the community and I am sure you must be aware of certain things that was later on in inculcated as policy matter in our country I will come to it little later but right from the beginning if you read you know the cultural history of our country you would realize that selecting individuals or group of individuals based on their caste, class, creed, sect, religion this was too common until later you find certain things being happening and that was a way wherein a group of individuals were always deprived of certain privileges that another set of individuals used to enjoy even in our epics you find the description of it you take Ramayana for example and you realize that Ram when he was he returned back and became the king he was told that there is somebody in your kingdom called Shambukh who belongs to lower class and he is not supposed to know live a sagely life and Ram went and assassinated him killed him that you belong to certain group and it is the privilege of the Brahmins to practice this and therefore you do not deserve to live in Mahabharata you find the same description when you have you know what was his name Karn okay willing to learn from the same guru and Ronacharya refuses him and says that fine because you do not belong to the Chhatriya clan therefore you would be deprived of the privilege of sharpening your skill okay with in the same Mahabharata you find the description when I am still not getting the name the boy who you know consider to Dronacharya as his guru and practiced on his own a club where you know you have whole lot of description so right from epics till today you would realize that there is a whole set of you know discrimination that is somehow inbuilt in the culture the way we live now if you realize that there you have deliberately been you know taken out from the group and certain disadvantage is put to you this itself in turn could be extremely detrimental for your mental health whole set of things you can realize we have talked about the biological causes behind certain type of psychological disorders at that time we had talked about mental retardation what I must tell you that if you statistically look at those who are mentally retarded approximately 3 to 5 percent of mentally retarded are retarded not because of biological reason but because of sociocultural reasons okay something that should actually not happen but it happens okay in psychology you would find good amount of literature on sensory deprivation okay that you are deprived of certain sensory stimulation okay in the formative years of your life and therefore certain domains of your brain does not grow the way it should actually have evolved okay and coming back to the example that I told you that we will take up later in our country you know somebody at AIMS the All India Institute of Medical Sciences conducted whole lot of research to force the government convince the government force it to you to inbuilt it in a plan suggesting that no iodine deficiency is extremely important for individuals because it has to do with cognitive development because it has also to do with the whole problem of thyroid deficiency okay but recently if you look at the set of research especially the type of research being conducted within our own country in terms of certain nutritional deficiencies and the under development that takes place in the brain and under development studied on the basis of the functional magnetic resonance then you realize that even but I mean B1 vitamin B12 the deficiency of these two vitamins is also extremely common in our country okay and because you are a deficient on say B1 or B12 finally your brain gets affected okay somehow this is still not part of our policy and therefore we have iodine based salt but we do not have food ingredients where the government policy ensures that you have B1 and B12 in the food or supplementary stuff okay so somehow it has been realized you know that if you have been deliberately deprived of certain privileges on the basis of certain discrimination that the society practices it itself you know could backfire okay and it could lead to both the types of things know either you know it induces certain type of psychological problem within you or it could even lead to certain degree of you know in built aggressive tendency within you because you would definitely ensure that you flout the cap that has been put above you important thing once again is also the continuous struggle that you have to make in terms of making your life very very stable okay a large chunk of our population which has to continuously struggle for food both the times there are shocking statistical figure if you look at them okay that is a large percentage of the population in our country which has the opportunity of having the food only once in a day means you cannot have two meals in a day okay large large population okay and especially in last 10 15 years a shocking statistical figure is now becoming glaringly visible which is that those who could afford okay have become much more affluent and can afford more and those who were deprived and did not had the opportunity to afford the meals two time they have become much more poorer okay this is again a very different type of skewed development that we find in our society rich becoming more richer and poor becoming more poorer okay this is again a very different type of thing but we are any of not right now not looking at things from a demographers viewpoint what we are primarily suggesting is that if you have to continuously struggle for your survival you gradually realize that certain things by default will start reflecting in your behavior know for example anxiety okay now somebody who has continuously been struggling and is completely unsure about what is going to happen say for my evening meal okay you are bound to remain anxious all through know because there is a great degree of uncertainty that has been inbuilt you live in a hutment and you always know have a looming fear that any day know the municipal corporation bulldozer can come and destroy the whole hutment where we live okay now if you live with such type such type of uncertainty in your life okay it is bound to know make you very very susceptible to certain type of psychological problems and very interesting is the last point that is the whole speed at which the changes are taking place know the whole know accelerating social changes does not allow you to adapt to you with the frequency okay with the speed at which the changes takes place all changes will take place very rapidly okay and you take time to know adapt to it by the time you adapt to one know change that has taken place within that time another big change will come into being you can ask your grandparents and in many cases when your parents would narrate you very interesting stories stories that you have not seen okay large part of it we saw right from our adolescent years till adulthood okay where many many new things were introduced know especially for example the whole railway reservation for example okay even earlier days you asked all those who had to travel and work planning to get their seats reserved in the train okay they would have to stand in the queue you know one day in advance say approximately 12 hours in advance the earlier graduates of IIT Bombay will tell you that you know during vacation when they had to come to this part of the country okay the whole night they would spend on the platform okay waiting in the queue okay because it was very difficult to get a reserved seat in the train okay less number of trains and then it was everything was too manual too slow so right from the manual days know to a time when now we have all types of internet based booking okay imagine you know those who were you know caught in between okay those who were habitual of doing this okay how they would have switched to completely online based things I can share a very interesting example with you a couple of years back I was traveling in a train and one of my co-passenger happened to be the one who was given the responsibility of training these railway booking clerks the first set of railway clerks okay who were into manual mode okay and they were you know supposed to be trained on computer how to do the reservation and he was you know narrating all his experience very interesting thing that he shared with me was that every day three or four systems will have certain problems okay there will be some technical snack and the concerned trainee will say that fine fine said the system is not working okay and the whole intention was know that any how I should get rid of this so great degree of reluctance and then what he did was he said that I introduced that card games on the PC you know so the moment these card games were loaded okay none of the system used to crash none of the system used to develop technical snack all of them enjoyed playing the card game so first one or two day was invested only in the card game okay and then gradually okay those who were shifter in playing the games on their pieces these games were deleted and then they will complain and then finally no because you have proven your ability in playing the card game this means that you can operate a PC now start doing the reservation okay and this is how they were trained okay in those days I still even I remember no going to a reservation counter asking somebody who is doing it using a PC and who would take a longer time compared to know what a manual booking would take okay and I won't take the name but I know a very prestigious institute of this country where when the first time in the PC was introduced the head of that unit would say that this should not be switched on no typing would take place on the PC okay he would ask his clerk the office clerk to type it on a manual typewriter he would correct it manually when all corrections are done manually then he will ask the operator now type it on the PC okay and this is not a very old story hardly 40 year old story perhaps 40 year old story okay in one of the most prestigious institutes of this country okay these are interesting changes what I am trying to say is that technology will come very swift adaptation takes longer time when I say ATM machines were introduced okay whole lot of problem no I know I am sure you must be aware of this that all banks had to know introduce one special feature in their ATM machines that if you do not press a button for a certain time it will ask you that do you need more time okay because it was realized that people had great degree of difficulty because they will read all the instructions okay and many things would be confusing for them no cash withdrawal versus fast cash okay now how do I decipher what means what okay problem was also in terms of no ATM machines of different banks touch screen versus buttons okay buttons on both the sides versus button only on the right hand side okay and especially in user design you will find lot many studies on motor functioning the speed of motor functioning versus that speed of transaction on the screen okay and how no the whole struggle for this ATM machine took place okay there you will find even interesting cases like no special type of mobile handsets designed for elderly group okay because they will they want very high volume they want very minimal functions okay and they want larger buttons so that even with the shake of the hand if I press one only one should be precise not that by the time it reaches the no handset it goes to three that should not happen but another shocking part of this accelerating social change that we have not realized okay is no the whole set of the youth who considers that they are very good at in in terms of shifting from one to the other module okay but then there is a whole lot of no changes that has taken place okay when we talk of accelerating social changes it is only 55 plus who have difficulty especially 60 plus and usually no you would realize 40 45 plus who would reluctantly accept technology and that too very selectively okay but one important segment your age group okay which is you know usually considered to be very what you call dynamic young age group which never shows any problem with adapting to any technology but when you look at the psychiatric clinic the changes that has taken place in last 20 years okay you would realize that a large number of patients going to psychiatric clinics with especially two types of psychological disorders are the young age group your age group okay anxiety attacks panic anxiety and obsessive compulsive disorder these two are nowadays in last 20 years it is largely the younger population which has gone to the clinic with these symptoms and one of the primary responsible you know change reason for that could be the speed at which they have to adapt to different types of things okay now we come to the psychological causes nature intensity duration and appraisal of the life circumstances how life has been for you one how intense has been you know the experiences that you had the duration of those life experiences but far more important the appraisal process you remember even with respect to adjustment and maladjustment we had talked about the appraisal mechanism you remember goal congruent and go long incongruent emotions and the appraisal of those emotions and finally how they influence the adjustment similarly it's of course the nature the intensity the duration of certain types of life experiences does matter but what matters far more is that you know how one you know goes for appreciating those experiences there could be life experiences okay which could be extremely adverse but then later on you remove certain part of it the good part of human being is that after an episode is over and a time has passed okay we have a tendency of reflecting the upon our past dragging few life experiences and when we recollect those experiences largely those are life experiences minus the emotional valency say for example you gave your mid semester seats for reevaluation okay and you were returned it back saying that fine this is what finally is the score no change has taken place and you find very bad okay you feel it's terrible thing to happen to you five years down the line ten years down the line when you recollect that experience it comes only as an experience no no this nature of the the valency of that emotion is lost so it's neither happy nor sad you just say it happened once okay many of adverse life experiences comes this way but that largely depends on you know how you know actually get into the appraisal process of the life experiences we have talked about it you know when we were going through a stress and post-traumatic stress I am just you know touching it once again the whole issue of you know accommodating experiences versus assimilating experiences okay so whether you accommodate your experience whether you assimilate your experience and then when you recollect your experiences okay is it that you go in a diminutive state okay or is it that you know are much more into the reflective state okay so more and more diminutive individual you become more and more prone you become to certain type of psychological problems no more and more reflective you are you accepted that fine it happened to me but I know it happens to many individuals I don't know why I was selected for this type of life experience but anyhow it has happened I have experienced it I have learned something from it I have become much more grown up much more mature okay that could be one way of looking at it and if you look at life from this point of view okay then you realize that your susceptibility to certain type of psychological problems minimizes okay Another important thing is the maternal deprivation no if you are deprived of that you know nurturance affection love care concerned okay you have to pay you might have to pay some psychological price for it there are once again you know interesting studies in psychology where you know you will find that the effect of deprivation has been seen right now we were referring to sensory deprivation okay in terms of maternal deprivation you cannot know isolate a human child from the mother and say that now you are put an in in now you are put in an experimental setup and for too long years you will be without your mother and I will see the effect on your psychology that thing is not possible on human babies but you will find a couple of studies on animal babies no especially monkeys chimpanzees okay because they are considered to be much more closer to the human race therefore you would find couple of studies and one very interesting study you will find is where the baby monkey was kept in a cage okay and it was all artificial mothers kept in different cages no so it was a wire mesh basically with a head of a mother monkey okay so it all wire mesh with the artificial head versus when you have a furry type of a cover over the wire mesh okay and then it was realized that whenever this loud sound will be generated in the cage this baby monkey will by default go and catch hold of the wire mesh even if it is wire mesh the baby monkey will go and catch hold of it okay there are very interesting video clips of it no you must watch it sometime okay that how fear forces you to select an object and surrender to it saying that fine you can only safeguard me okay and you can see it in human babies no the moment the child realizes that there could be you know situation which is too scary okay or the child cannot comprehend whether it is good or bad okay for its survival the child will immediately go and surrender to the mother mother herself could be at risk okay but the child always feels that I am at the safest hand in the world okay now it has been realized over studies that absence of such caring figure in the early stages of life could make you pay a psychological price for it and certain type of psychological disorders are largely you know I can imagine that it could the chances of having those symptoms are higher in those who have experienced such type of deprivation in their life then comes the pathological family pattern okay the family itself has no certain type of disturbance that lies within even in socio-cultural pattern we were talking about no violence that persists within the family here we are talking about the pathogenic type of pattern that persists in the family all psychological disorders you will find that no a certain percentage is dedicated to biological transmission that is the chromosomal transmission and another but the bigger percentage is dedicated to this pathological family pattern that if others in your family had this type of problems then the chances of you showing it some time in your life increases maladaptive type of family structure there is a great degree of disharmony within the pattern within the family okay interpersonal relationship that the individual has seen or himself or herself has maintained okay has certain degree of pathology okay and if you have been under the influence of severe stress for a sizable duration of time okay then also the chances are that you can develop some problems like this what we would do now is that we would broadly look at two categories of psychological disorders that are traditionally talked about that is the neurotic disorders and the psychotic disorders and what we would do is that based on certain criteria we would look at the basic difference between the neurotic and the psychotic type of problems remember that our primary focus is still on going into the diagnostic details of the personality disorders and the adjustment disorders but before we do that we will see this broad distinction in terms of general behavior if you look at the neurotic and the psychotic patterns of disorders and you compare them you realize that the neurotics have the maladaptive avoidance behavior okay they also show certain mild to moderate degree of impairment in terms of their personal and social functions that they perform okay and therefore if you realize that there is an attempt to adjust but it is maladaptive and largely it is avoidant in nature 1 2 in terms of personal and social function you realize that the individual shows certain degree of mild to moderate degree of impairment if you have been a victim of one type of a neurotic disorder compared to it in the case of psychotic disorders okay there are severe personality decompensations no so you show the nature of the problem becomes much more severe okay in the case of neurosis it was mild to moderate impairment compared to that in the case of psychosis marked impairment is seen okay in terms of contact with reality okay and therefore the impairment that is seen in terms of personal and social functioning is also very very severe in nature okay in terms of nature of symptoms okay in neurosis there is wide range of psychological and somatic symptoms okay but what is very good is that you do not have any hallucination okay means you do not see or listen things in the absence of it or other extreme deviations in thought emotion or motor activity is also not seen in the case of neurosis whereas in the case of psychosis you find wide range of symptoms okay and usually they are extreme deviations in terms of thinking in terms of feeling in terms of doing so cognitive, cognitive, effective all the three domains are severely affected in the case of psychosis on both the criteria what you realize is that neurosis the severity is less in the case of psychosis the severity is much higher then comes the difference between these two set of disorders in terms of orientation okay in neurosis there is no usually no orientation problem is not apparent and if there is an impairment of orientation that is of a very slight order okay so you do not get disoriented in terms of environment in terms of time in terms of place in terms of person so who are you where am I okay those things are not seen in the case of neurotic disorders and if there is a possibility that is the slightest of the possibility whereas in the case of psychotic disorders you find that there could be frequent loss of orientation okay with respect to time, place, person in the environment okay so you remember that amulad no ab may kahau so repeatedly that thing can happen no so you are at a different place but psychologically you feel as if you are somewhere else so complete disorientation might take place in terms of insight okay that is attempt to understand the self in neurosis frequently some understanding of own maladaptive behavior is usually seen okay and usually what happens in the case of neurosis is that you feel that I have this thing in my behavior I think others do not have it therefore it might be a problem but you also simultaneously express your inability to control it for example you know that others wash their hand twice they will apply so okay and then they will wash it once they will open the tap and then they will wash it twice and they will see that no there is no stain or no mark of the soap left and that same but when you wash it you wash it three times okay three times you take soap three times you clean your hand you rub it rub to the two palms and then you rinse it okay and you realize that the frequency of washing and the time is spent in washing hand in you is far higher compared to others in your hostel but then simultaneously you also say that no no no but you know I cannot stop it I feel still there might be some jumps no I have seen ads showing that no even after cleaning from certain type of no antiseptics one or two jumps are also shown in the no clean zone so I think there must be something so I clean it twice thrice professional will tell you that this is basically a symptom of OCD you have some obsessive compulsive problem okay you do not you do not know the name you do not know the symptoms and therefore you do not consider it to be a disorder all you consider is that I probably have something but you know I cannot control it that's the sense in neurosis in psychosis there is a marked impairment of understanding of current symptoms and behavior no I am sure you must have heard this joke that once some prime minister visited you know ward of a mental hospital and introduced himself at I am Mr. X the prime minister of India and the person said yes yes before coming here I also used to say that I am the prime minister of the country okay so that's the gross sense of disorientation that you find in terms of self understanding no in the case of psychosis so there is a marked impairment in terms of understanding actually one own self okay and then we come to the physically destructive behavior in neurosis behavior by the neurotic individual is rarely dangerous no it is not injurious okay to anyone including the same individual no if you wash your hand 10 times okay you can wash it to the extent that no your part of your skin starts peeling off okay but other than that no you do not cause harm to anybody including your own self okay but in the case of psychosis in many cases you might realize that the behavior of the individual is detrimental for the self or it is dangerous for others okay and then because we have talked about the causal factors if you compare these two set of disorders in terms of the causal factors then you realize that in for neurosis the emphasis is more on the failure to acquire the needed competency no certain competencies were needed in you and somehow you do not have it okay or you have no learnt to cope with a given situation but your learning is maladaptive what you have learned is not the appropriate way usually broadly you can say that this is what leads to such type of problems compared to that psychosis basically you know it is a maladaptive learning decompensation under excessive stress and in large number of cases it is due to some changes in the biochemistry of the individual no so some neurotransmitter not being secreted to certain level okay and that becomes the reason for one or the other type of psychotic disorders and if you look at the pattern in the clinical practices you would realize that for neurotic disorders usually medicines are not needed you know you provide certain type of counseling you provide certain type of behavior modification techniques certain type of psychotherapies are provided and that can bring the individual back to the normal pattern of behavior no so say if somebody has a say panic attack for example no suddenly you happen to cross the road near this entrance of the literal complex you saw a Tata sumo coming from the other direction at a very fast speed and suddenly you know you had tremor in your entire body you had profuse sweating your heartbeat increased and all that was just for a moment okay then suddenly you regained your consciousness you realized okay I have thankfully I didn't try to cross the road at that time this is a panic attack okay say for example you keep washing your hand multiple times okay you are always you know scared of the fact that no because I came here and sat in the class the chairs I don't know who are the people who sat here and therefore my clothes must have got contaminated no some jumps might have come so every time when you go back to your room okay you remove all your clothes and put a new set okay you could be phobic to know certain type of jumps actually that you never see this could be a phobic reaction okay so for such type of things you do not need you know what you call a drug for it whereas in terms of treatment of psychotic disorders say for example schizophrenia for example paranoia for example unipolar depression for example okay manic depression for example okay now it's these types of psychotic disorders okay the consultant psychiatrist will recommend a drug to you okay you have to depend on certain type of drugs because these are the externally induced chemicals to your body which will finally stabilize the biochemical regulation within the brain and once that biochemical stability is retained in the brain then you know you can simultaneously you know start giving certain type of psychotherapy so that the dependence on the drugs starts reducing okay you cannot make somebody you know completely dependent on the drug for the entire life so that's the basic difference between the neurotic and psychotic disorders tomorrow when we meet we would first talk about the whole set of neurotic disorders we would deliberately ignore psychotic disorders because that is under the purview of the psychiatrist neurotic disorders are something that psychologist would know would be very helpful in terms of getting you out of it so we will look at them the whole range the symptoms and then we would move to what we actually intend to that is adjustment disorders and personality disorders