 It's a shame that Karl van Ackers is leaving because I actually wanted to make a remark on this study on car sharing. So when you just monitor car sharing and you don't look at the institutional logic of those car sharing entities, I think that it leads to confusion. For example, a car sharing for a profit company has entirely different logics than a car sharing association or car sharing a cooperative. For example, and of course I'm ready to admit it if I'm wrong, but I like people like you to actually look at this. For example, the Gage in Ghent has 130 cars and 1,300 people. And I know of similar co-ops and associations in different cities where the study showed that every shared car replaced from 9 to 30 in private cars. And this is because these car sharing associations have a different logic. They are not pushing use of their cars. Okay, I could be wrong, but I think this is something that in other studies should actually be distinguished to look whether the institutional logic of an entity has an effect. And of course my thesis would be that mutualization done right is most of the time really very efficient in termodynamic terms, that it really does diminish the weight of human usage on natural resources. And the good news, if that is true, the good news is of course that we are now pretty much in an era of remitualization and I'm not good at math, but I will say exponential. So I'll give you an example and then you can say what it is. So in Ghent we did a mapping of the urban commons in 2017. We found that there were 50 urban commons in 2008 and 500 in 2016. And I've seen similar countings of the Flanders by Eurikos of Belgium, also studied by Eurikos of the Netherlands by Tino de More. And I've seen Italian and Catalonian studies showing pretty much the same level of growth. So it's not just open source communities and code and numbers of code that are rising exponentially. It's also urban commons that actually redistribute urban provisioning systems in mobility, in habitat, etc. And yes, they're small and marginal, but they're growing substantially. And just very quickly, I think it's important to know that they work rather differently from the entrepreneurial and the public sector. My thesis is that this is a contributive economy. In other words, internal to these productive communities that mutualize resources is that it's a contribution that creates value. So immediately you see the contradiction between an economic system which only recognizes market value, which has to be scarce, scarce in order to have a commodity price, versus a system where, for example, if you contribute code, you create an abundant system, therefore it's outside of the market. It has no market value, but it has an enormous amount of other types of value. And so the contradiction is then, how do we organize this? First of all, internally. So if you study these open protective communities, a few years ago we studied 300 of them. It's called the P2P Value Project. And so the P2P Foundation has a P2P Lab with 10 people based in Greece. And so we looked at how these open productive communities which are usually open collaborative systems, not closed entities. And so basically we found that about three-quarters of them use contributive accounting systems. In other words, they distinguish the internal value system, what people are contributing, and how this can be recognized by the community internally from the flows of money that come in from the market and the state. And they redistribute them internally around different value systems. So as this is happening in the city, so there is a growing interest of cities in mobilizing these civil activities, right? And of course Italy has been the pioneer in this, not just Italy, you might notice. Amsterdam wants to be a common city and is working with two institutions to do this. I met Mayor Park about a month ago. So Seoul already has a sharing city paradigm that wants to move to a common city as a commons. And Sydney has just also received its first commons transition plan. So a number of cities are deciding to find basically public commons cooperation protocols in order to mobilize these civic actions. And of course the idea is that these, a lot of these civil commons-oriented activities are very efficient in terms of the circular economy, that they mutualize, that they use less resources in their activities. And so often when the market and the state are not doing this transition very well, there are actually examples in the city, for example think about CSAs and how they deal with food, that are actually exemplary in terms of a potential transition. So the example of course that has inspired most people in my world is the Italian example. Most of you might not already know this, but I'll just quickly explain the logic. So about 15 years ago, if I remember correctly, there was a constitutional change and the principle of subsidiarity was introduced in the Italian constitution. And then after the water referendum, I think that was in 97, I could be wrong. Anyway, 97% of the Italians rejected the privatization of water. This gave an enormous boost to the commons movement in Italy. So we had then the Bologna Regulation for the Care and Regeneration of the Urban Commons, which is now using more than 200 cities in Italy and mobilizing 800,000 citizens in taking care of common resources in Italian cities. And basically the way this works is quite simple. You have basically usually a city lab or a commons lab, the various names, which is one place where all these citizen initiatives can go to get recognized. And if you're familiar with Ostrom and the studies on natural resource commons, commons need recognition by public authorities, otherwise the police can come tomorrow and you cannot continue the experiment. So basically of that, then they would have a pact of collaboration, which is a kind of agreement of duties and rights between the city and the commons project. And the governance method, at least in Italy, is called the quintuple helix, which is basically the city, the business sector, the official NGOs and the research sectors that are coalescing, four of them to help the fifth, which is the social innovation commons-oriented civic initiatives. Just to give you an example, so if you look for example at the food transition, there is a Belgian study, fian.be, which shows that the cities which have succeeded in the food transition are those that had food transition councils for at least 10 years and that they actually, the ones that integrate the active citizens are the most successful. So it's the, basically we call this contributory democracy. The basically the democratic idea is you have a political coalition which promises climate change and circle economy. Which doesn't advance very fast and then you have citizens who actually do carry out in practice those ideas so therefore they have certain legitimacy to sit in these councils because they have the experience in doing the transition. Okay, so out of all this is growing some kind of commons, political and social movements in different cities. This slide has the one that has the most kind of disturbance for the, anyway. So basically this is what we believe is happening. So we have centralized versus decentralized for preferred versus for benefit. This gives four quadrants and these are four different socio-economic systems that are emerging and growing very fast today. They all exist, they all coexist and co-evolve. But they're four very different models. The first model is the one we know. I call them Prudonian capitalists because they no longer basically hire labor to make profits but they let us exchange and share and they tax the transactions and they take a rent out of the peer-to-peer activities on their platforms. Disabuted capitalism not to be underestimated $800 billion two, three years ago. Now it has gone up and down. I'm not sure if you're aware today, but this is a serious sector in the economy. I happen to live in Chiang Mai in the north of Thailand which is called the capital of global digital nomadic work. We have 25,000 people working in the digital economy which are working, living in Chiang Mai but working for the outside. And we have four crypto meetings a week and we have hundreds and thousands of people who are living already in this economic sector. And what's interesting of course in this shift despite the critique that we can have of it is that they are open collaborative systems. So they are designed to be shared logistical systems and shared accounting systems. And the argument that we would have is that we cannot have a functional circle economy without sharing, without knowledge sharing. And therefore this paradigm where companies and co-ops and people can come in and out but are sharing their data on a distributed ledger is a very important shift in terms of the circle economy because it creates an open transparent system basically. So we call this Stigmergy, the ability to see whether all the other actors in the ecosystem are doing. And of course we talked about car sharing and open source communities so let me go quickly. So the kind of things that we do with this is we try to basically work on the common aspects of these new ecosystems. So I work for SMART for example, SMART.coop maybe some of you are familiar with it. So we are a platform between freelancers and employers. We pay 2% of our income into a mutual guarantee fund which allows us to get our income within seven days instead of three months. After six months we calculate our own salary and then we get all the protection of the social states. We pay taxes and we get full protection in nine different European countries. Why is this interesting? Because all the surplus that is created to our platform is a co-op that we own ourselves and therefore all the surplus is invested in our own ecosystem doesn't go away like in Uber and Airbnb. So this is called the platform co-op movement is emerging worldwide. I was at a second conference in Hong Kong last year so also in Asia etc etc. There's a whole lot of work we do around commodifying and making blockchain ecologically sustainable because it isn't at present so it's collaborative system which is extractive and we also work what we call Cosmo local production. I'll just give you a little example. Yesterday I was in a micro factory which is a fantastic maker space here in Brussels very advanced commons governance and they have one of their one of their projects called Mechanica open source hardware. All the modules that they use in their production are open and reproducible and so therefore they're working with MakerNet and other communities in Africa which are replicating these so the idea there is shared so everything that's light is global and shared and everything that's heavy is local. So Cosmo local production this is one of our priorities and let me quickly then say something about protocol codes by showing you maybe this slide here so this is basically the idea and there's one example in Belgium it's called Partago which is a very small but growing electric car sharing cooperative so the idea is to create global open design depositories for mutualizing provisioning systems so basically all the citizens all the cities today you will have lots of initiatives to mutualize food production shared mobility, shared habitat but it's hyper fragmented field I was in Tuscany 13 pieces of software to order organic food in just one province and just in the social solidarity economy so the idea of a protocol co-op is to basically create leagues of cities ethical finance, big co-ops and to create these common pools of infrastructural software that we can then use and I also think that has a lot of advantages in terms of a circle economy so let's say that Brussels would do something around fair BNB to have more fair apartment sharing for tourists without all the negative externalities of the Airbnb model you know why not create a league of cooperating cities which would collaborate in creating these alternative structures okay I just I don't have much time so I want to conclude with the last study we produced it's called peer-to-peer accounting for planetary survival so maybe to explain the way we work at the peer-to-peer foundation so we are basically an observatory an observatory of commons oriented peer-to-peer driven initiatives globally in every sector of human activity so we have Wiki Wiki.P2Pfoundation.Net with 22,000 articles documenting this shift initiatives, individuals, entities, co-ops I mean anything that has to do with this shift so then of course sometimes we discovered that something is happening specifically and so in this case it was peer-to-peer accounting so what we do is we collate during 18 months usually everything that is emerging in this particular field so we collected about 600 examples of contributive accounting so then every year we produce a synthetic report on one of those topics so the last one is basically a synthesis of what is happening in the fields of accounting now my little argument of why this is important so we have open source collaboration which is now a given but we cannot share material production if we don't have shared accounting so accounting is what is between our decision-making and the material world and so three types of accounting are emerging today which I think are very very important for the future circular economy one is contributive accounting let me quickly explain what that means with a small example let's say we have a collective of translators and we decide to translate for free text on the comments this is a real example so we have 20 people and they are doing this on an ongoing basis collectively these people are creating collective reputational value so the next step is that market players based on that reputation will ask maybe two people over 20 to translate a book you immediately see the problem the problem is a collective creation in the commons of a reputational capital but only a partial marketization which creates problems of equity and so this is why open productive communities are creating these contributive accounting systems because they want to basically find ways that the market value which is realized or the subsidies which are received are distributed in a different way internally so that they keep that equity in mind so very simple this example is you make one accounting system for the free translations one for the paid translations and you make some kind of agreement 15% so 50% of all commercial income goes into the other accounting system which is then used to pay people who were collaborating for free so that's more or less the idea the second kind of accounting which is emerging is flow accounting which I think is also very important because basically double entry book accounting is narcissistic accounting you know what's coming in and coming out you know if your capital and profit are going up or down but you have no vision of the ecosystem so flow accounting is called resources events agents and so basically there's no longer any double entry it simply tells you the place of your transaction in the ecosystem so it's called REA accounting and so we're working with Holochain which is an alternative to blockchain which doesn't have all the issues that the blockchain has so one of the project that we follow is HoloREA which is an attempt to create a global distributed ledger for this kind of flow accounting to allow collaborative ecosystems and then the third one which is one which you know a lot more about it than me but it didn't look specifically a Durban metabolism but we looked at projects like reporting 3.0 I don't know if you're familiar with it I think this is a very interesting idea and they have funding already for their what they call the global thresholds and allocations council so let me give you the image of how this could work so the first level of collaboration is stigmergy right the capacity to adjust your behavior to other people in the ecosystem because you can see what they are doing so that's the first thing the second level is what we call generative market practices so these are market techniques that do not exploit and weaken the human and natural commons so just to give you one example maybe with that one so we have fish coin which is a coin which gives you information about the stocks of fish that can be fished without destroying the self-reproduction of the fish so this is an intelligent money functional complementary currency that is used in one particular sector that can ensure that within that industry there is no overfishing for example so if you read our report you'll find examples of those types of so this is whenever you want to exchange and you need reciprocity in your resources and the third level I think might be interesting to look at and is based on this analysis of like reporting 3.0 is the following so the idea that they propose is basically to have a bunch of scientists that monitor continuously the amount of matter and energy that is available for humanity at the global level you look at bio-circularity you look at plant finds average finds for the future and basically you have a table that works for the whole world that tells you this is what we can use and staying within planetary boundaries and then of course the ideas go down at bio-regional, city and other levels and to integrate this with the collective accounting systems another project maybe that I think is interesting is the common good economy maybe also familiar with it so this is the project by Christian Felber it's used by 2,000 companies so his work is based on the idea that all European constitutions basically state very clearly that economy should serve the common good that is common good can actually be represented as positive impacts and so you have this accounting system with 17 different clusters I think it's quite similar to what we saw here in the beginning but here's the idea and then Russel Iron in Belgium has a project to do this in a creative economy investment scheme I don't know all the details but my colleague Gavi Swinnen knows more about it because she's in the council there so the idea is basically to judge investments on the basis of impact and then every 2 or 3 years you go through the exercise and if you have more negative impacts you lose your support if you get a lot of positive impact and so the idea of course in the end would be to apply this in the taxation and subsidy system and basically change the whole incentive system on which companies are judged in a big impact way and so I'm finishing the global thresholds and allocation system what is interesting in there is that you can basically introduce a planning system into the shared accounting in other words the planetary boundaries that cannot be exceeded are actually present in the accounting system so this is the idea so just not to give you of course false hopes all those things exist to all these projects in our report they all exist they're all practiced or prototyped but of course they're not working together yet and so the aim of that report is to give a vision of how all these things could work together okay maybe I want to say one more thing and this is basically about funding so I think the basic problem today that we have is that generative projects are not funded and wealth is created through extractive activities so we depend on redistribution through taxation to fund generative activities but there are more and more interesting experiments to directly fund generative activities I want to give you one example so I was in France two years ago and I'm not sure how far the project is but they were negotiating very seriously so Thierdélien Community Land Trust has already proven that the more biopharmers you have in the French department the less the French government has to spend on depollution we're literally talking about a few hundred million euros in a particular case so the idea is there to create an impact financing a percentage of the savings to negative so the positive externalities that are created by citizens in the comments are counted basically and create an impact financing so if you're interested region network is probably the most advanced project around that so they work with something called ecological state protocols a protocol on the state of the ecology let's say decarbonization and the idea is which is already experienced at a very small scale but is that any citizen is able to produce proof of generative impact this is put in a public shared ledger it's tokenized and then the token of finance through these externalities creating circle of finance cycles anyway so I think I'll stop there I was a bit in a hurry because I know you want to go home but so you'll find all of this in the p2p accounting for planetary survival and all the work around commons based urban transitions you'll find in a report called commons based urban transitions which is an elaboration of the work with it in Ghent with the city council there thank you